Lecture 7-9
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Thermodynamics II course taught at air university Islamabad by Sijal Ahmed Memon. Rankine cycle - steam power plnat
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Steam Power Plant and Rankine Cycles
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of a Rankine cycle steam power plant. It describes lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to high temperatures using reheat, increasing the boiler pressure, implementing an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heaters, using closed feedwater heaters, and utilizing cogeneration to make use of waste heat. The key methods discussed are lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, and implementing regenerative feedwater heating to improve the average heat addition and cycle efficiency.
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Thermal power plants generate electricity through a Rankine cycle. Water is heated to produce steam that spins a turbine connected to a generator. The steam is then condensed and recycled. Variations include reheat cycles, which reheat steam between turbine stages to improve efficiency, and regenerative cycles, which use steam from turbines to preheat feedwater entering the boiler. The Rankine cycle is the most common thermodynamic cycle used in fossil fuel power plants due to practical considerations over the Carnot cycle. Modern plants can achieve over 40% efficiency using supercritical steam conditions above the water's critical point.
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This document contains 6 exercises related to calculating the thermal efficiency of steam power plants operating on different Rankine cycle configurations including:
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2) Ideal reheat Rankine cycle
3) Reheat Rankine cycle with specified turbine inlet/exit conditions
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5) Reheat-regenerative cycle with one open feedwater heater, one closed feedwater heater, and one reheater.
The 6th exercise asks to determine the fractions of steam extracted from the turbine and the thermal efficiency for a plant operating on the reheat-regenerative cycle described in item 5 above.
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Thermal power plants generate electricity through a Rankine cycle. Water is heated to produce steam that spins a turbine connected to a generator. The steam is then condensed and recycled. Variations include reheat cycles, which reheat steam between turbine stages to improve efficiency, and regenerative cycles, which use steam from turbines to preheat feedwater entering the boiler. The Rankine cycle is the most common thermodynamic cycle used in fossil fuel power plants due to practical considerations over the Carnot cycle. Modern plants can achieve over 40% efficiency using supercritical steam conditions above the water's critical point.
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3) Reheat Rankine cycle with specified turbine inlet/exit conditions
4) Regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
5) Reheat-regenerative cycle with one open feedwater heater, one closed feedwater heater, and one reheater.
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The document summarizes the ideal Rankine cycle process. It describes 4 key processes:
1) Constant pressure heating of water to steam in the boiler.
2) Reversible, adiabatic expansion of steam in the turbine.
3) Reversible heat rejection during condensation of steam in the condenser.
4) Reversible, adiabatic compression of the liquid in the pump back to the boiler pressure.
It notes that real processes are irreversible with entropy increases due to friction and heat transfer, reducing turbine work and efficiency. Losses occur in the turbine, condenser, pump and via piping. Superheating improves efficiency but is limited by material temperatures.
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The document discusses steam power plant cycles. It begins by introducing the Rankine cycle as the ideal cycle for steam power plants. The Rankine cycle involves isothermal heat addition in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, isothermal heat rejection in a condenser, and isentropic compression in a pump. The document then discusses ways to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle, including lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to higher temperatures, increasing the boiler pressure, and adding reheat stages. Reheating steam between turbine stages allows higher boiler pressures without excessive moisture at the turbine exit. The ideal reheat Rankine cycle provides higher efficiency than a simple Rankine cycle.
OVERVIEW OF SUPERCRITICAL THERMAL POWERPLANT , DPSTS
This document provides an overview of the 2*800 MW Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station under construction in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The key points are:
- It will have a total installed capacity of 1600 MW once both 800 MW units are operational. The project cost is 8432 crores.
- Coal from Talcher, Orissa will be the primary fuel. It will be pulverized and fed into the furnace using hot air and secondary air for complete combustion.
- Fly ash will be collected by electrostatic precipitators and silos, and used for cement, concrete and agricultural purposes. Water treatment plants will produce demineralized water.
