This document describes the design of a 1 MW power plant based on a superheated Rankine cycle. Key components include a steam generator with economizer, boiler and superheater sections, a high pressure turbine operating from 100-20 bar, a low pressure turbine from 20-0.1 bar, a condenser, an open feedwater heater containing a deaerator, a closed feedwater heater, and a reheater. Thermodynamic calculations are shown to select locations and operating conditions for these components. Performance is calculated with a net work output of 968.28 kW, heat input of 2557.14 kW, and heat rejected of 2358.52 kW.

1. 1
Design of power plant based
on superheated Rankine cycle
Submitted by
Vaghela Nirav (UG201312035)
Leeladhar Sharma (M16ME008)
Himanshu Agrawal (UG201312013)
Dileep Kumar (M16ME009)
Rohit Singh (UG201312031)
Shubhendu Prashant Singh (M15ME012)
Under the guidance of
Dr. Laltu Chandra
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur

2. 2
Contents
1.Introduction 3
1.1. Rankine cycle 3
1.2. Components 3
2. Proposed Design 7
2.1. Problem statement 7
2.2. Block Diagram 7
2.3. T-S Curve 9
3. Selection of FWH and Reheater 9
4. Parametric calculations 10
5. Performance characteristics 11
6. Turbine and pump selection 13
7. Future work 14
8. References 14

3. 3
1. Introduction
1.1 Rankine cycle:
The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into
mechanical work. It is an idealized concept for steam based power plant. It mainly consist of four
different processes including isentropic expansion, isobaric condensation, isentropic compression and
isobaric heat addition.(Fig. 1) Rankine cycle may be saturated (1-2-3-4-B-1) or superheated (1’-2’-3-
4-B-1’).
1-2 Isentropic expansion of steam(in turbine)
2-3 Isobaric heat rejection(in condensation)
3-4 Isentropic compression(in pump)
4-1 Isobaric heat addition(in boiler)Fig. 1 Ideal Rankine cycle
Saturated Rankine cycle (1-2-3-4-B-1)
Superheated Rankine cycle (1’-2’-3-4-B-1’).
1.2 Various components
Based on above mentioned processes in Rankine cycle, various components are constructed to design
the power plant. The basic components of power plant are turbine, condenser, pump and steam
generator. To increase the efficiency and reduce irreversibility of power plant, we introduce the
concept of reheat, regeneration, deaeration etc. Which leads to the addition of feed water heaters,
deaerator, throttle valves, more than one turbines and pumps of different capacities. The details about
various components have mentioned below.
 Turbines :
A turbine is a machine that transforms rotational energy from a fluid that is picked up by a
rotor system into usable work or energy. Turbines achieve this either through mechanical
gearing or electromagnetic induction to produce electricity. Types of turbines include steam
turbines, wind turbines, gas turbines or water turbines. Steam turbines used in power plants
are mainly combination of Impulse and Reaction turbine. In power plant, various turbine with
different capacity and pressure (HP, IP & LP) used.

4. 4
 Condenser :
Condenser is a simple heat exchanger in which one fluid (water) changes it phase from gas to
liquid by rejecting heat to second fluid at constant pressure. There are two types of condenser,
open condenser and surface condenser. In power plant, generally surface condenser is used.
Which is shell and tube heat exchanger with steam at shell side and cooling fluid at tube side.
Condenser
 Pump :
Pump is a mechanical device that increase the pressure of a liquid. There are different types of
pumps like centrifugal pump, axial pump, screw pump, gear pump, reciprocating pump etc. In
power plant mainly centrifugal pump is used and there are two types according to its use.
1) Condenser pump (pump used after condenser to send water to the steam generator)
2) Feed water pump (pump used to send water into steam generator from feed water heater)
Condenser and feed water pump
 Steam generator :
Steam generator is the component of power plant in which water gets the heat and converted
into saturated/superheated steam. Steam generator is nothing but shell and tube heat
exchanger in which flue gases from burning chamber give the heat to water.
It is divided into two type : 1) Fire tube (flue gas at tube side and water/steam at shell side)
2) Water tube (water/steam at tube side and flue gas at shell side
High pressure turbine Low pressure turbine
Sat steam

5. 5
Steam generator is divided in three parts corresponding to the sensible heating, phase
transition, and superheating. Which are Economizer, Boiler and Superheater.
Steam generator
 Feed water heater :
Feed water heater is a type of heat exchanger in which heat exchanges between turbine bled
steam and feed water. It is introduced to reduce the irreversibility and size of economizer.
There are two types of feed water heater : 1) Open feed water heater and 2) Close feed water
heater. Open feed water heater is used as low pressure while close feed water heater is used as
high pressure feed water heater. Open feed water heater is used as deaerator also.
Open feed water heater Closed feed water heater
 Throttle valve :
Throttle valve is used to reduce the pressure of fluid. When closed feed water with bled steam
drain backward is used, the bled steam is added to previous feed water heater or condenser
which are relatively at low pressure. So throttle valve is used to reduce the pressure of this
bled steam equal to the pressure exist at previous feed water heater or condenser.

