Understand how the database approach is Understand how the database approach is different and superior to earlier data systems different and superior to earlier data systems
Examine how information demand and Examine how information demand and technology explosion drive database systems technology explosion drive database systems
Trace the evolution of data systems and note Trace the evolution of data systems and note how we have arrive at the database approach how we have arrive at the database approach
Comprehend the benefits of database systems Comprehend the benefits of database systems and perceive the need for them and perceive the need for them
Survey briefly various data models, types of Survey briefly various data models, types of databases, and the database industry
Explain growth and importance of databases
Name limitations of conventional file processing
Identify five categories of databases
Explain advantages of databases
Identify costs and risks of databases
List components of database environment
Describe evolution of database systems
Explain growth and importance of databases
Name limitations of conventional file processing
Identify five categories of databases
Explain advantages of databases
Identify costs and risks of databases
List components of database environment
Describe evolution of database systems
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
● Data Modeling and Data Models.
● Business Rules (Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components).
● Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL.
● Degrees of Data Abstraction (External, Conceptual, Internal and Physical model).
The development of modern information systems is a demanding task. New technologies and tools are designed, implemented and presented in the market on a daily bases. User needs change dramatically fast and the IT industry copes to reach the level of efficiency and adaptability for its systems in order to be competitive and up-to-date. Thus, the realization of modern information systems with great characteristics and functionalities implemented for specific areas of interest is a fact of our modern and demanding digital society and this is the main scope of this Presentation.
DATACENTRE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) MODELS: A SURVEYIJCSEA Journal
Datacenter total cost of ownerships (TCO) tools and spreadsheets can be used to estimate the capital and operational costs required for running datacenters. These tools are helpful for business owners to improve and evaluate the costs and the underlying efficiency of such facilities or evaluate the costs of alternatives, such as off-site computing. Well understanding of the cost drivers of TCO models can provide more opportunities to business owners to control costs .In addition, they also introduce an analytical structure in which anecdotal information can be cross-checked for consistency with other well-known parameters driving data center costs. This work focuses on comparing between number of proposed tools and spreadsheets which are publicly available to calculate datacenter total cost of ownership (TCO) ,The comparison is based on many aspects such as what are the parameters included and not included in such tools and whether the tools are documented or not. Such an approach presents a solid ground for designing more and better tools and spreadsheets in the future.
This presentation gives an overview of Databases and Term used in used in Databases Aspect. It also, help you to understand the clear description of Database Learning. Best Suited for Beginners and advanced level learners.
Granularity analysis of classification and estimation for complex datasets wi...IJECEIAES
Dispersed and unstructured datasets are substantial parameters to realize an exact amount of the required space. Depending upon the size and the data distribution, especially, if the classes are significantly associating, the level of granularity to agree a precise classification of the datasets exceeds. The data complexity is one of the major attributes to govern the proper value of the granularity, as it has a direct impact on the performance. Dataset classification exhibits the vital step in complex data analytics and designs to ensure that dataset is prompt to be efficiently scrutinized. Data collections are always causing missing, noisy and out-of-the-range values. Data analytics which has not been wisely classified for problems as such can induce unreliable outcomes. Hence, classifications for complex data sources help comfort the accuracy of gathered datasets by machine learning algorithms. Dataset complexity and pre-processing time reflect the effectiveness of individual algorithm. Once the complexity of datasets is characterized then comparatively simpler datasets can further investigate with parallelism approach. Speedup performance is measured by the execution of MOA simulation. Our proposed classification approach outperforms and improves granularity level of complex datasets.
Define e-commerce and describe how it differs
from e-business
Identify the unique features of e-commerce
technology and their business significance
Describe the major types of e-commerce
Understand the visions and forces behind the
E-Commerce I era
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
● Data Modeling and Data Models.
● Business Rules (Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components).
● Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL.
● Degrees of Data Abstraction (External, Conceptual, Internal and Physical model).