Closed feed water heaters :)
This document describes closed feedwater heaters used in power plants. It discusses:
- Closed feedwater heaters are shell and tube heat exchangers that preheat boiler feedwater using extracted steam, improving cycle efficiency. No separate pumps are needed since streams remain at the same pressure.
- Advantages include reduced irreversibility in steam generation and avoiding thermal shock to boiler metal.
- Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater heaters due to complexity and cost of closed heaters.
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The document discusses the Rankine cycle, which is used to convert heat into work. It defines the Rankine cycle and explains that it uses water in a closed loop to generate about 90% of the world's electric power. It describes the ideal Rankine cycle and how real cycles differ by being non-reversible. It then discusses developments like the reheat and regeneration Rankine cycles, which aim to increase efficiency. The reheat cycle reheats steam after the first turbine, while regeneration heats liquid using a regenerator before entering the boiler. Diagrams illustrate the temperature-entropy processes of each cycle type.
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The Brayton cycle is ideally suited for gas turbine engines. It was first proposed by George Brayton in 1870 for a reciprocating oil engine. In a gas turbine, air is compressed and heated at constant pressure before expanding through the turbine to produce power. While real gas turbines operate through an open cycle, their ideal process can be modeled as a closed Brayton cycle consisting of isentropic compression, constant-pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant-pressure heat rejection. This closed-cycle representation allows the thermodynamic analysis of gas turbines.
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The document summarizes the regenerative feed water heating cycle used in steam power plants. It describes how steam from the turbine is used to preheat feedwater in heat exchangers before it enters the boiler. This improves the efficiency of the Rankine cycle by reducing the heat added from the boiler at the lower feedwater temperatures. The regenerative cycle captures additional heat from the steam that would otherwise be lost, improving the overall thermodynamic efficiency of the steam power generation process.
MET 401 Chapter 2 improvement_to_rankine_cycle
The document discusses various methods to improve the efficiency of the Rankine cycle, which is the most common thermodynamic cycle used in conventional steam power plants. These include lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to higher temperatures, increasing the boiler pressure, using reheat cycles, and employing feedwater heaters. Reheat cycles can improve efficiency by 4-5% by increasing the average heat addition temperature. Feedwater heaters also raise efficiency by preheating feedwater with extracted steam. Modern plants operate at supercritical pressures over 22.06 MPa and have efficiencies as high as 40%.
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1) A supercritical Rankine cycle operates above the critical point of the working fluid, where it behaves as a supercritical fluid with properties between a liquid and gas. This improves efficiency over subcritical cycles.
2) Supercritical boilers operate at pressures above 221.2 bar and temperatures above 374°C for water. Special high-temperature alloys are needed to withstand these conditions.
3) Boiler design considerations include symmetric shapes for uniform temperatures, downfired burners, and optimized dimensions. Materials like Inconel 740 are commonly used in supercritical boiler components.
Rankine Cycle.pptx
The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems. It involves four processes: 1) Isentropic compression in a pump, 2) Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler, 3) Isentropic expansion in a turbine, and 4) Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser. The efficiency of the Rankine cycle can be increased by lowering the condenser pressure, superheating the steam to higher temperatures which increases the average heat addition temperature, and increasing the boiler pressure.
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Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts heat into work. It uses a water/steam as the working fluid. There are three main types: ideal, reheat, and regeneration. The ideal cycle assumes instantaneous and reversible processes while real cycles are non-reversible. The reheat cycle increases efficiency by reheating steam between turbine stages. The regeneration cycle further improves efficiency by using steam extracted from the turbine to preheat feedwater entering the boiler. Together these modifications help maximize work extraction from high-temperature heat sources like fossil fuels.
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Rankine cycle
The document summarizes the ideal Rankine cycle process. It describes 4 key processes:
1) Constant pressure heating of water to steam in the boiler.
2) Reversible, adiabatic expansion of steam in the turbine.
3) Reversible heat rejection during condensation of steam in the condenser.
4) Reversible, adiabatic compression of the liquid in the pump back to the boiler pressure.
