The document discusses building materials used in various regions around the world, with a focus on mud/earth construction techniques. It describes how mud is used as the primary building material in many parts of Africa, Central and South America, India, China, and Southeast Asia. It outlines different mud construction methods, including rammed earth, adobe bricks, and wattle and daub. It also discusses the use of fired/sun-dried bricks and the advantages of fired clay tiles for roofing.
Construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye, oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or “brown” construction projects.
InterShelter
™ Dome is a patented revolutionary portable
shelter, made of high‐tech aerospace composite
material, and cutting edge HD Plastic. This
unique product has bridged the gap from tents
and trailers to traditionally built framed houses.
These units are built to sustain hurricane strength
winds or earthquakes. Insulated to stay warm in
the most extreme arctic sub‐zero degree weather
to keep it a perfect 72 degrees in the deserts of
Afghanistan. Assembled in just a few hours by
three untrained people, these amazing units are
sturdy and reliable to the point
they are approved by FEMA and
the US Military.
Unlike traditional tents or mobile
structures, these units can be
effectively sealed to provide a
closed loop atmosphere with biological
/ HEPA filtration for both
incoming and outgoing air.
Lightweight and mobile enough to
fit in the back of a pick‐up truck,
these units have also been flown
in by helicopter using a single
sling. In Alaska, these units have
been moved using bush cargo
planes.
Ideal for research facilities, quarantine
shelters and emergency
relief situations.
These shelters are approved for
and work extremely well as a homeless communities
or farm labor housing.
Approved by the State of California for “Tent
City” applications and the State of Washington
for farm labor housing.
Able to be set up in almost any terrain, these
InterShelter™ Domes are revolutionary structures
fitting almost every portable housing
requirement.
Construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye, oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or “brown” construction projects.
InterShelter
™ Dome is a patented revolutionary portable
shelter, made of high‐tech aerospace composite
material, and cutting edge HD Plastic. This
unique product has bridged the gap from tents
and trailers to traditionally built framed houses.
These units are built to sustain hurricane strength
winds or earthquakes. Insulated to stay warm in
the most extreme arctic sub‐zero degree weather
to keep it a perfect 72 degrees in the deserts of
Afghanistan. Assembled in just a few hours by
three untrained people, these amazing units are
sturdy and reliable to the point
they are approved by FEMA and
the US Military.
Unlike traditional tents or mobile
structures, these units can be
effectively sealed to provide a
closed loop atmosphere with biological
/ HEPA filtration for both
incoming and outgoing air.
Lightweight and mobile enough to
fit in the back of a pick‐up truck,
these units have also been flown
in by helicopter using a single
sling. In Alaska, these units have
been moved using bush cargo
planes.
Ideal for research facilities, quarantine
shelters and emergency
relief situations.
These shelters are approved for
and work extremely well as a homeless communities
or farm labor housing.
Approved by the State of California for “Tent
City” applications and the State of Washington
for farm labor housing.
Able to be set up in almost any terrain, these
InterShelter™ Domes are revolutionary structures
fitting almost every portable housing
requirement.
Building Performance Evaluation - تقييم أداء المبانيGalala University
Abstract: Building Performance Evaluation
This lecture outlines a comprehensive approach to Building Performance Evaluation applicable to all architectural and urban design projects. The Building Performance Evaluation process encompasses functional and technical performance of buildings alongside human performance criteria, while recognizing the cultural context of the project. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) offers feedback on design and contributes to architectural knowledge.
ضمن سلسلة محاضراتها المهنية، نظمت جمعية المهندسين القطرية يوم الثلاثاء 1 مارس بمسرح الحي الثقافي محاضرة قدمها د. ياسر محجوب أستاذ العمارة بقسم العمارة والتخطيط العمراني بكلية الهندسة جامعة قطر محاضرة بعنوان "تقييم أداء المباني" تحت رعاية شركة تكنىتال. ويشمل تقييم أداء المباني تقييم كفاءة التصميم المعماري والأداء التقني للمباني بالإضافة إلى تقييم معايير الأداء الإنساني. وتوفر أبحاث تقييم أداء المباني معلومات مرتجعة عن التّصميم المعماري تساهم في الإضافة إلى المعرفة المعمارية، كما تقترح حلول للمشاكل القائمة بالإضافة إلى توجيه أسس ومعايير التصميم للحصول على مشروعات أفضل في المستقبل.
