building stones and gypsum and lime

1. CHAPTER 3:
BUILDING STONES &
GYPSUM AND LIME
Republic of the Philippines
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
Ayala Boulevard cor. San Marcelino St., Ermita Manila
REPORTER:
ANGALA, PAULINE LOIS A.
ASUNCION, FRANCIS DANIELLE Q.

2. BUILDING STONES
Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.

3. 1. Igneous- formed as the
result of the cooling of
molten matter.
2. Sedimentary- formed by
the action of water.
3. Metamorphic- structure
changed by the action of
extreme heat, pressure
and various forces.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

4. 1. Rubble - includes rough fieldstone
which may merely have been broken
into suitable sizes. This is usually
used for and filling material. Also
called as escombro and lastillas.
2. Dimension (cut stone) – consists
of pieces that have been cut or
finished according to a set or
drawings. Used for facings of walls.
STONES USED FOR BUILDING
PURPOSES

5. 3. Flagstone (Flat Slabs) –
consists
of thin pieces, ½ inch. For
walks
and floors.
4. Crushed Rock – Stones
consisting of pieces varying in
size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is
used to a large extent in
concreting.
STONES USED FOR BUILDING
PURPOSES

6. Characteristic Classification
of Rock
Color Used for:
1. Argillite Rock that is
made up of clay
or silt particles
that is hardened.
Rock made of
clay
Commonly
dark-blue
with faint
shades of
green
Floor tile, stair
treads, coping
stones, interior
wall base, interior
window stools of
exterior window
sills
2. Granite Very hard,
strong durable
and capable of
taking a high
polish.
Igneous
(quartz,
feldspar,
hornblende
and mica)
Red, pink,
yellow,
green, blue,
white and
brown
Flooring wall
paneling, column
and mullion
facings, stair treads
or flagstone
BUILDING STONES

7. Characteristic Classification
of Rock
Color Used for:
3. Limestone Very low in
absorption,
and has a
smooth texture
Sedimentary
rock (oolitic
and dolomitic)
Fairly
uniform light
gray
Floor tile
4. Travertine Whitish,
porous
Sedimentary
rock (calcium
carbonate)
white Interior
decorative stone
5. Marble Hard, smooth
and mostly
white
Metamorphic
rock (from
limestone and
dolmite)
Yellow,
white, gray,
black, green,
violet, red
Wall or column
facing and for
flooring
Building Stones

8. Building Stones
Characteristic Classification
of Rock
Color Used for:
6. Serpentine Hard mineral
consisting of
hydrous
magnesium
Igneous rock
(mineral
serpentine)
Olive green
to greenish
black
Interiors only
due to
deterioration
from weathering
7. Sandstone Texture is very
fine to very
coarse and
porous
Sedimentary
rock
(cemented
silica grains)
Gray, buff,
light brown,
red
Wall or column
facing and for
decorative
purposes
8. Slate Rock Hard, slightly
rough
Metamorphic
rock (from
clays and
shales)
Black, green,
red, gray or
purple
Roof, flooring,
window sills and
stools, stair
treads, facing.

9. Stone Construction
Stones are largely used as facing material
for large buildings with steel and concrete
frames.

10. 1. Paneling – consists of using
slabs of stone cut to
dimension and thickness to
cover backup walls and
provide a finished exterior.
2. Ashlar – work requires the
use of cut stone and includes
broken ashlar, irregular
coursed ashlar, regular
coursed ashlar.
STONE CONSTRUCTION

11. 3. Rubblework – used as
random when no attempt is
made to produce either
horizontal or vertical course
lines.
4. Trim – involves use of
stones cut for a specific
purpose and include Quoin
– stones laid at the
intersection of two walls.
STONE CONSTRUCTION
coarsed
rubble
random

12. As jambs – form the sides of
window and door openings.
As sills – form the bottom of
window and door openings
As belts – special stone courses
built into a wall for a particular
purpose. For architectural relief and
change in wall thickness.
STONE CONSTRUCTION
• Trim

13. As Coping– one which is cut to fit
on the top of a masonry wall.
As cornices – specially cut stones
which are built into and project
from, a masonry wall near the top to
provide the appearance of a cave.
As Lintels – stones which bridge
the top of door and window
openings.
• Trim
Stone Construction

14. As Stone Steps – made to fit over
an inclined concrete slab or to cap
steps cast in concrete.
As an Arch Stone – cut to form
some particular type of arch over a
door or window opening.
As Stone Flooring – walks and
patios, made by covering a base of
stone concrete, brick or tile with
Flagstone.
STONE CONSTRUCTION
• Trim

15. Gypsum
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated
calcium sulfate from which gypsum plaster is
made; colorless when pure as a retarder in
portland cement.

16. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
a) Plaster of Paris – made from
carefully selected white rock.
When mixed with water to form
a paste, it sets in about 15 to 20
mins.
b) Keene’s Cement – Highly
resistat to moisture penetration
and has a smooth surface.
1. Plasters

17. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
c) Casting Plaster – made from
specially selected rock and ground
much finer than plaster of Paris. It is
slower setting and cooler working.
d) Hard wall Plaster – a neat gypsum
plater, containing hair or fiber, widely
used to form the first (scratch) coat
and second (brown) coat on
plastered walls and ceiling.
1. Plasters

18. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
e) Cement band Plaster– intended
for application to concrete
surfaces. Almost any finish plaster
can be applied over the coat.
f) Finish Plaster– made specially to
produce the finish (Putty) coat for
plastered surfaces. It has to be
mixed with hydrated Lime putty
and water.
1. Plasters

19. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
g) Prepared finish Plaster– requires
only water. It contains no lime, so
the plaster surface can be
decorated as soon as it is dry.
h) Texture Plaster– Used when a
rough surface is required.
1. Plasters

20. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
i) Acoustical Plaster– calcined
gypsum is mixed with a light
weight – mineral aggregate to
make a type of finish plaster that
has a high rate of sound
absorption.
j) Joint Plaster– For filling nail
holes and covering joints in
gypsum wall board.
1. Plasters

21. Gypsum Products
a) Gypsum wallboard – A
fireproof sheathing for interior
walls and ceilings. It is made of
a core of gypsum covered on
each side by a heavy specially
manufactured kraft paper.
b) Gypsum Lath – used as a base
for plaster, providing adhesion
for gypsum plaster.
2. Gypsum Boards

22. Gypsum Products
c. Gypsum Precast Roof
Decking – Precast from
gypsum containing
various types of fiber are
made in either the square
– edged plank from 4 to
6 feet or metal – edged
plank 10 feet long.
2. Gypsum Boards

23. Gypsum Products
a) Partition and Furring Tile –
made for specially calcined
gypsum, to which is usually
added about 5 percent wood
fiber in the form of chips and
sometimes some perlite.
b) Fireproofing Tile – made to
cover steel members in a
building to protect them against
fire.
3. Gypsum Tile

24. Gypsum Products
- Made by casting in mold a panel consist of two
outer shells 5/8 in. thick reinforced with viscose
fiber and seperated by a core of hexagonal cells, it is
made 2 feet wide, 2 to 6 in. thick and up to 10 ft.
long. Each panel is tongue and groove along its long
edges to form an interlocking wall.
4. Gypsum Precast Wall Panels

25. Lime
Used in the making of the finish or putty
coat for interior plaster.

26. - The lime used is hydrated or
slake lime which is mixed with water
to form a plastic, putty like material
to which is added gauging plaster.
The mixture is applied in a thin coat
over the bare plaster and troweled
to a smooth finish. The lime in the
putty begins to recarbonate, and this
hardening continues slowly for a
long period of time.
LIME