It notes that real processes are irreversible with entropy increases due to friction and heat transfer, reducing turbine work and efficiency. Losses occur in the turbine, condenser, pump and via piping. Superheating improves efficiency but is limited by material temperatures.
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This document discusses supercritical power plants. It begins by defining critical condition as the state of a substance beyond which there is no clear distinction between the liquid and gaseous phases. It then defines a supercritical plant as one that operates above the critical condition, with water reaching this state at 374°C and 22.1 MPa pressure.
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This document discusses vapor power cycles and combined power cycles. It covers the Carnot vapor cycle and how the Rankine cycle is better suited as a model for vapor power plants. Methods to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle are analyzed, including lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, using reheat cycles, and regenerative cycles. Combined cycles and cogeneration are also introduced.
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The document discusses steam power plant cycles. It begins by introducing the Rankine cycle as the ideal cycle for steam power plants. The Rankine cycle involves isothermal heat addition in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, isothermal heat rejection in a condenser, and isentropic compression in a pump. The document then discusses ways to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle, including lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to higher temperatures, increasing the boiler pressure, and adding reheat stages. Reheating steam between turbine stages allows higher boiler pressures without excessive moisture at the turbine exit. The ideal reheat Rankine cycle provides higher efficiency than a simple Rankine cycle.
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This document provides an overview of the 2*800 MW Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station under construction in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The key points are:
- It will have a total installed capacity of 1600 MW once both 800 MW units are operational. The project cost is 8432 crores.
- Coal from Talcher, Orissa will be the primary fuel. It will be pulverized and fed into the furnace using hot air and secondary air for complete combustion.
- Fly ash will be collected by electrostatic precipitators and silos, and used for cement, concrete and agricultural purposes. Water treatment plants will produce demineralized water.
Closed feed water heaters :)
This document describes closed feedwater heaters used in power plants. It discusses:
- Closed feedwater heaters are shell and tube heat exchangers that preheat boiler feedwater using extracted steam, improving cycle efficiency. No separate pumps are needed since streams remain at the same pressure.
- Advantages include reduced irreversibility in steam generation and avoiding thermal shock to boiler metal.
- Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater heaters due to complexity and cost of closed heaters.
Rankine Cycle
The document discusses the Rankine cycle, which is used to convert heat into work. It defines the Rankine cycle and explains that it uses water in a closed loop to generate about 90% of the world's electric power. It describes the ideal Rankine cycle and how real cycles differ by being non-reversible. It then discusses developments like the reheat and regeneration Rankine cycles, which aim to increase efficiency. The reheat cycle reheats steam after the first turbine, while regeneration heats liquid using a regenerator before entering the boiler. Diagrams illustrate the temperature-entropy processes of each cycle type.
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The Brayton cycle is ideally suited for gas turbine engines. It was first proposed by George Brayton in 1870 for a reciprocating oil engine. In a gas turbine, air is compressed and heated at constant pressure before expanding through the turbine to produce power. While real gas turbines operate through an open cycle, their ideal process can be modeled as a closed Brayton cycle consisting of isentropic compression, constant-pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant-pressure heat rejection. This closed-cycle representation allows the thermodynamic analysis of gas turbines.
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The document summarizes the regenerative feed water heating cycle used in steam power plants. It describes how steam from the turbine is used to preheat feedwater in heat exchangers before it enters the boiler. This improves the efficiency of the Rankine cycle by reducing the heat added from the boiler at the lower feedwater temperatures. The regenerative cycle captures additional heat from the steam that would otherwise be lost, improving the overall thermodynamic efficiency of the steam power generation process.
MET 401 Chapter 2 improvement_to_rankine_cycle
The document discusses various methods to improve the efficiency of the Rankine cycle, which is the most common thermodynamic cycle used in conventional steam power plants. These include lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to higher temperatures, increasing the boiler pressure, using reheat cycles, and employing feedwater heaters. Reheat cycles can improve efficiency by 4-5% by increasing the average heat addition temperature. Feedwater heaters also raise efficiency by preheating feedwater with extracted steam. Modern plants operate at supercritical pressures over 22.06 MPa and have efficiencies as high as 40%.