6. 6
Throttle valve ( for CFWH with drain backward to OPWH)
 Reheater :
Reheater is used to reheat the steam coming from high pressure turbine outlet when more than
one turbines are used. It is placed in superheater part of steam generator. Using reheater the
steam quality at turbine exhaust is improved.
Reheater (as part of steam generator)
 Generator :
Generator produces electricity using work from steam turbine.
Generator-Turbine assembly

7. 7
2. Proposed design :
2.1 Problem statement :
We need to design a 1MW Power plant based on superheated Rankine cycle.
Given :
The inlet pressure to the turbine is 100 bar and the inlet pressure to the condenser is 0.1 bar.
The system contains: 2 feed water heaters: one open feed water heater containing deaerator
and one closed feed water heater, one reheater.
Proposed Design :
The proposed system comprises of:
A steam generator in which there are 3 sections namely economizer, boiler and superheater, a
high pressure turbine which works suitably between a pressure range of 20 – 100 bar, a low
pressure turbine which works suitably for pressure range of .1 – 20 bar, condenser, one open
feed water heater containing deaerator and one closed feed water heater and a throttle valve, a
feed water pump and a condensate pump. Also the system contains a generator whose shaft is
attached to the shaft of the turbines to generate electricity. Some of the generated power from
the generator is supplied to pump and other accessories. The coal is burnt in the coal burning
chamber and the produced hot flue gases are taken to the steam generator where the heat
energy is transferred from the flue gases to the water, the secondary fluid through a heat
exchanger.
2.2 The block diagram for the proposed design is as: (next page)
Here the red line represents the water after it is passed through the steam generator and it
passes through high pressure turbine to reheater to low pressure turbine to condenser.
The yellow line represents the bled steam where the one taken from the high pressure turbine
is fed to the closed feed water heater and the one bled from the low pressure turbine is fed to
the open feed water heater.
The green line represents the bled steam starting from point 12 and passing through the
throttle valve to the open feed water heater where at point 12 the bled steam is present in the
state after exchanging heat in the closed feed water heater.
The blue line represents the feed water starting after the condenser and going through the
condensate pump, open feed water heater, deaerator, feed water pump, closed feed water
heater to the steam generator.

8. 8
Fig.2BlockDiagram

9. 9
2.3 T-S diagram
3. Selection of feed water heater and reheater
 Determining the location of feed water heater.
The saturation temperature corresponding to maximum pressure is TB =311.1 0
C and the
saturation temperature corresponding to the condenser pressure is TC = 45.8 0
C. So for the
location of the 2 feed water heaters, we calculate: TB - TC / n+1, where n= number of feed
water heaters.
So, calculating this, we get 88.43 0
C.
So, the saturation temperature for the location of the open feed water heater is: 45.8 0
C +
88.43 0
C = 134.03 0
C
And, the saturation temperature for the location of the closed feed water heater is: 45.8 0
C +
2* 88.430
C = 222.460
C.
 Determining the location of reheater.
The optimal pressure for the reheater is at about 20-25% of the maximum pressure for most of
the modern power plants. Since, here the maximum pressure is 100 bar, so the optimal
pressure for the location of the reheater would be around 20 – 25 bar. We choose 23 bar as the
pressure for the reheater. The reheater reheats the superheated steam to a temperature of
4500
C.

