The document discusses the design and efficiency of thermal power plants, highlighting the increasing demand for energy and the resultant concerns over fossil fuel dependence and emissions. It details the processes involved in converting coal's chemical energy into thermal energy, including key components like boilers and turbines, and explores ways to improve thermal efficiency through various operational adjustments. Simulation results indicate that increasing boiler pressure and optimizing the reheat process can enhance plant efficiency while modifying condenser pressure also positively impacts net work output.

1. KARABÜK UNİVERSITY-MECHNICHAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ADVANCED THERMODYNAMIC PRESENTATION
DESIGIN OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

2. Introduction
Day by day increasing the demand on the energy from the industrial,
manufactories and different customers, the price of the energy-producing is so
hight because the energy-producing is depend on fossil fuel, and the price of
the fossil fuel is so hight. The significant concern about the total dependence
on fossil fuels for energy production. On the other hand, the combustion of
fossil fuels causes harmful emissions for organisms such as carbon
monoxide(co), nitrogen oxides(nox), etc. The growing demand for power has
made the power plants of scientific interest, ,thermal power plant are
converted the chemical energy in the fuel “coal” to thermal energy to raise
the temperature of the liquid INSIDE THE TUBES IN THE BOILER then convert it
to saturated steam to spin the blades of the turbine and generate electric
energy in the generator.

4. Thermal power plant cycle, which is made up of four internally
reversible processes:
• 1-2 Isentropic compression;
• 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition;
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion;
• 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

5. Understanding The Combustion Process In The thermal
Power Plant
The Process Began With The Pulverization Of The Coal To Fine
Powder By Grinding It By The Steel Balls In A Large Drum , then
a fine powder of the coal is blow to the boiler by large fans.
briefly, inside the boiler,coal is ignites and releasing energy and
generating intest heat that change the water phase inside the
tubes to hot dry steam ,the temperature is over 1000 fehrinhit.

6. The Exchange Phase Of The Water Inside The Pipes Of
The Boiler
The boiler is the biggest parts and critical parts in the power
plant and basically consist of five parts [burners, economizer,
downcomer, water walls, steam drum]. In the beginning, The
water is supplied into tubes in the boilers by feedwater pump,
burners in the boiler are converted the chemical energy in the
pulverization coal into thermal energy by the combustion
process. After the combustion process, the flue gases are travels
over the boiler and the economizer absorbs the heat from the
flue gases and raising the temperature of the water in the tubes
by this heat.

7. Separate The Water Droplet From The Steam
The next stape is separate the water droplet from the steam in
the “steam drum”, The resulting steam is pure and saturated
vapor, the saturated steam can be fed back into the turbine.

8. MAIN COMPONENT OF BOILER IN THE STEAM
POWER PLANT

9. BOILER EFFICINCEY
Boiler efficiency =
(𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 − 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦)
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
∗ 100% [ƞ =
𝑀𝑐(ℎ2−ℎ1)
𝑀𝑓∗ 𝑄𝑓
∗
100%]
Mc : mass flow rate of the condenstate=feed water flow rate (kg/s)
Qf : lower heating value of fuel (kj/kg)
Mf : mass flow rate of fuel(kg/s)
H1 :enthalpy of water after feed pump(kj/kg)
H2 :enthalpy of saturated steam leaving the boiler (kj/kg)

10. TURBINES
Turbine Is The Main Element In The Steam Power Plants And
Normally Lies On The Heart Of The Steam Power Plant, Turbines
Convert The Thermal Energy In The Steam To Mechanical Energy.
The Mechanical Energy Can Rotate The Shaft Of The Turbine And
Gain Useful Work Like Electricity.

11. UNDERSTANDING THE WORK OF THE TURBINE
Basically, Turbine Consists Of Roter Shaft And Blades, Blades
Have An Airfoil Shape, When The Higher Energy Fluid Passes
Over Turbine Airfoil Shape Will Create Pressure Difference This
Will Subsequently Generate A Lift Force And Generated Lift Force
Will Rotate The Shaft Of Turbine Then Generate Electricity In The
Generator.