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The document provides information on supercritical Rankine cycles and supercritical boilers. Some key points:
1) A supercritical Rankine cycle operates above the critical point of the working fluid, where it behaves as a supercritical fluid with properties between a liquid and gas. This improves efficiency over subcritical cycles.
2) Supercritical boilers operate at pressures above 221.2 bar and temperatures above 374°C for water. Special high-temperature alloys are needed to withstand these conditions.
3) Boiler design considerations include symmetric shapes for uniform temperatures, downfired burners, and optimized dimensions. Materials like Inconel 740 are commonly used in supercritical boiler components.
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OVERVIEW OF SUPERCRITICAL THERMAL POWERPLANT , DPSTS
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steam turbine[1] (3).pptxshshshhhshshshh
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Applied Thermal Engineering
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Lecture 7-9
- 1. THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 7-9 RANKINE CYCLE – STEAM POWER PLANT 1
- 2. Ideal Simple Rankine Cycle • Two Phase Flow • Low back work ratio! 2
- 3. Energy Analysis of Rankine Cycle 3
- 4. Energy Analysis of Rankine Cycle 4
- 5. 5
- 6. How to increase the Efficiency of Rankine Cycle • Efficiency of any cycle can be increased I. By increasing the maximum temperature of heat addition and/or, II. By decreasing the minimum heat of heat rejection • This can be done by three methods: – Lowering the condenser pressure – Increasing the boiler pressure – Increasing the superheating temperature 6 𝜂 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 1 − 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
- 7. Methods to Increase the Efficiency of Rankine Cycle 7 Lowering the condenser pressure • Leakage of outside • Heat transfer cannot be done if the condenser temperature is lower than the surrounding Increasing the superheating temperature • Material limitation • 600 oC is max temperature Increasing the boiler pressure • Quality is lower • Corrosion • Tmax is limited
- 8. Reheat Rankine Cycle • Problem of high moisture (low quality) due to higher boiler pressure can be solved by: 1. Superheating to very high temperature 2. Reheating the turbine exhaust to increase temperature and quality as well 8 Reheat pressure is 1/4th of boiler pressure
- 9. Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle • We are adding heat at very low temperature! • Extraction of flow from turbine and mixing it with feed water, know as Feed Water Heater (FWH) or regeneration • Heat exchanger • Open (direct) and closed (indirect) mixing and heat transfer 9 𝜂 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 1 − 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
- 10. Open Feed Water Heater (Open FWH) • Mixing chamber • Pressure of both fluids should be same! 10
- 11. Open Feed Water Heater (Open FWH) • To find out unknown values, which cannot find from steam tables, use energy balance. 11
- 12. Closed Feed Water Heater (Closed FWH) • It is heat exchanger. Pressures can be different. • Followed by mixing chamber. 12
- 13. Closed Feed Water Heater (Closed FWH) • Can you draw T-S diagram? 13
- 14. Example 14
- 15. Example 15
- 20. Combined Cycle Power Plant • Combination of Brayton (topping) and Rankine (bottoming) Cycle • High temperature (high energy) • Waste energy of Brayton cycle is used as input to Rankine Cycle. • One time energy input and twice work output. 20
- 21. Combined Cycle Power Plant • Maximum fluid temperature in modern steam power plants is 620 oC • Can reach to 1800 oC in modern gas turbine engines and exhaust temperature well above 500 oC enough to superheat the steam. • A 1350-MW Ambarli, Turkey combined plant 1988 by Siemens. – Efficinecy = 52.5 %% – Six 150-MW gas turbines – Three 173-MW Steam Turbine • Some latest plants achieved 60% efficiency 21
- 22. Combined Cycle Power Plant • Problem Solving Technique – Solve both problem separately as you normally. – Apply energy balance on the heat transfer process • At steam boiler in and out • At Gas turbine exhaust gas entering the heat exchanger and leaving it. 22
- 23. Combined Cycle Power Plant 23
- 24. Homework • Draw TS diagram 24