10. 10
4. Parametric calculations
Evaluation of enthalpies and mass flow rates.
Point-1:
Pb = P1 = 100 bar, Tsat = 311.1 o
C, T1 = 450 o
C
h1 = 3240.9 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.419 kJ/kg-K (From Steam Table)
Point-2:
P2 = 24.3 bar, s2s = 6.419 kJ/kg-K,
h2s = 2876.9 kJ/kg, T2s = 247.4 o
C , (From Steam Table)
ȠT1 = 0.60 = (h1 – h2) / (h1 – h2s)
h2 = 3022.5 kJ/kg-K
T2 = 303.53 o
C, (From Steam Table)
Point-3:
P3 = 23 bar, s3s = 6.419 kJ/kg-K
sg = 6.289 kJ/kg-K (< s3s) So condition of point 3s is superheated
h3s = 2841.24 kJ/kg, T3s = 226.8 K (From Steam Table)
ȠT1 = 0.60 = (h1 – h3) / (h1 – h3s)
h3 = 3001.10 kJ/kg
T3 = 272.32 o
C (From Steam Table)
Point-4:
P4 = P3 = 23 bar, T4 = 450 o
C
h4 = 3353.50 kJ/kg, s4 = 7.216 kJ/kg-K (From Steam Table)
Point-5:
P5 = 3.045 bar, s5s = 7.216 kJ/kg-K
sg = 6.972 kJ/kg-K (< s5s) So condition of point 3s is superheated
h5s = 2854.26 kJ/kg, T5s = 194.42 o
C (From Steam Table)
ȠT2 = 0.75 = (h4 – h5) / (h4 – h5s)
h5 = 2979.07 kJ/kg
T5 = 206.64 o
C (From Steam Table)
Point-6:
P6 = 0.1 bar, s6s = 7.216 kJ/kg-K,
sf = 0.649 kJ/kg-K, sfg = 7.501 kJ/kg-K (From Steam Table)
s6s = sf + x*sfg
x = .8754
hf = 191.8 kJ/kg, hfg = 2392.8 kJ/kg (From Steam Table)
h6s = hf + x*hfg = 2286.6 kJ/kg
ȠT2 = 0.75 = (h4 – h6) / (h4 – h6s)
h6 = 2550.32 kJ/kg
Point-7:
P7 = 0.1 bar, T7 = 45.8 K
h7 = hf = 191.80 kJ/kg, vf7 = 0.00101 m3
/kg (From Steam Table)
Point-8:
P8 = 3.045 bar,
h8s = h7 + vf7*(P8s – P7) = 192.09 kJ/kg
Ƞp1 = 0.75 = (h8s – h7) / (h8 – h7)
h8 = 192.19 kJ/kg
Point-9:
P9 = 3.045 bar, T9 = Tsat. = 134.03 o
C
h9 = hf @ 3.045 bar= 564.00 kJ/kg, vf9 = 0.0010735 m3
/kg (From Steam Table)

11. 11
Point-10:
P10 = 100 bar,
h10s = h9 + vf9 * (P10s – P9) = 574.4 kJ/kg
Ƞp2 = 0.80 = (h10s – h9) / (h10 – h9)
h10 = 577.00 kJ/kg
Point-11:
P11 = 100 bar
T12 = Tsat.@ 24.3 bar = 222.46 o
C
Assume TTD = -3 0
C
T11 = T12 + TTD = 225.46 o
C
h11 = 969.20 kJ/kg (From Steam Table)
Point-12:
P12 = 24.3 bar
h12 = hf @ 24.3 bar = 955.10 kJ/kg (From Steam Table)
Point-13:
P13 = 3.04 bar
h13 = h12 = 955.10 kJ/kg (because, process 12-13 is isenthalpic)
Energy Balance: m2, h2
Closed feed water heater: 1, h11 1, h10
m2h2 + h10 = h11 + m2h12 CFWH
m2 = 0.19 kg/Sec. m2, h12
Open feed water heater: m2, h13 m5, h5
m2h13 + m5h5 + (1- m2- m5)*h8 = h9
m5 = 0.11 kg/Sec 1, h9 OFWH
(1-m2-m5), h8
5. Performance characteristics :
Turbine work output is given by (WT) = (h1- h2) + (1-ṁ2)*(h2– h3) + (1 - ṁ2)*(h4–h5) +
(1 - ṁ2 - ṁ5)*(h5–h6)
WT = (3240.90 – 3022.50) + ( 0.81) * (3022.50 – 3001.10) + (0.81)
* (3353.50 – 2979.07) + (0.70)*(2979.07 – 2550.32) kW
WT = 981.56 kW
Condensate Pump work input (Wcondensate pump ) = (1 - ṁ2 - ṁ5)* (h8- h7)
Wcondensate pump = (0.70) * (192.19 – 191.80) kw
Wcondensate pump = 0.273 kW
Feed water pump work input (Wfeed water pump) = 1* (h10- h9)
Wfeed water pump = 1* (577 - 564) kw
Wfeed water pump = 13 kW
Total pump work input (WP ) = Wcondensate pump+ Wfeed water pump