13. Main Component Of Thermal Power Plant

14. Designing The Simple Power Plant
In the next slides
Designing the simple power plant and calculating the efficincey ,
work net , quality of the simple power plant cycle opearating on
the simple ideal rankine cycle , steam enters the turbinenat 60
bar and 500 c and condesend in the condenser at a pressure of
0.1 bar

15. The Effect Of Boiler Pressure On The turbine work
[KJ/kg]

16. The Effect Of Boiler Pressure On The Mass Flow Rate Of
The Steam[kj/Kg.m]

17. The Effect Of Boiler Pressure On The Quality Of The
Cycle

18. THE EFFECT OF BOILER PRESSURE ON THE HEAT ADD TO
THE CYCLE[KJ/KG]

19. TABLE OF RESULTS
Boiler
pressure[ba
r]
Thermal
Efficincey
Work of
turbine[kj/k
g]
Work net
[kj/kg]
Heat add
[kj/kg]
Quality of
the cycle
10 0.30 1018 1017 3286 0.94
15.56 0.32 1079 1017 3279 0.92
21.11 034 1120 1118 3272 0.90
26.67 0.351 1150 1147 3266 0.88
32.22 0.359 1173 1170 3259 0.87
37.78 0.367 1192 1189 3252 0.86
43.12 0.371 1208 1204 3245 0.85
48.89 0.375 1222 1217 3238 0.84
54.44 0.379 1223 1228 3231 0.8379
60 0.383 1443 1237 3224 0.8309

20. IMPROVEMENT EFFICIENCY OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
Improvement efficiency of the thermal power plant by the
increase the average temperature at which heat is transferred to
the water in the tubes in the boiler, or decrease the average
temperature at which heat is rejected from the fluid in the
condenser.

21. 1. Improvement efficiency of thermal power plant by
Increasing The Boiler’s Pressure
Increasing The operating Pressure which automatically raises the
temperature at which boiling takes place, this is, the higher tempterature of
the steam is more efficinent of the thermal power plant cycle. Increasing the
boiler pressure increases the thermal efficiency of the thermal power plant
cycle, but it also increases the moisture content of the steam to undesirable
levels.

22. 2. Improvement Efficiency Of Thermal Power Plant By
Lowering The Condenser Pressure
Lowering operating presssre of the condenser automatically lowers the
temperature of the steam , and thus the temperature at which heat
rejected.That Clear in the figure The Wnet is increase when lowering the
condenser pressure .

23. 3. Improvement Efficiency Of Thermal Power Plant By
Superheating
The effect of the super heating on the steam power plant performance
illstarted on the T-S digram, the pruple arie represent the increase of Wnet

24. 4. Improvement Efficiency Of Thermal Power Plant By
Reheat Process
Increasing the boiler pressure increases the thermal efficiency of
the Rankine cycle, but it also increases the moisture content of the
steam to undesirable levels. Expand the steam in the turbine in two
stages, and reheat it in between. It can decrease the excessive
moisture problem in turbines. . The purpose of the reheat cycle is to
reduce the moisture content of the steam at the final stages of the
expansion process.

25. 5. Improvement Efficiency Of Thermal Power Plant By
Regenerative process
To transfer heat to the feed-water from the expanding steam in a
counter-flow heat exchanger built into the turbine, that is, to use
regeneration. A practical regeneration process in steam power
plants is accomplished by extracting/bleeding the steam from the
turbine at various points. Regeneration not only improves cycle
efficiency.It also helps control the large volume flow rate of the
steam at the final stages of the turbine.

26. RESULT AND CONSULUTION
After simulation of the steam power plant by a program “EES” obtained the results
shown below:
1. When increasing the pressure of the boiler increases the efficiency of the plant and
increases the work net Wnet of the station, and reduce the heat added Qadd and
reduce the quality of the station.
2. When decreasing the pressure of condenser increase the efficiency of the plant and
increases the work net Wnet of the station, and reduce the heat added Qadd and
reduce the quality of the station.
3.When reheated the steam again the efficiency of the plant and increases the work net
Wnet of the station, and reduce the heat added Qadd and reduce the quality of the
station.

27. REFERANCE
[1]Energy and exergy analyses of thermal power plants: A review
• S.C. Kaushika, V. Siva Reddya,∗, S.K. Tyagib
[2]Thermodynamic analysis of reheat cycle steam power plants
Ibrahim Dincer* and Husain Al-Muslim
[3]An Approach to Analyse Energy and Exergy
• Analysis of Thermal Power Plants: A Review
• Vundela Siva Reddy1, Subhash Chandra Kaushik1, Sudhir Kumar Tyagi2, Naraya Lal
Panwar1

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