This document provides an introduction to energy sources, thermodynamic cycles, and types of power plants. It discusses different forms of energy like mechanical, thermal, and electrical energy. It also explains concepts like electrical energy generation, energy consumption trends, and factors to consider for sustainable energy production. The document then reviews different thermodynamic cycles used in power plants like Rankine, Otto, Diesel, dual, Brayton cycles. It provides examples of problems related to calculating efficiency, work, and heat for these cycles. Key cycles and their applications in steam, internal combustion, gas turbines, and nuclear power plants are also summarized.

1. Unit 1
Introduction

2. Introduction
❖ Energy and their sources
❖ Thermodynamic cycles
❖ Types of power plants
❖ Main components of power plants
❖ Concepts of power plants : advantages & disadvantages
❖ Fuels used in power plants

3. Energy
❖ Capacity for doing work, generating heat and emitting light.
❖ Standard of living for any country can be directly related to energy
consumption/generation
❖ An essential input for economic development
❖ It exists in various forms : mechanical, thermal, electrical etc.
❖ Electric Energy: an important gradient for industrial development

4. Electrical Energy
❖ can be generated centrally in bulk
❖ can be easily and economically transported over long distances
❖ losses in transportation are minimum
❖ can be easily subdivided
❖ can be adapted easily and efficiently to domestic and mechanical work
➢ Conventionally obtained by conversion from fossil fuels, nuclear and
hydro sources
➢ Heat energy - Mechanical energy - Electrical energy

5. Energy
❖ With increasing population and their energy consumption, conventional
energy sources will replenish in near future
❖ A coordinated world wide action plan is required to ensure that energy is
available for longer period of time and at low cost.
❖ Following factors needs to be considered:
➢ energy consumption curtailment
➢ develop alternate energy sources
➢ recycling nuclear wastes
➢ development & application of antipollution technologies

6. Power
❖ Power is the rate of doing work, which equals energy per time
❖ Or power is defined as rate of flow of energy
❖ Mostly associated with mechanical and electrical forms of energy
❖ Power Plant : a unit built for production and delivery of a flow of
mechanical and electrical energy

7. Review of Thermodynamic Cycles
❖ Laws of Thermodynamics
❖ Steam Engines : Rankine Cycle
❖ I.C Engines : Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle
❖ Gas Turbine : Brayton Cycle
❖ Nuclear Power Plants : Fission and Fusion

8. Classification of power plant cycle
❖ Vapour Power Cycles
➢ Carnot cycle
➢ Rankine Cycle
➢ Regenerative cycle
➢ Reheat Cycle
❖ Gas Power Cycles
➢ Otto Cycle
➢ Diesel Cycle
➢ Dual Cycle
➢ Gas Turbine Cycle

9. Carnot Cycle

10. Carnot Cycle
● Most efficient cycle. But to construct a device working on carnot cycle is practically impossible.
● It used as a benchmark to compare the efficiency of different devices

11. Problem 1
A car engine with the power output of 65 hp
has a thermal efficiency of 24%. Determine the
fuel consumption rate of this car if the fuel
has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg.

12. Problem 2
The food compartment of a refrigerator, is maintained
at 4°C by removing heat from it at a rate of
360 kJ/min. If the required power input to the
refrigerator is 2 kW, determine :
(a) the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator
(b) the rate of heat rejection to the room that houses
the refrigerator.

13. Problem 3
A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a
house and maintain it at 20°C. On a day when the
outdoor air temperature drops to -2°C, the house is estimated
to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the heat pump under
these conditions has a COP of 2.5, determine
(a) the power consumed by the heat pump and
(b) the rate at which heat is absorbed from the cold outdoor air.

14. Rankine Cycle
❖ Used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
❖ The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water
as the working fluid

15. Re-Heat Cycle
❖ increases dryness fraction at exhaust so that turbine blade erosion
reduces
❖ it increases thermal efficiency
❖ it increase the work done per kg of steam and this results in reduced size
of boiler
❖ cost increases due to
reheater & connections
❖ increases condenser
capacity due to increased x

16. Regeneration Cycle
❖ process of extracting steam from the turbine at certain points during its
expansion and using this steam for heating for feed water

17. Binary Vapour Cycle

18. Reheat - Regeneration Cycle

19. Problem 4
❖ A simple rankine cycle works between pressure of 30 bar and 0.04 bar,
the initial condition of steam being dry saturated, calculate the cycle
efficiency, work ratio and specific steam consumption.

20. Problem 5
❖ A steam power plant works between 40 bar and 0.05 bar. If the steam
supplied is dry saturated and the cycle of operation is Rankine, find (a)
Rankine efficiency (b) specific steam consumption (c) work ratio (d)
Turbine Power (e) condenser heat flow and (f) dryness fraction at the end
of expansion. Assume flow rate of 10 kg/s
❖ Pump Work : 4 kJ/kg
❖ Efficiency : 35.5 %
❖ SSC : 3.8 kg/kW-hr
❖ WR : 0.9957

21. Problem 6
❖ A steam engine operates on ideal Carnot cycle using dry saturated steam
at 17.5 bar. The exhaust takes place at 0.07 bar into a condenser.
Assuming that the expansion and compression are isentropic and liquid
enters the boiler as saturated liquid, find (a) power developed by the
engine if the steam consumption is 20 kg/min and (b) the efficiency of the
operating cycle.

22. Problem 7
❖ Dry saturated steam at 15 bar is supplied to a steam turbine. The exhaust
takes at 1.1 bar. Determine the following: (a) Rankine Efficiency (b)
Steam consumption per kWh if the efficiency ratio is 0.65 (c) carnot
efficiency for the given pressure limit using steam as working fluid and (d)
if the exhaust pressure is reduced to 0.2 bar, find the percentage increase
in Rankine efficiency and percentage decrease in specific steam
consumption.
❖ Neglect the pump work.

23. OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES
Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams.

25. 25
The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle
increases with the specific heat ratio k of
the working fluid.

26. 26

27. 27
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE
FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
In diesel engines, the spark plug is replaced by a fuel
injector, and only air is compressed during the
compression process.
In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the compression
stroke, eliminating the possibility of auto ignition (engine knock).
Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to operate at much higher
compression ratios than SI engines, typically between 12 and 24.
• 1-2 isentropic
compression
• 2-3 constant-
pressure heat
addition
• 3-4 isentropic
expansion
• 4-1 constant-
pressure heat
rejection.

28. 28
Cutoff
ratio
for the same compression ratio

29. 29
An ideal diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression
ratio of 18 and cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression
process, the working fluid is at 100kPa, 27°C, and 1917 cm3. Utilizing
the cold air standard assumptions, determine (a) the temperature and
pressure of air at the end of each process (b) the net work output and
the thermal efficiency and (c) the mean effective pressure.

30. 30
P-v diagram of an ideal dual cycle.
Dual cycle: A more realistic ideal cycle model for modern,
high-speed compression ignition engine.

31. 31
Problem : An air-standard Dual cycle operates with a compression ratio
of 14. The conditions at the beginning of compression are 100 kPa and
300 K. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 2200 K and the heat
added at constant volume is twice the heat added at constant pressure.
Determined, (a) The pressure, temperature, and specific volume at
each corner of the cycle, (b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c)
The mean effective pressure.