The development of modern information systems is a demanding task. New technologies and tools are designed, implemented and presented in the market on a daily bases. User needs change dramatically fast and the IT industry copes to reach the level of efficiency and adaptability for its systems in order to be competitive and up-to-date. Thus, the realization of modern information systems with great characteristics and functionalities implemented for specific areas of interest is a fact of our modern and demanding digital society and this is the main scope of this Presentation.
DATACENTRE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) MODELS: A SURVEYIJCSEA Journal
Datacenter total cost of ownerships (TCO) tools and spreadsheets can be used to estimate the capital and operational costs required for running datacenters. These tools are helpful for business owners to improve and evaluate the costs and the underlying efficiency of such facilities or evaluate the costs of alternatives, such as off-site computing. Well understanding of the cost drivers of TCO models can provide more opportunities to business owners to control costs .In addition, they also introduce an analytical structure in which anecdotal information can be cross-checked for consistency with other well-known parameters driving data center costs. This work focuses on comparing between number of proposed tools and spreadsheets which are publicly available to calculate datacenter total cost of ownership (TCO) ,The comparison is based on many aspects such as what are the parameters included and not included in such tools and whether the tools are documented or not. Such an approach presents a solid ground for designing more and better tools and spreadsheets in the future.
This presentation gives an overview of Databases and Term used in used in Databases Aspect. It also, help you to understand the clear description of Database Learning. Best Suited for Beginners and advanced level learners.
Granularity analysis of classification and estimation for complex datasets wi...IJECEIAES
Dispersed and unstructured datasets are substantial parameters to realize an exact amount of the required space. Depending upon the size and the data distribution, especially, if the classes are significantly associating, the level of granularity to agree a precise classification of the datasets exceeds. The data complexity is one of the major attributes to govern the proper value of the granularity, as it has a direct impact on the performance. Dataset classification exhibits the vital step in complex data analytics and designs to ensure that dataset is prompt to be efficiently scrutinized. Data collections are always causing missing, noisy and out-of-the-range values. Data analytics which has not been wisely classified for problems as such can induce unreliable outcomes. Hence, classifications for complex data sources help comfort the accuracy of gathered datasets by machine learning algorithms. Dataset complexity and pre-processing time reflect the effectiveness of individual algorithm. Once the complexity of datasets is characterized then comparatively simpler datasets can further investigate with parallelism approach. Speedup performance is measured by the execution of MOA simulation. Our proposed classification approach outperforms and improves granularity level of complex datasets.
Define e-commerce and describe how it differs
from e-business
Identify the unique features of e-commerce
technology and their business significance
Describe the major types of e-commerce
Understand the visions and forces behind the
E-Commerce I era
Defining Innovation
Importance Of Innovation
Misconceptions
Types of Innovations
Information And Communications Technology
The Role of ICT
Rapid Evolution of ICT
Software sources
Invitation to tender
Evaluating supplier proposals
The advantage and disadvantage of bespoke and off-the-shelf software
Software contracts and licences
The Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is the latest attempt by the US federal government to unite its myriad agencies and functions under a single common and ubiquitous enterprise architecture.
TOGAF divides an enterprise architecture into four categories, as follows:
Business architecture—Describes the processes the business uses to meet its goals
Application architecture—Describes how specific applications are designed and how they interact with each other
Data architecture—Describes how the enterprise data stores are organized and accessed
Technical architecture—Describes the hardware and software infrastructure that supports applications and their interactions
These are the slides which I used is a 3 day workshop which I gave to university students in Brazil. Any feedback, and additional material that I could use (text, pictures, cartoons or videos), very gratefully received.
Enterprise Architecture definition
System architecture
The Role of EA
Enterprise Frameworks:
Zachman Framework
The Open Group’s Architecture Framework (TOGAF)
The Foundation for Execution
Business architecture
Information architecture
Application architecture
Technology architecture
Implementation
Designing Futures to Flourish: ISSS 2015 keynotePeter Jones
We now find ourselves as a systems thinking community inquiring into planetary governance for climate and ecological politics. The Anthropocene demands a planetary response, and yet we often find even our fellow travelers tethered to discourses of technological management, cultural change, and right action. We might now advocate a stronger role for social systems design as a process for continual engagement of citizen stakeholders, and between these citizens and policy makers, as advocated by Christakis, Ulrich and others. As we have seen power (economic and political) separate from its cultural histories, and become globalized, we may find ourselves in trajectories of action but with marginal power to effect societal outcomes.
