Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. Arthropods have jointed feet, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton, a cuticle on the outside of their body. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group, at around 900,000 species
Phylum Mollusca-my report..
sorry for some overlapping of texts... i was not able to edit it..it is actually because of the animations that i put it..... i just uploaded it directly :)
Classification of Nematodes
Nematodes are classified into the following classes:
1. Phasmidia or Secernentea
• These are mostly parasitic.
• Caudal glands are absent.
• Unicellular, pouch-like sense organs called plasmids are present.
• The excretory system has paired lateral canals.
• Eg., Ascaris, Enterobius
2. Aphasmidia or Adenophorea
• They are free-living organisms.
• The excretory system has no lateral canals.
• Caudal glands are present.
• Phasmids are absent.
• Eg., Capillaria, Trichinella
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
According to the Succession or Replace¬ment of Teeth:
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. Arthropods have jointed feet, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton, a cuticle on the outside of their body. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group, at around 900,000 species
Phylum Mollusca-my report..
sorry for some overlapping of texts... i was not able to edit it..it is actually because of the animations that i put it..... i just uploaded it directly :)
Classification of Nematodes
Nematodes are classified into the following classes:
1. Phasmidia or Secernentea
• These are mostly parasitic.
• Caudal glands are absent.
• Unicellular, pouch-like sense organs called plasmids are present.
• The excretory system has paired lateral canals.
• Eg., Ascaris, Enterobius
2. Aphasmidia or Adenophorea
• They are free-living organisms.
• The excretory system has no lateral canals.
• Caudal glands are present.
• Phasmids are absent.
• Eg., Capillaria, Trichinella
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
According to the Succession or Replace¬ment of Teeth:
A presentation derived from my literature review paper regarding the impact of parasites on host evolution and implications for medicine (e.g. considerations of helminth therapy for autoimmune disorders). Investigating the trigonometric interactions between parasites, hosts and microbiota is stressed because studying them in isolation will impede progress. The review also stresses the importance of perceiving the parasite-host relationship from the parasite's evolutionary perspective rather than focusing on the host's evolution.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
The Smaller Lophotrochozoan Phyla.pptxIQRAJABEEN42
good and have very good detail and you will get alot of information from this PPt because it is very accurate data to read and study
The purpose of delivering a speech varies depending on the occasion or the audience it is delivered to. A wedding speech, for example, is usually delivered to express a congratulatory remark to the newly wed couple or to propose a toast to the audience. In order to ensure a proper delivery of words and ideas, speakers may practice their speaking through speech exercises like tongue twisters.
purpose of delivering a speech varies depending on the occasion or the audience it is delivered to. A wedding speech, for example, is usually delivered to express a congratulatory remark to the newly wed couple or to propose a toast to the audience. In order to ensure a proper delivery of words and ideas, speakers may practice their speaking through speech exercises like tongue twisters.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. General Characteristics
Free-living or parasitic
The simplest animals that are bilaterally
symmetrical,
First animals with 3 germ layers -
triploblastic
◦ Ectodermis
◦ Mesodermis
◦ Endodermis
4. Epidermis has cilia or cuticle
Coelom lacking (acoelomate).
The phylum Platyhelminthes represents all
flatworms in the kingdom Animalia.
5. CLASSE
S
Class Turbellaria - Free Living Worms
Class Trematoda - Flukes
Class Monogenea - Flukes
Class Cestoidea - Tapeworms
6. Turbellaria
(e.g., Planaria)
They are mostly free-living, and range
from 1 mm (0.039 in) to 600 mm (24 in) in
length.
Most are predators or scavengers, and
terrestrial species are mostly nocturnal
and live in shaded, humid locations, such
7. Turbellarians have no cuticle (external layer
of organic but non cellular material).
In a few species, the skin is a syncytium, a
collection of cells with multiple nuclei and a
single, shared, external membrane.
However, the skins of most species consist
of a single layer of cells.
Non parasitic animals.
8. Some species also have a protrusible
pharynx that captures food and transfers it
into the mouth
Can be carnivores or scavenge on dead
animals and detritus.
On the anterior end (head) are eyes.
The anterior end possesses lateral
projections called auricles.
Phylum Platyhelminthes 8
9. • Loosely connected mesenchyme cells
surrounds the gut.
• Locomotion
Swim or crawl by cilliary population.
• Feeding & Digestion
Mouth is an opening located on the
mid ventral line.
• Food goes through this mouth and pharynx
like tube into gastro vascular cavity.
10.
11. When the animal is feeding pharanyx is
projected out of the mouth.
There is no anus, so undigested food
particles are ejected through mouth.
Excretion
Consists of an interconnecting series of
excretory canals.
12.
13. Cillia containing flame cells are found at the
end of the side branches of these canals.
These flame cells are most important for
water balance.
Reproduction
Asexually – Transverse fission
Sexually – Copulation
14. Nervous system
Two longitudinal nerves that extend the
length of each side of the body.
It forms a brain in the anterior region.
Series of transverse nervous can be seen.
16. Class Trematoda
Live as endoparaeyte/ endoparacyte.
Size is less than 1mm to more than 8cm.
Oval or elongate shaped
Digestive system, nervous system redused
compared to Turbellaria.
(e.g., Fascioloaris, Clonorchis)
19. Class Monogenea
Free-living flatworms are predators.
Live in water or in shaded ,humid
terrestrial environment such as leaf
litter.
Ciliated larvae.
21. Class Cestoda
Endoparasites (E.g. Tapeworms)
The anterior end has scolex. It used to
attach to the hosts body.
Near scolex there is rostrellum that contains
hooks, scolex also include suckers.
Hooks can withdraw or extend.
22.
23. From strobila makes up body. Strobila is a
collection of proglottids.
Most are adapted to live inside the gut of the
host.
4ft to 10ft ( Sometimes 40 feets)
Body is covered by protective cuticle.
Digestive system absent
Reproduction
26. Body plan
Outer Body Covering
• The body of some Platyhelminthes (e.g.,
turbellarians ) is covered by a ciliated epidermis
• Epidermal cells contain rod-shaped structures
called rhabdites that when released into the
surrounding water, expand and form a protective
mucous coat around the animal.
27. • The outer body covering of other platyhelminthes
(e.g., parasitic forms) is a non-ciliated tegument
• The tegument is referred to as a syncytial
epithelium
30. Digestive System
• Some of the Platyhelminthes possess a
digestive system, with a mouth, pharynx,
and a branching intestine from which the
nutrients are absorbed
• The intestine, with only one opening, is a
blind system.
31.
32. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Anterior cerebral ganglia, longitudinal
nerve cords, nerve cords, and some
lateral nerve
Sensory organs
( e.g. Eye spots, statocytes )
35. Excretory System
Flame cells, the beating of their flagella
extract water that contains wastes and some
reusable material, and drive it into networks of
tube cells which are lined with flagella and
microvilli.
The tube cells flagella drive the water towards
exits called nephridiopores
36. Combinations of flame cells and tube cells
are called protonephredia.
38. Diseases cause by
Platyhelminthes for fish
Intense monogenean infections induce
respiratory and osmoregulation dysfunctions.
Metacarcarial infection
It may affect the growth and survival
or disfigure fish so they lose their market value
as a food or ornamental profucts.
39. Cestodiasis
Low number of pleurocercoides may
be located in vital organs such as the brain,
heart, spleen, kidney or gonad and have a
devastating affects on the fish.
40. Presence or absence of cilia
Free living adult have cilia
Larval stage of parasitic animals have
cilia
