3. STACK VENTILATION is a passive cooling strategy which relies on TWO basic principles. - As air warms up, it becomes less dense and rises. - Fresh ambient air replaces the air that has risen.
4. STACK VENTILATION is a natural convection system which creates its own air current where warm air is evacuated through a high point , and cooler outdoor air is brought in at a lower level .
5. IN ORDER for the system to function properly, the difference between indoor and outdoor air temperature needs to be at least 1.7 degrees Celsius. A GREATER temperature difference can provide more effective air circulation and cooling.
6. Increasing the HEIGHT of a stack is one way to achieve a greater temperature difference. The higher the stack, the greater the vertical stratification of temperatures.
7.
8. Another way to increase the temperature difference between entering and exiting air is to use solar energy to heat the air . Stacks are glazed with a translucent material so that solar radiation heats the air in the stack, causing an increase in airflow within the building.
9. Building Research Establishment Building In the BRE building the stacks are given greater height than the rest of the building, providing an architectural feature that highlights the significance of these devices to the functioning of the building.
10.
11. Key Architectural Issues - A stack needs to generate a large temperature difference between exhaust air and incoming air . This can be done in several ways, including increasing stack height . A typical stack will provide effective ventilation for areas within the lower half of its total height.
12. Stacks may be integrated within the design or left exposed .
13. Implementation Considerations - Stacks provide more air movement at lower levels . Modular and separated stacks can address this problem, but an abundance of stacks is costly and requires more openings, which may not be possible for a variety of reasons; security, location, adjacencies, etc.
14. Vertical stacks may need to be integrated with HVAC and structural systems to ensure effective utilization of space.
15. Outside air is flushed through the building to provide cooling, allowing anything in the air to be introduced to the building, including undesired aspects such as noise. Therefore, careful attention should be paid to nearby noise sources.
16. Design Procedure 1. Establish a workable stack height for the project. 2. Size the stack openings which will in turn, define the system’s performance.
17. 3. Estimate the cooling capacity of the stack ventilation system on the basis of stack height and stack to floor area ratio. 4. Adjust stack openings and/or height as necessary to obtain desired cooling capacity.
22. DEFINITION Photovoltaic: Systems that produce electricity through the direct conversion of incident solar radiation. - Provides direct output that can be stored in a battery or converted to power.
23.
24.
25.
26. To determine efficiency percentages with varying tilt angle and orientation. INSTALLATION PV ORIENTATION & TILT Best orientation: south Best tilt angle: equal to your latitude. Example: Kuwait = latitude 29 ° TILT ANGLE OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE 1.0 on the chart is the most efficient.
27.
28. DESIGN PROCEDURE SIZING A PV SYSTEM: To find the required area of PV modules: A= C/3.3 C: desired PV system output in W (start with providing a general target of 1000W) For 8% efficiency: divide the above area by 2 For 12% efficiency: divide the above area by 3 For 16% efficiency: divide the above area by 4 Note: for a stand alone system keep storage space in mind.
29.
30. INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE Curtain wall of the Xicui Entertainment Complex in Beijing. In Beijing, World's Largest LED Display Uses Solar Power Location: Beijing Architect: Simone Giostra
31. Location: Tsinghua University, Beijing Architect: Mario Cucinella The Sino-Italian Ecological and Energy-Efficient Building (SIEEB) INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE
32.
33.
34. ADVANCEMENTS : NANO SOLAR Nano Vent-Skin that sheathes structures in a shimmering solar weave studded with micro-turbines. Nano Vent-Skin: Micro-Turbines running on solar power to absorb CO2!
35. ADVANCEMENTS : NANO SOLAR The Solar Wave Pavilion Covered with flexible photovoltaic cells. The electrical energy produced can also be stored in the form of hydrogen gas, which could be manufactured from the rainwater that is captured off the roof of the structure.
Photovoltaic panels double as shading devices Atrium façade glazing(PV cells laminated within a glass curtain wall
- If solar panels are tilted at 29 ° they would be perpendicular to the sun twice a year between equinoxes. - A solar system can be most efficient if the tilt angle can be changed for seasonal sun movement.
Pic 1-Designed to replace composition shingles for residential buildings Pic 2- A separate solar blanket of Suntrek photovoltaic panels helps heat the pool.
The world's largest color LED display combined with China's first photovoltaic system integrated into a glass curtain wall. Harvests solar energy by day and uses it to illuminate the screen after dark, mirroring a day’s climatic cycle.
- Maximize both passive + active solar efficiency - using a push/pull effect in the stacking of floors to create overhangs and setbacks for passive solar, and a photovoltaic system. -This stepped south-oriented facade houses a system with photovoltaics and some plantings - to shade/passively and cool the building. The hanging plants also contribute to offsetting the CO2 produced by the building
Ink printed onto inexpensive metal foil in a continuous roll process. Thin film technology
The skin of the building has minute turbines placed in it are driven by solar energy and the way they clean up the atmosphere and rid it of Carbon content.