We are faced with a dual mandate of restorative system design, recovering human needs in our communities, and policy system design, restoring the long historical arc toward democratic governance. And as these are both designable contexts, systemic design can integrate ecological, technological and design thinking to guide policy in more productive ways.
• We find ourselves captured in the politics of solutionism. Most presentations of the “problems” as stated before us reveal a trajectory of preferred solutions and their possible shortcomings.
• Climate change, even the entire Anthropocene aeonic perspective, represents a problematique of multiple effects systems. We are bound up in political discourses of “system change” and do not share a compelling common view of a flourishing world. We seem unable to reregister the most compelling societal choices and drivers save carbon mitigation.
• We have not conducted, to my knowledge, a substantial stakeholder discovery that extends beyond the immediate and obvious primary combatants in the climate change wars.
• As citizens and political actors on the planetary stage, we have been afraid or unable to present a clear view of the risk scenarios, possible governance strategies, or a normative plan for serious global investment. If the planet were a business concern, it would be in receivership by now.
Slides with notes for my workshop at Lean UX 2014. This is an iterated version of my 2013 workshop - different exercise, slightly different content, but much is similar. Includes link to handout!
System Development Life Cycle
Data, Function, Network, People, Time, Motivation What constitutes the “enterprise”?
Key enterprise architecture terms Enterprise Architecture Terms
How do you achieve perfect alignment?
Importance of alignment
Lack of Alignment
Nature of Complexity
Architectural Principles
Week 4 Lecture 1 - Databases and Data WarehousesManagement of .docxjessiehampson
Week 4 Lecture 1 - Databases and Data Warehouses
Management of Information Systems
Databases and Data Warehouses
The impact of database technology on how business is conducted today cannot be overemphasized. This technology has enabled an information industry with comprehensive influences on businesses and individuals. Databases store data that populate web pages and other interactive networked technologies. Search engines, e-commerce, and social media would not exist without databases. With database support, larger tasks can be accomplished by fewer people.
Effective data management is the principal benefit of IT. Database management systems (DBMSs) enable the fast creation of databases and manipulation of data on an aggregate basis or down to the smallest detail for business purposes. Databases support most web pages and other interactive networked technology. DBMSs support target marketing, financial management, decision-making, distribution of goods and services, customer service, and other activities. It is imperative, in the age of data mining, and “big data,” for knowledge workers to understand how databases work and how data are used operationally and strategically in business management.
Database analysis and management skills are mandatory in the marketplace. IT professionals develop and implement databases. However, data is essential to the non-technical professional who uses the data for decision making regarding accounting, marketing, logistics, senior management, and other functional areas.
The relational database model is common. However, data can be organized in other ways. “Big Data” prompted the use of other database models. “NoSQL” database models are non-relational and do not require SQL to retrieve data. NoSQL databases can be structured by object, document, key-value, graph, column, and other possibilities
In relational databases, a primary key is a field in a table that contains a unique value used to differentiate between rows of data. The primary key is usually a number, or a computer generated globally unique identifier (GUID). Sometimes a composite key is used differentiate between table rows. A composite key is a combination of the values in two or more fields in a table that when combined are unique in the table and serve as a primary key. A foreign key is used to link data between two tables. A foreign key in a table is the primary key of a related table.
Databases contain different types of fields. Some types are, number, text, image, video, audio, geographical coordinates, and others. If a number is not used for mathematical calculations, it is best to assign a text type to it in a database to avoid the need to convert it from a number to a string after retrieval.
SQL is a popular query language used to retrieve data from relational databases. SQL can be used to retrieve data from more than one table by use of a “join.” A join query retrieves data from rows in two or more tables, where the value of the foreign ...
