classification

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ClassificationClassification
The Diversity of LifeThe Diversity of Life

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TaxonomyTaxonomy
The branch of Biology that dealsThe branch of Biology that deals
with the classification and naming ofwith the classification and naming of
living things.living things.

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SPECIESSPECIES
 BASIC GROUP USED INBASIC GROUP USED IN
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION.BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION.
 Capable of interbreeding (under naturalCapable of interbreeding (under natural
conditions)conditions)

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Characteristics Used to ClassifyCharacteristics Used to Classify
 Structure – homologousStructure – homologous
 FunctionFunction
 Biochemistry - proteinBiochemistry - protein
 BehaviorBehavior
 Genetics – common DNA or RNAGenetics – common DNA or RNA
 Phylogeny – evolutionary historyPhylogeny – evolutionary history

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HomologiesHomologies
•Structural
resemblances
based on
related
evolutionary
ancestry.

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NomenclatureNomenclature- is a system used for- is a system used for
naming organisms.naming organisms.
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus (Sweden)(Sweden)
-developed a two word system for-developed a two word system for
identifying each kind of organism:identifying each kind of organism:
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

8. DomainsDomains
There are 3 Domains:There are 3 Domains:
BacteriaBacteria
EubacteriaEubacteria
ArcheaebacteriaArcheaebacteria
All other living organisimsAll other living organisims
EukaryoteEukaryote
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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Scientific NameScientific Name
Genus speciesGenus species
Genus- first letter is capitalized.Genus- first letter is capitalized.
Species- all lower cased.Species- all lower cased.
(Both names are underlined or italicized).(Both names are underlined or italicized).
Ex:Ex: Homo sapienHomo sapien (human)(human)
(genus) (species)(genus) (species)

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KingdomKingdom  SpeciesSpecies
(broadest (narrowest(broadest (narrowest
category) category)category) category)KKingdomingdom
PPhylumhylum
CClasslass
OOrderrder
FFamilyamily
GGenusenus
SSpeciespecies
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
KKinging PPhilliphillip ccameame ooverver fforor ggoodood
sspaghettipaghetti

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5 Major5 Major
Kingdoms(1950’s)Kingdoms(1950’s)
1. Monera1. Monera - prokaryote- prokaryote
2. Protista2. Protista -eukaryote-eukaryote
3. Fungi3. Fungi - eukaryote- eukaryote
4. Plant4. Plant - eukaryote- eukaryote
5. Animal5. Animal - eukaryote- eukaryote

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6 Kingdom System (1990’s)6 Kingdom System (1990’s)
1.1. Eubacteria – gram +Eubacteria – gram +
2.2. Archaeabacteria – gram -Archaeabacteria – gram -
3.3. ProtistaProtista
4.4. FungiFungi
5.5. Plant(ae)Plant(ae)
6.6. Animal(iaAnimal(ia))

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The Three Domain SystemThe Three Domain System
 The VERY newest system of classification.The VERY newest system of classification.
 Based on the length of independent evolution.Based on the length of independent evolution.
 DOMAIN – larger than a kingdom. A moreDOMAIN – larger than a kingdom. A more
inclusive taxonomic category.inclusive taxonomic category.
 The Three Domains:The Three Domains:
– BacteriaBacteria
– ArchaeaArchaea
– EukaryaEukarya

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(I)(I) Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera
(EUBACTERIAAND ARCHAEBACTERIA)(EUBACTERIAAND ARCHAEBACTERIA)
-Includes the simplest type ofIncludes the simplest type of
unicellular (one-celled) organisms.unicellular (one-celled) organisms.
-characteristics:-characteristics:
a) primitive cell structurea) primitive cell structure
b) lacks a nuclear membraneb) lacks a nuclear membrane
- 2 Phyla:2 Phyla:
1. Schizophyta (bacteria)1. Schizophyta (bacteria)
2. Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)2. Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)

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Bacteria(Eubacertia)Bacteria(Eubacertia)
Germ Bacteria!Germ Bacteria!
Gonorrhea E. coli

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Bacteria(Archaebacteria)Bacteria(Archaebacteria)
Halophile

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(II)(II) Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
- Mostly unicellular organisms with plant-like- Mostly unicellular organisms with plant-like
and/or animal-like characteristics.and/or animal-like characteristics.
- All organisms have a nuclear membrane- All organisms have a nuclear membrane
- 2 Phyla:- 2 Phyla:
1. Protozoa1. Protozoa ExEx: Paramecium: Paramecium
AmoebaAmoeba
2. Algae2. Algae ExEx: Spirogyra: Spirogyra

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ParameciumParamecium

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AmoebaAmoeba

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EuglenaEuglena
http://www.angelfire.com/ga/scantsanity/amoeba.html

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Slime MoldSlime Mold

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(III)(III) Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
 eukaryoticeukaryotic
 Non motileNon motile
 Heterotrophic (saprophyte)Heterotrophic (saprophyte)
 Many parasiticMany parasitic
 Many decomposersMany decomposers
 3 phyla3 phyla
 60000 species60000 species

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• basidiomycota
• dueteromycota
• zygomycota

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• Lichen
• Rhizopus
• Coprinus

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(IV) Kingdom(IV) Kingdom
PlantaePlantae EukaryoticEukaryotic
 MulticellularMulticellular
 AutotrophicAutotrophic
 Cellulose – cell wallCellulose – cell wall
 ChloroplastsChloroplasts
 Asexual and sexualAsexual and sexual
reproductionreproduction
 12 Division (Phyla)12 Division (Phyla)

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Moss and LiverwortMoss and Liverwort
BRYOPHYTA

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FernsFerns
Tracheophyta

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Cycad and GinkoCycad and Ginko
Tracheophyta

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ConiferConifer (Gymnosperm)(Gymnosperm)