Shaping the Skyline by Building Tall – Creating distinctive landmark developm...Galala University
•Introduction
•Trends and Future of Vertical Structures in the Middle East.
•Key aspects of tall buildings design: Scale, Shape and Context.
•Shaping the Skyline by Building Tall.
•Towards Sustainable Tall Buildings.
•Creating Commercially and Culturally Viable Buildings.
This presentation focuses on the cultural aspects of lighting design in Islamic and Middle Eastern architecture. It discusses the cultural values that influence the need for natural and artificial lighting in Middle Eastern countries. Several solutions were available to provide natural lighting in traditional environments; i.e. courtyards, mushrabiyas, and lighting wells. Cultural values, such as privacy and gender segregation affect the need for natural and artificial lighting sources. I argue that users’ sensory experiences are affected by these cultural backgrounds. The understanding of the importance of good lighting design in urban areas, buildings and interiors is increasing. Light is fundamental for architecture and essential for human well-being. Lighting quality affects human behavior, comfort, health, efficiency, safety and security.
Architecture involves use of various different construction materials that require a unique constructiontechnique. But most of these construction techniques are energy intensive techniques.
Mud construction system is less energy intensive and very effective in different climatic conditions.
Earth is one of man's oldest building materials and most ancient civilizations used it in some form. It was easily available, cheap, and strong and required only simple technology.
Vernacular architecture case study with examplesVISHAKA BOTHRA
case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture
General wall definition + Ancient Roman Walls materials and construction.
Note : The Presentation includes sketches done by our team in addition to the geological map .
The Changing Face of a Village’s Architecture in Southeast NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
Architecture in a Nigerian town, Adazi Nnukwu, Anambra State has gone from Neolithic to International Style, from the use of clay products to concrete, steel and glass. The small town’s architecture that was predominantly mud buildings in the 1980s are today, covered with concrete and steel buildings and appeared International style. The term International Style covers buildings and architects of the formative decades of modernism. The unguided growth and explosion in the architecture of the small town has resulted in a confused architectural modules and difficult to classify by any standards. This paper aims to indicate the new trend and shift in the architecture of the small town from Neolithic to International Style or an undetermined style. It adopted content base analysis where the authors laid emphasis on the works of previous authors in the field. Adazi Nnukwu struggles with different styles of architecture for her post modern, urban to suburban architectural growth and has not embraced a particular architectural style, but the architecture of different historic periods including, but not limited to neoclassical architecture. The confusion in the classification of the town’s architecture has led to different opinions especially, with the fragmentation, non liner process of design, interest in manipulating ideas of a structure’s surface or skin, and apparent non Euclidean geometry non rectilinear shapes which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of their architecture that some considered, deconstructivism and has stuck and has now, in fact, come to embrace a general trend within their contemporary architecture. Bons Obiadi N | Vitalis Irouke | H. I. Ivoke | Emmanuel Kikanme | Chinwe I. Mgbajiaka "The Changing Face of a Village’s Architecture in Southeast Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41195.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41195/the-changing-face-of-a-village’s-architecture-in-southeast-nigeria/bons-obiadi-n
A No one really knows the age of brick masonry.
B Common sense would dictate that the lack of construction materials for shelter in lands where no natural stone was available, would lead to innovations with whatever material is at hand
C Where there was land there was soil, and if there was water there was mud. And soil particles stick together and form a hard mass when the sun dries the moisture.
D Mud bricks were molded by hand and allowed to dry in the sun, and stockpiled for future use. Small units were easily handled.
A photo update of the UK-Aid (DFID) funded shelter project in Southern Sindh, helping around 50,000 families rebuild their homes that were destroyed in flooding during heavy rains August-September, 2011.