Data warehousing is a technique for collecting and managing data from multiple internal and
external sources to provide meaningful business insights. Data warehouses are designed to give a long-range
view of data over time and provide a decision support system environment. They are a vital component of
business intelligence, which is designed for data analysis and reporting. They are used to provide greater
insight into the performance of a business. This paper provides a brief introduction on data warehousing
CHAPTER5Database Systemsand Big DataRafal OlechowsJinElias52
CHAPTER
5
Database Systems
and Big Data
Rafal Olechowski/Shutterstock.com
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Know?Did Yo
u
• The amount of data in the digital universe is expected
to increase to 44 zettabytes (44 trillion gigabytes) by
2020. This is 60 times the amount of all the grains of
sand on all the beaches on Earth. The majority of
data generated between now and 2020 will not be
produced by humans, but rather by machines as they
talk to each other over data networks.
• Most major U.S. wireless service providers have
implemented a stolen-phone database to report and
track stolen phones. So if your smartphone or tablet
goes missing, report it to your carrier. If someone else
tries to use it, he or she will be denied service on the
carrier’s network.
• You know those banner and tile ads that pop up on
your browser screen (usually for products and
services you’ve recently viewed)? Criteo, one of
many digital advertising organizations, automates the
recommendation of ads up to 30 billion times each day,
with each recommendation requiring a calculation
involving some 100 variables.
Principles Learning Objectives
• The database approach to data management has
become broadly accepted.
• Data modeling is a key aspect of organizing data and
information.
• A well-designed and well-managed database is an
extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making.
• We have entered an era where organizations are
grappling with a tremendous growth in the amount of
data available and struggling to understand how to
manage and make use of it.
• A number of available tools and technologies allow
organizations to take advantage of the opportunities
offered by big data.
• Identify and briefly describe the members of the hier-
archy of data.
• Identify the advantages of the database approach to
data management.
• Identify the key factors that must be considered when
designing a database.
• Identify the various types of data models and explain
how they are useful in planning a database.
• Describe the relational database model and its funda-
mental characteristics.
• Define the role of the database schema, data definition
language, and data manipulation language.
• Discuss the role of a database administrator and data
administrator.
• Identify the common functions performed by all data-
base management systems.
• Define the term big data and identify its basic
characteristics.
• Explain why big data represents both a challenge and
an opportunity.
• Define the term data management and state its overall
goal.
• Define the terms data warehouse, data mart, and data
lakes and explain how they are different.
• Outline the extract, transform, load process.
• Explain how a NoSQL database is different from an
SQL database.
• Discuss the whole Hadoop computing environment and
its various components.
• Define the term in-memory database and ex ...
Most schools do not realize full advantages of scaling up due to administrative challenges and manual processing of student data. MIS systems allow for great automation of most processes freeing up time for teachers to concentrate on core functions.
An Comprehensive Study of Big Data Environment and its Challenges.ijceronline
Big Data is a data analysis methodology enabled by recent advances in technologies and Architecture. Big data is a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data, which is so large that it's difficult to process with traditional database and software techniques. This paper provides insight to Big data and discusses its nature, definition that include such features as Volume, Velocity, and Variety .This paper also provides insight to source of big data generation, tools available for processing large volume of variety of data, applications of big data and challenges involved in handling big data
data collection, data integration, data management, data modeling.pptxSourabhkumar729579
it contains presentation of data collection, data integration, data management, data modeling.
it is made by sourabh kumar student of MCA from central university of haryana
Similar to Lecture1 is322 data&infomanag(introduction)(old curr) (20)
Paper presented at the Second Congres International Des Etudes Somaliennes Pour Une Culture De La Paix En Somalie, 25-27 October 1995, Institut du Monde Arab, Paris.
Paper presented at the Second Congres International Des Etudes Somaliennes
Pour Une Culture De La Paix En Somalie, 25-27 October 1995, Institut du Monde Arab, Paris.
Problem: Tough competition and demanding customers.
Solutions: Redesigned order and production processes reduce costs, increase revenue, and improve customer service.
At the business level of strategy, the key question is, "How can we compete effectively in this particular market?" The market might be light bulbs, utility vehicles, or cable television.