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Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants(angiosperm)(angiosperm)
Dicotyledon

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Monocotyledon

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(V) Kingdom(V) Kingdom
AnimaliaAnimalia EukaryoticEukaryotic
 MulticellularMulticellular
 Most motileMost motile
 Mainly sexual reproductionMainly sexual reproduction
 More than 1 million speciesMore than 1 million species

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(V) Kingdom(V) Kingdom
AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylaPhyla::
 PoriferaPorifera
 CoelenterateCoelenterate
 RotiferRotifer
 PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes
 NematodaNematoda
 AnnelidaAnnelida
 EchinodermataEchinodermata
 MolluscaMollusca
 ArthropodaArthropoda
– InsectaInsecta
– ArachnidaArachnida
– CrusteaceaCrusteacea
 ChordataChordata

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PORIFERAPORIFERA
 Very simple animalsVery simple animals
 AquaticAquatic
 ““skeleton” of proteinskeleton” of protein
 Really a colony ofReally a colony of
cellscells

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Coelenterates (Cnidaria)_Coelenterates (Cnidaria)_
 Two cell layersTwo cell layers
 Hollow body cavityHollow body cavity
with one opening.with one opening.
 TentaclesTentacles
 Radial symmetryRadial symmetry
 ExEx: Hydra: Hydra
JellyfishJellyfish
Sea AnemoneSea Anemone
 10000 species10000 species

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CtenophoraCtenophora
 Ctenophores areCtenophores are
commonly called seacommonly called sea
gooseberries, seagooseberries, sea
walnuts, and combwalnuts, and comb
jellies.jellies.
 All are marine.All are marine.
 Ctenophores areCtenophores are
closely related to theclosely related to the
CoelenteratesCoelenterates
 90 species90 species

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RotiferRotifer
 Digestive tract is theDigestive tract is the
inner tube and theinner tube and the
rest of the animal isrest of the animal is
the outer tube.the outer tube.
 Rotifers areRotifers are
microscopic andmicroscopic and
abundant inabundant in
freshwater.freshwater.
 2000 species2000 species

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Worms…Worms… Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, AnnelidPlatyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelid
 Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
 Platyhelminthes – gutPlatyhelminthes – gut
with one opening.with one opening.
 Nematod – gut with 2Nematod – gut with 2
openings.openings.
 Annelid – segmentedAnnelid – segmented
105000 species of worms.105000 species of worms.
 Many parasiticMany parasitic

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EchinodermataEchinodermata
 Radial symmetryRadial symmetry
 No head or tailNo head or tail
 Tube feet forTube feet for
feeding, locomotion,feeding, locomotion,
gas exchange.gas exchange.
 6000 species6000 species

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MollusksMollusks
 Sessile or motileSessile or motile
 BilateralBilateral
symmetrysymmetry
 Soft bodySoft body
 Hard shellHard shell
 Well developedWell developed
systemssystems
 50000 species50000 species

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ArthropodsArthropods
 Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
 Segmented bodySegmented body
 Jointed appendages (legs)Jointed appendages (legs)
 Exoskeleton (chitin)Exoskeleton (chitin)
 Over 10 million speciesOver 10 million species
INCLUDES THE FOLLOWINGINCLUDES THE FOLLOWING
SUBPHYLA………….SUBPHYLA………….

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Arachnid (chelicerata)Arachnid (chelicerata)

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CrustaceaCrustacea

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Insecta (mandibuata)Insecta (mandibuata)

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ChordatesChordates
Animal that has for at least some stage in life have:Animal that has for at least some stage in life have:
 Dorsal nerve chordDorsal nerve chord
 NotochordNotochord
 Pharyngeal pouchesPharyngeal pouches
 Tail extended beyond the anus.Tail extended beyond the anus.
 Most are VERTEBRATES – a part of he endoskeletonMost are VERTEBRATES – a part of he endoskeleton
that replaces the notochord. Backbones enclose andthat replaces the notochord. Backbones enclose and
protect the spinal cord.protect the spinal cord.
 MAJOR GROUPS OF CHORDATES…..MAJOR GROUPS OF CHORDATES…..

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FISHFISH
 CartilageCartilage
 JawlessJawless
 BonyBony
 2600026000

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AmphibianAmphibian
 BonyBony
 Two pair limbsTwo pair limbs
 3 chambered3 chambered
heartheart
 Gills and LungsGills and Lungs
 200 species200 species

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ReptileReptile
 BonyBony
 Shelled eggsShelled eggs
 Land andLand and
waterwater
 InternalInternal
fertilizationfertilization
4 chambered4 chambered
heartheart
 5000 species5000 species

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Birds (Aves)Birds (Aves)
 BonyBony
 EndothermicEndothermic
 LungsLungs
 Hard shelledHard shelled
eggseggs
 FeathersFeathers
 4 chambered4 chambered
heartheart
 9000 species9000 species

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MammalMammal
 BonyBony
 HairyHairy
 MammaryMammary
glands inglands in
femalesfemales
 4 chambered4 chambered
heartheart
 EndothermicEndothermic
 LungsLungs
 5000 species5000 species

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HUMAN CLASSIFICATIONHUMAN CLASSIFICATION
 KINGDOM – ANIMALIAKINGDOM – ANIMALIA
 PHYLUM – CHORDATAPHYLUM – CHORDATA
 CLASS – MAMMALIACLASS – MAMMALIA
 ORDER – PRIMATEORDER – PRIMATE
 FAMILY – HOMINIDAEFAMILY – HOMINIDAE
 GENUS – HOMOGENUS – HOMO
 SPECIES – SAPIENS (Homo SapiensSPECIES – SAPIENS (Homo Sapiens))

58. Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
 2 step “map” to identify organisms:2 step “map” to identify organisms:
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