12. 12
Wp = 13kW + 0.273 kW
Wp = 13.273kW
Net work done ( Wnet) = WT – Wp
Wnet = (981.56 – 13.273 ) kW
Wnet = 968.28 kW
Heat input is given by (Qin ) = (h1- h11) + (1 - ṁ2)*(h4 – h3)
Qin = (3240.90 – 969.20) + (0.81 )*(3022.50 – 3001.10) kW
Qin = 2557.14 kW
Heat rejected in condenser is (Qrejected ) = (1 - ṁ2 - ṁ5) * (h6 – h7)
Qrejected = (0.70) * (2550.32 – 191.80) kW
Qrejected = 1650.96 kW
Efficiency of cycle (ηthermal) = Wnet /Qin
ηthermal = 968.28 / 2557.14
ηthermal = 0.3786
Since for unit (1kg/s) mass flow rate we get energy output of 968.28 kJ
So for 1000 kJ energy output mass flow rate (ṁ) will be = 1*1000 / 968.28 = 1.033 kg/s
Hence mass flow rate of working fluid is 1.033 kg/s
And also heat input required corresponding to 1MW work output
Qin’=2557.14*1000/968.28=2640.91kW
Turbine work output cooresponding to 1.033 kg/s mass flow rate (WT’ ) = 1013.95 kW
Heat given to steam generator(QSG) = heat input required (Qin’ ) / steam generator efficiency
Assuming steam generator efficiency ηSG to be 0.8
QSG = 2640.91 / 0.8 = 3301.14kW = 3.301 MW
Fuel (coal) consumption rate (ṁcoal) = heat input to steam generator QSG
Calorific value of coal (CV)
Calorific value of coal is 27.26 MW/kg
ṁcoal = QSG / CV
ṁcoal = 3.30114 / 27.26 = 0.121kg/s = 436.05kg/hr
Net cycle heat rate is given by (HRnet cycle) =
steam generator efficiency * heat given to steam generator
Net work done
HRnet cycle = 0.8 *3301.14 / 1000
HRnet cycle = 2.64 = 9509.49 KJ/KWH
Assuming generator efficiency to be (nG) 0.94
Work output produced by generator (WG) = 0.94*1013.95 = 953.114 kW = 0.953MW
Net station Heat Rate (HRnet station)= _________heat given to steam generator_______________
Generator work output – work required in accessories (WA)

13. 13
Assuming work required in other accessories to be 5% of generator work output.
Hence WA = 0.05*0.94 = 0.047 MW
HRnet station = QSG / WG - WA
HRnet station = 3.301/0.953-0.047 = 3.6435 = 13128.10 kJ/kWH
Gross cycle Heat Rate (HRgross cycle ) = ηSG * QSG / WT’
HRgross cycle = 0.8 * 3.301 /1.013 = 2.607 = 9378.6 kJ/kWH
Gross station Heat Rate (HRgross station) = heat input to steat generator (QSG)
Generator work output(WG)
HRgross station = 3.301/0.953 =3.4637 = 12471.63 kJ/kWH
6. Turbine and pump selection :
For turbine :
Company : Seimens
SST-060 steam turbine series
Power output up to 6 MW
Speed According to driven machine
Inlet steam pressure up to 131 bar (a)
Inlet steam temperature
Dry saturated steam up to
530°C
SST-100 steam turbine series
Power output up to 8.5 MW
Inlet steam pressure up to 65 bar (a)
Inlet steam temperature Dry saturated steam up to 480°C
Speed According to driven machine

14. 14
For pumps :
1. HDX-TT (BB2) Radially Split, Power Recovery Turbine
Operating Parameters:
• Flow up to 4100 m3 /h (18 000 gpm)
• Head up to 760 m (2500 ft.)
• Pressure up to 100 bar (1450 psi)
• Temperature up to 450°C (842°F)
2. Kirloskar Pressure Booster Pump
CPBS- 84424H (1.5HP) 24L Tank
Operating Parameters:
• Power Rating : 1.5 hp
• Power Rating : 1.1 KW
• Flow rate : 80 LPM
• Pressure : 3.7 bar
7. Future work :
Basic power plant design and operating parameters are completed. Further, design of condenser will
be done by iteration using Kern’s method.
8. References :
www.turbinesinfo.com/steam-turbine-efficiency/
www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/fossil-power-generation/steam-turbines/
Steam tables for steam
Power plant technology - MM.EI WAKIL
Power plant engineering - PK NAG