Important Managerial Questions:
What is strategy?
What is strategic advantage?
Information Systems as a strategic resource
How do we use Information Systems to achieve some form of strategic advantage over competitors?
Types of information systems?
Function of different types of system
Benefits of information systems
The characteristics of types of Information Systems
Also known as Critical Network Analysis
Developed by Dupont and Remington Rand in the late 1950s for managing plant maintenance projects
Uses one duration estimate for each activity
Provides basic framework for project planning and contro
The Meaning of Process
2.2 Software Process Models
2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling
2.4 Practical Process Modeling
2.5 Information System Example
2.6 What this Chapter Means for You
Somalis’ national consciousness is based on the shared heritage of Islam, belief in a common
ancestor, language and culture. This notion, which is also called unity, has
preserved Somali-speaking people for centuries.
European exploration opened the door to colonialism.
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created a geopolitical situation which
increased the competition for control of the coast along the Red Sea and the Indian
Ocean among the European colonial powers.
Definition of Knowledge Management
Forces Driving Knowledge Management Data, Information and Knowledge
Importance of Knowledge
Managing Knowledge
Organizational Learning
Through Knowledge Management
An understanding and appreciation of the vital
and pervasive role of information as an
essential input in all developmental activities;
A thorough insight into all techniques of
information handling with special emphasis o
the application of information technology;
Necessary skills and information technology
background for designing, implementing,
operating and managing information systems
To understand the need and importance of
Office Automation Systems
To understand the benefits of paperless Office
To know about the components of Office
Automation
To study the concept of Office Information
System
Methods to select landscape features from a GIS database;
The meaning of the term „query‟, when applied spatially or referentially; and
Methods you can use to develop a description of the resources located on a landscape.
The main components, or building blocks, of a map
The qualities of a map that are important in communicating information to map users
The types of maps that can be developed to visually and quickly communicate information to an audience
Methods to acquire GIS databases, particularly via the Internet
Methods to create new GIS databases
Processes to edit existing GIS databases
Types and sources of error potentially associated with GIS databases
More from Taibah University, College of Computer Science & Engineering (20)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. Introduction to Data
and Information Management
(Database Management Systems IS331)
Lecture 1
Abdisalam Issa-Salwe
Taibah University
College of Computer Science & Engineering
Information Systems Department
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, et al: Modern Database Management, 8th Edition, 2007, Prentice Hall
2
ObjectivesObjectives
Understand how the database approach isUnderstand how the database approach is
different and superior to earlier data systemsdifferent and superior to earlier data systems
Examine how information demand andExamine how information demand and
technology explosion drive database systemstechnology explosion drive database systems
Trace the evolution of data systems and noteTrace the evolution of data systems and note
how we have arrive at the database approachhow we have arrive at the database approach
Comprehend the benefits of database systemsComprehend the benefits of database systems
and perceive the need for themand perceive the need for them
Survey briefly various data models, types ofSurvey briefly various data models, types of
databases, and the database industrydatabases, and the database industry
2. 3
About databaseAbout database
Today, almost all organizations depend on theirToday, almost all organizations depend on their
database systems for the crucial information theydatabase systems for the crucial information they
need to run their business.need to run their business.
In every industry across the board, from retail chainIn every industry across the board, from retail chain
stores to financial institutions, from manufacturingstores to financial institutions, from manufacturing
enterprises to government departments, and fromenterprises to government departments, and from
airline companies to utility businesses, databaseairline companies to utility businesses, database
systems have become the norm for informationsystems have become the norm for information
storage and retrieval.storage and retrieval.
Database systems form the centerpiece of theDatabase systems form the centerpiece of the
growing and maturing electronic commerce.growing and maturing electronic commerce.
Database and Web technologies have merged.Database and Web technologies have merged.
4
About database (contAbout database (cont……))
How were companies running their business beforeHow were companies running their business before
computers came into use?computers came into use?
Organizations needed information to execute theOrganizations needed information to execute the
business processes, sell goods and services, andbusiness processes, sell goods and services, and
satisfy the needs of customers.satisfy the needs of customers.