this presentation defines about mud house what are its benefits and what challenges are faced it also describes the different techniques used in making mud house
Impact of Climate and Environment Changes on the Sustainability of the Coasta...Galala University
Impact of Climate and Environment Changes on the Sustainability of the Coastal Areas: The Case of Ain Sukhna, Red Sea, Egypt
This paper investigates the impact of climate and environmental changes on the sustainability of the coastal area of Ain Sukhna, Red Sea, Egypt. Ain Sukhna sea shores and Galala mountain region have witnessed rapid change and modifications during the past 50 years. Climate changes are expected to impact this area through the increase in the amount and intensity of rainfall and the rise of seawater tides. Modifications applied to the topography of the mountains through grading and levelling are spreading excavation debris on the sides of the mountains creating a new hazard if swept away by the rainwater. The paper analyzes the design and construction of the coastal and mountain developments and assesses their capacity to withstand these changes. The negative impact of these changes is not only ecological but also physical and socioeconomic. Climate change impacts are becoming more instantaneous and intensified. Place-based strategies for reducing the negative impact of climate change are required to reduce the physical and ecological vulnerabilities and manage the impacts of climate change.
Climate change, Environment Change, Sustainability, Coastal Areas, Ain Sukhna, Red Sea, Egypt
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, EgyptGalala University
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in Al Ain Al Sukhna, Egypt Yasser Mahgo...Galala University
Sustainability of Tourism Development in Al Ain Al Sukhna, Egypt
Due to its significant natural and cultural attractions, tourism is a major economic source for Egypt. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities has negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Al Ain Al Sukhna – the hot spring in Arabic - on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous of its all-year-round sunny beaches, spectacular coastline scenic drive where mountains reach the costal road. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountainous road. Galala City started operating hosting Galal University and several other residential, touristic and commercial facilities. The paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 50 years and assesses its impact on the natural and cultural resources.
Typologies of Urban Development in Sukhna-Zaafarana Area.pdfGalala University
Development of Sukhna-Zaafarana stretch went several forms and intensities during different periods of time. It is currently witnessing another wave of rapid development resulting in more stress on the natural and urban environment. This paper analyses the typologies of its urban development and their resilience to potential risks of climate change using urban design techniques to analyze the area in terms of character, continuity and quality of the public realm, ease of movement, legibility, adaptability and diversity. In addition, the research analyzes the different natural sites, such as the shoreline, the floodplains, the Galala mountains, and the valleys. Methods used in this study included: survey and analysis of the built and natural environments based on maps and site visits; and SWOT analysis to identify the potential risks and challenges in the area. Maps and tables of typologies based on the date of construction, environmental characteristics, neighborhood planning, architectural design elements, urban design features, landscape design, greenery, and water features are produced. The results of the study indicate the absence of visual connectivity, architectural identity, public services and facilities, and overlapping vehicular and pedestrian circulation. Moreover, the built environment is vulnerable to climate change risks, since most structures on the coast are built either close to the shoreline or on floodplains, hence threatened by sea-level rise and extreme flush floods respectively. The study concludes by suggesting a set of urban design guidelines based on the three principles of sustainability; environmental, economic and equity to achieve a more sustainable and resilient environment.
AI-Human Dialogue for Architectural Design Concept Generation presentation 26...Galala University
AI-Human Dialogue for Architectural Design Concept Generation presentation
Architectural design concept generation is the process of coming up with the initial ideas for a new building or structure.
It is an essential part of the architectural design process, as it provides the foundation for the rest of the design.
AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
The AI system can be used to:
Generate ideas: The AI system can be used to generate a wide range of design ideas
Evaluate ideas: The AI system can also be used to evaluate design ideas. This can be done by considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. This can help the architect to make informed decisions about the design.
Collaborate with the architect: The AI system can also be used to collaborate with the architect. This can be done by providing feedback on the architect's ideas or by generating new ideas based on the architect's input.
AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
The AI system can be used to:
Generate ideas: The AI system can be used to generate a wide range of design ideas
Evaluate ideas: The AI system can also be used to evaluate design ideas. This can be done by considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. This can help the architect to make informed decisions about the design.
Collaborate with the architect: The AI system can also be used to collaborate with the architect. This can be done by providing feedback on the architect's ideas or by generating new ideas based on the architect's input. AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
The AI system can be used to:
Generate ideas: The AI system can be used to generate a wide range of design ideas
Evaluate ideas: The AI system can also be used to evaluate design ideas. This can be done by considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. This can help the architect to make informed decisions about the design.
Collaborate with the architect: The AI system can also be used to collaborate with the architect. This can be done by providing feedback on the architect's ideas or by generating new ideas based on the architect's input.
AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
As AI systems continue to develop, they are likely to play an increasingly important role in the design process.