Manual files supported business operations.Manual files supported business operations.
Accounting personnel performed manualAccounting personnel performed manual
calculations and prepared invoices.calculations and prepared invoices.
Payroll departments manually wrote the checks.Payroll departments manually wrote the checks.
3. 5
About database (contAbout database (cont……))
From the 1970s onward, two striking and remarkableFrom the 1970s onward, two striking and remarkable
phenomena were distinctly observed. (Refer to Figure 1phenomena were distinctly observed. (Refer to Figure 1--11
indicating these two major developments).indicating these two major developments).
First, demand for information has escalated in everyFirst, demand for information has escalated in every
organization.organization.
Organizations have steadily become global and widespread.Organizations have steadily become global and widespread.
Organizations have to contend with fierce competitiveOrganizations have to contend with fierce competitive
pressures.pressures.
They need vast and complex information to stay in businessThey need vast and complex information to stay in business
and make a profit.and make a profit.
Second, the past three decades have witnessed a huge,Second, the past three decades have witnessed a huge,
explosive growth in information technology. Processors haveexplosive growth in information technology. Processors have
become faster, cheaper, and smaller.become faster, cheaper, and smaller.
6
About databaseAbout database
Information, as we know it today, includes bothInformation, as we know it today, includes both
electronic and physical information.electronic and physical information.
The organizational structure must be capable ofThe organizational structure must be capable of
managing this information throughout themanaging this information throughout the
information lifecycle regardless of source or formatinformation lifecycle regardless of source or format
(data, paper documents, electronic documents,(data, paper documents, electronic documents,
audio, video, etc.) for delivery through multipleaudio, video, etc.) for delivery through multiple
channels that may include cell phones and webchannels that may include cell phones and web
interfaces.interfaces.
4. 7
Information ManagementInformation Management
Information management is the collection andInformation management is the collection and
management of information from one or more sourcesmanagement of information from one or more sources
and the distribution of that information to one or moreand the distribution of that information to one or more
audiences.audiences.
Management means the organization of and control overManagement means the organization of and control over
the structure, processing and delivery of information.the structure, processing and delivery of information.
The organizational structure must be capable ofThe organizational structure must be capable of
managing this information throughout the informationmanaging this information throughout the information
lifecycle regardless of source or format (data, paperlifecycle regardless of source or format (data, paper
documents, electronic documents, audio, socialdocuments, electronic documents, audio, social
business, video, etc.) for delivery through multiplebusiness, video, etc.) for delivery through multiple
channels that may include cell phones and webchannels that may include cell phones and web
interfaces.interfaces.
5. 9
About databaseAbout database
Information assets are corporate assets. This principle
should be acknowledged or agreed upon across the
organization otherwise any business case and support
for IM will be weak.
Information must be made available and shared. Of
course not all information is open to anyone, but in
principle the sharing of information helps the use and
exploitation of corporate knowledge
Information the organisation needs to keep is managed
and retained corporately. In other words the retention
and archiving, of information.
If you save a document today, you expect it to be
secured and still available to you tomorrow
What a Database Is and Is Not
l your personal address book in a Word document
l a collection of Word documents
l a collection of Excel Spreadsheets
l a very large flat file on which you run some
statistical analysis functions
l data collected, maintained, and used in airline
reservation
l data used to support the launch of a space shuttle
The word database is commonly used to refer to any of
the following:
10
6. Models of Reality
REALITY
• structures
• processes
DATABASE SYSTEM
DATABASE
DML
DDL
l A database is a model of structures of reality
l The use of a database reflect processes of reality
l A database system is a software system which supports the
definition and use of a database
l DDL: Data Definition Language
l DML: Data Manipulation Language
11
Why Use Models?
Models can be useful when we want to examine or
manage part of the real world
The costs of using a model are often considerably
lower than the costs of using or experimenting with
the real world itself
Examples:
airplane simulator
nuclear power plant simulator
flood warning system
model of US economy
model of a heat reservoir
map
12
7. A Message to Map Makers
A model is a means of communication
Users of a model must have a certain amount of
knowledge in common
A model on emphasized selected aspects
A model is described in some language
A model can be erroneous
A message to map makers: “Highways are not
painted red, rivers don’t have county lines running
down the middle, and you can’t see contour lines on
a mountain” [Kent 78]
13
Use a DBMS when
this is important
persistent storage of data
centralized control of data
control of redundancy
control of consistency and
integrity
multiple user support
sharing of data
data documentation
data independence
control of access and
security
backup and recovery
Do not use a
DBMS when
l the initial investment in
hardware, software, and
training is too high
l the generality a DBMS
provides is not needed
l the overhead for security,
concurrency control, and
recovery is too high
l data and applications are
simple and stable
l real-time requirements
cannot be met by it
l multiple user access is not
needed
14
8. Data Modeling
REALITY
• structures
• processes
DATABASE SYSTEM
MODELdata modeling
l The model represents a perception of structures of
reality
l The data modeling process is to fix a perception of
structures of reality and represent this perception
l In the data modeling process we select aspects and
we abstract
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Process Modeling
REALITY
• structures
• processes
DATABASE SYSTEM
MODELprocess modeling
l The use of the model reflects processes of reality
l Processes may be represented by programs with
embedded database queries and updates
l Processes may be represented by ad-hoc database
queries and updates at run-time
DML DML
PROG
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9. Database Design
is a model of structures of reality
supports queries and updates
modeling processes of reality
runs efficiently
The purpose of database design is to create a database
which
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Database Capabilities
Data Storage
Queries
Optimization
Indexing
Concurrency Control
Recovery
Security
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10. Data Storage
Disk management
File management
Buffer management
Garbage collection
Compression
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Queries
Selection
Point
Range
Conjunction
Disjunction
Join
Natural join
Equi join
Theta join
Outer join
Projection
Set operations
Cartesian Product
Union
Intersection
Set Difference
Other
Duplicate elimination
Sorting
Built-in functions:
count, sum, avg, min,
max
Recursive (not in SQL)
SQL queries are composed from the following:
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11. People that Work With Databases
System Analysts
Database Designers
Application Developers
Database Administrators
End Users
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System Analysts
Communicate with each prospective database
user group in order to understand its
information needs
processing needs
Develop a specification of each user group’s
information and processing needs
Develop a specification integrating the
information and processing needs of the user
groups
Document the specification
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12. Database Designers
Choose appropriate structures to
represent the information specified by the
system analysts
Choose appropriate structures to store the
information in a normalized manner in
order to guarantee integrity and
consistency of data
Choose appropriate structures to
guarantee an efficient system
Document the database design
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Application Developers
Implement the database design
Implement the application programs to
meet the program specifications
Test and debug the database
implementation and the application
programs
Document the database implementation
and the application programs
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13. Database Administrators
Manage the database structure
participate in database and application development
assist in requirement analysis
participate in database design and creation
develop procedures for integrity and quality of data
facilitate changes to database structure
seek communitywide solutions
assess impact on all users
provide configuration control
be prepared for problems after changes are made
maintain documentation
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Database Administrators (cont.)
Manage data activity
establish database standards consistent with
data administration standards
establish and maintain data dictionary
establish data proponencies
work with data proponents to develop data
access and modification rights
develop, document, and train staff on backup
and recovery procedures
publish and maintain data activity standards
documentation
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14. Database Administrators (cont.)
Manage the database management system
generate database application performance reports
investigate user performance complaints
assess need for changes in database structure or
application design
modify database structure
evaluate and implement new DBMS features
tune the database
Establish the database data dictionary
data names, formats, relationships
cross-references between data and application
programs
(see metadata slide)
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End Users
Parametric end users constantly query and update
the database.
They use canned transactions to support standard queries
and updates.
Casual end users occasional access the database,
but may need different information each time.
They use sophisticated query languages and browsers.
Sophisticated end users have complex
requirement and need different information each
time.
They are thoroughly familiar with the capabilities of the
DBMS.
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