AI is not an end …It is only another beginning.
Thank you.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. * Whether it is boned with mortar, or simply used dry, stone is not the most extensively used material , though it is in Western Europe and parts of India and the Middle East. * Throughout Africa , Central and Southern America , much of India , China , and South East Asia , the principle building material is MUD . * Chemically, there are many types of soil, some alkaline (hard), and some are clays (soft ). Molded in Clay
3. Molded in Clay Podzolics: Extremely acid, unsuitable for buildings. Desertic soils have allowed for notable architecture Laterites: Similar characters of he rocks becoming hard when exposed to air. Poor for agriculture.
4. * The soil type variability makes it possible for multi-story buildings to be constructed in North Yemen for example, but not in many other regions.
5.
6. MUD = (Coarse sand + smaller sand particles + silt + fine clay) mixed with water + chopped straw x trodden in a pit until it is the appropriate consistency. * The method of preparation depends on the kind of soil , and each region has developed its own. * In its plastic state, mud is malleable , capable of being molded to forms that are scarcely achieved with manual means in any other materials.
7. Typical molded earth dwelling in north Ghana and Burkino Faso (Gurunsi Compund) Popular from Senegal to Cameroon. Moulded by hands in convex surfaces, hollows, and runs as free of edges as the human form, the buildings have human-like shapes.
9. An Open Ended Frame: – An open-ended frame in the form of a box closed at one end is constructed, some 18 inch (45cm) wide with planks on the two long sides. – With the “form work” in place the box is filled to a depth of about 4 inch (10cm) with loose earth, which is then pounded or rammed with heavy poles. 18 inch 4 inch
10. – The compacted earth is further mixed with straw bonded by seed oil or with a loose straw paper mixed with lime, which is soaked in water and pounded in with the soil. – More soil is rammed until the top of the box frame is reached.
11. – It is left to dry (by evaporation. The soil shrinks and the particles are drawn closer together. Most of the elasticity is lost and it becomes dry soil) but before complete dryness, another layer is built on top. – When it is finished the wall can be given a mud plaster or washed down to produce a skin, which when dry, takes a whitewash or other suitable treatment.
12. Rammed Earth Rammed Earth is a rediscovered ancient technique of building. Walls are formed by pounding a mixture of soil, cement, and water into reusable forms using pneumatic tampers. The resulting house is extremely efficient, owner friendly (basically no maintenance) and a house unlike any other in terms of beauty and stability.
13. Earth Bricks * They are common in the Middle East, North Africa, parts of Europe (notably Spain), and in the America. * In Iran the use of sun-dried mud bricks (Khesht) is widespread. – Local desert sand (high relative sand content which makes it effective material) while the general heat and aridity greatly assist the drying of the bricks. – These are molded in a simple wooden form, thin and square with the dimensions 3” x 8” x 8” (8cm x 20cm x 20cm).
14. Earth Bricks Ameri-Indians manufacture large quantities of adobe blocks. Finished blocks are stood on end in rows to dry. New Mexico, USA.
15. – They are bonded by a mortar of wet mud (of the same consistency as the bricks). – Knocked into the hand to form the mould, the bricks are stacked on end to dry in rows, or like dominos in a continuos winding line. Colby, West Kansas, USA
16. * Earth Bricks (adobe) * Arab brought the technique to Spain where the word “atobe” was adapted to “adobe”. * As they dry out adobe behave more like a stone , though they shear and crack easily if they are not well-compacted. * Consequently, adobe are mainly used for load-bearing walls in compression, but it is not uncommon to see them employed in ways comparable with stone buildings, even to the construction of timberless domes by the corbelled techniques.
17. * Earth Bricks (adobe) * In northern Syria, parabolic corbelled domes are constructed above cells of a square plan, with layers of sun-dried bricks laid and gently cantilevered to the apex.
18. * These domes have an egg-like section which efficiently distributes the stresses on the shell surface and is therefore very strong . * Finally, the whole dome is covered with a plaster of mud and straw to give a smooth, rendered surface which reduces erosion.
19. * Adobe blocks * Adobe blocks can be used for building a variety of forms , but the most common is the rectilinear plans . – Where palm, bamboo, or timber are available they will be used to form the roof structure , resting on the mass wall and often with a low parapet to give added protection at the meeting of the materials .
20. – For the problem of all earth construction is that it is subject to erosion , and is particularly susceptible to rain . – Plasters of mud and dung, or macerated okra and leaves, may repel water and protect the joints from seepage (leak). – These weaknesses are considerably reduced or even eliminated when fired or “burnt” bricks are used. A hut from the Masai Manyatta. Kenya and Tanzania
21. * Bricks and Mortar * Fired bricks are more expensive than sun-dried bricks ; producing them in a specialized process and hence lead to craft differentiation, while the heat necessary to fire them consumes large quantities of fuel . * BUT, they are durable , fire-resistance , and relatively impervious when used with suitable mortar which make them an attractive choice for those who can afford it. Pazawah or “clamp” kiln being dismantled, revealing the system of stacking. Women carry fired bricks in baskets; temporary shelters are made of unfired bricks. Terraces in the background result from clay-cutting.
22. * This was evident in the early development of brick in England , from 14th to mid 17th century, fired bricks was exclusively used for the castles and halls of the gentry and few public buildings. * Frequently, buildings of fired bricks are to be found in communities where mud bricks are generally in use, and are some indication of relative prosperity . Street in a small Dutch town. Both houses and road are entirely of bricks. Roofs are covered with flat tiles or wave-like pantiles, and tumbled (angled) bricks have been laid for a gable (right).
23. * Producing fire brick has cost to the consumers as well as on the environment: a firing of 25,000 bricks consume some 40 forest trees . The rate of deforestation in Sri Lanka alone of around 3/4 of a million trees a year. * Because of the heavy consumption of timber other fuels are also used: from large quantities of rice husks in Indonesia to a mixture of cow dung and coal cinders in parts of India.
24. * One of the attraction of fired bricks is that it does not need to be plastering , it can be used decoratively. – Brick walls are constructed by “bonding” the bricks, laying them in arrangements of “stretchers” (the long dimension) and header (the narrow dimension) * Though fired clays may still be porous, bricks are resistant to water penetration and erosion by wind and sand so that their use is particularly suited where these forms of severe weathering are a problem.
25. * Fired Clay * Fired clay, in the form of tiles , is widely distributed form of roof covering . * It is believed that the use of clay tiles stemmed from China, and that the Romans were responsible for their introduction into Europe. – Very popular is the half-cylindrical but slightly tapering tiles laid with concave surface uppermost, overlapped by corresponding tiles with their convex surface visible, to give a ribbed texture to the roof. – Clay tile roof is heavy , necessitating the use of substantial timbers in the structure . Spanish tiles roof, with stones along the eaves to prevent lifting by the wind.
26. * Many ingenious ways of spanning spaces with the same inert stone, clay, or bricks which walls are constructed have been developed in vernacular traditions. However, the majority of dwellings are not built of a single material but of several, of which the organic, fibrous ones with their elasticity and tensile strength are especially important. Peasant house, Central Serbia
27. Engineer Hassan Fathi was born on March 23,1900. He studied architecture at the School of Engineering in Egypt, then at the Faculty of Fine Arts in France. He was a talented artist who was also interested in music as he played on the violin . He became a teacher of architecture at the Faculty of Fine Arts until the year 1957. Together with his colleague Ramses Wassef, they adopted the idea of "locality and environment" in architecture. Architect Hassan Fathi (1900 - 1989) Hassan Fathi is a brilliant architect famous for his theories which he applied in Egypt, the Arab world and Africa as well as in the United States.
28. In 1945 he started Al Qurna village project on the Nile west bank in Luxor. It was a pioneer settlement project in which he adopted the building technique and expertise of Nubian masonry which is mainly based on the system of supporting walls, and domed ceilings and vaults made of mud brick due to its low cost, insulation property and availability in local environments. The project was a success at both local and international levels, despite the difficulties to move to the new village.
29. However, the village of Al Qurna has become a site of great cultural significance to anyone interested in urbanisation based on social, humanitarian and natural factors. In the early sixties Hassan Fathi followed the same technique in the oasis of Paris at Al Kharga, which is an environmental heritage based on the philosophy of Egyptian and Islamic architecture.
30. Hassan Fathi wrote a number of books. But his "Architecture of the Poor" was the most renowned. It was translated into 22 languages and the theories therein are studied in more than 42 universities in the entire world.