This Presentation mainly focuses on Thermal Energy Generation in Sri Lanka and Energy conservation techniques which are using for effective and efficient thermal energy generation.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler, converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work.
The steam-electric power station is a power station in which the electric generator is steam driven.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler, converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work.
The steam-electric power station is a power station in which the electric generator is steam driven.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator.
Waste heat is that which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction, and then dumped into the environment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose.
Erole Technologies Pvt Ltd. 7007957715, 7081584848
performance analysis of steam power plants using ideal reheat rankin cycleIJAEMSJORNAL
In this paper, a hypothetical examination has been done to assess the execution of the power plants that are chipping away at Reheat-Rankin cycle. The execution of cycle was dissected for various (warm, evaporator, condenser weights) values and also warm temperature qualities to demonstrate its impact on cycle warm proficiency. In this work, the heater weights qualities was accepted limited between (10to 26 MPa), the pressure proportion (warm stage weight to evaporator weight) was expected fluctuated in wide range from (0.1 to 1.0), while the condenser weight was accepted shifted between (5 to 25 kPa). And, a variety in warm temperature esteem was done between scopes of (400-600oC) at low weight turbine. The outcomes demonstrate that the warm productivity is considerably upgraded when the pressure proportion lies between (0.25-0.35) and the ideal proficiency is gotten when the pressure proportion and evaporator weight are equivalent to( 0.33 and 26MPa) separately .
Detailed Internship Report about RAJIV GANDHI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT-NTPC LTD. Includes information about Thermodynamic Cycles, Combined Cycle, HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator), and various components of a Combined Cycle Power Plant.
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
For Video on Themal Power Plant (Animated Working Video) :- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouWOhk1INjo
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Thermal Energy generation is the process of
generating electricity from heat. Heat is a
form of energy. Heat energy that is turned
into electricity can be made in many ways.
It can be produced by burning
fuels such as
coal, oil, gas or wood.
It can also be taken from steam
3. Coal-fired power
generation todayCoal’s place
in the energy mix
Coal is by far the most abundant fossil
fuel, with
proven global reserves of nearly 1
trillion tonnes
,enough for 150 years of generation at
current consumption rates (BGR,
2010). In terms of
energy content, reserves of coal are
much greater
than those of natural gas and oil.
Recoverable
reserves of coal can be found in more
Coal has satisfied the major part of the
growth in
electricity over the past decade. Even
though non fossil power generation has
risen considerably over the past two
decades, it has failed to keep pace with
the growth in generation from fossil
fuels. Between 1990 and 2010,
generation from nuclear power rose by
492 TWh, from hydro renewables by 1
334 TWh and from non-hydro renewable
energy technologies by 454 TWh. By
contrast, generation from coal grew by 4
4.
5.
6.
7. Kelanitissa Power Station (Gas Turbines and a combined
cycle power station)
• Kelanitissa Power Station consists of 7 Gas Turbines
(GT) (six 17MW GTs; one 115 MW GT) and a combined
cycle power plant of capacity 165 MW.
Sapugaskanda Power Station (heavy fuel)
• Sapugaskanda Power Station consists of four 20 MW
generators and eight 10MW generators run on heavy
fuel oil.
Lakvijaya Power Plant (coal)
• Lakvijaya power station has a 300 MW generator run
POWER PLANTS OWNED
BY CEB
8. Independent Power
Producers (IPPs)• Asia Power (Private) Limited
There are 8 machines, each 6.35 MW. These Machines
usually do not run on partial loads when dispatched.
Therefore following plan was used for the test.• Colombo Power (Private) Limited
There are 4 machines, each 15 MW.
• Ace Power Embilipitiya (Private) Limited
There are 14 machines, each 7 MW.
• AES Kelanitissa (Private) Limited
The capacity of the plant is 163 MW
• West Coast Power (Private) Limited
The capacity of the plant is 270 MW, a combined cycle gas
turbine power plant.
9. Thermodynamic cycles
Thermodynamic cycles can be divided into two
general categories:POWER CYCLES REFRIGERATION
CYCLESThermodyna
mic cycles
that
engines/powe
r plants are
operate on
Thermodynamic
cycles that
refrigerators,
air conditioners,
or heat pumps
are operate on
10. Other
categorizations
Gas Cycle Vapour cycles
Depending on the phase of the working
fluid
The working fluid
remains in the
gaseous phase
throughout the
entire cycle
the working fluid exists
in the vapor phase
during one part of the
cycle and in the liquid
phase during another
part.
Another way: closed and open cycles.
In closed cycles- The working fluid is returned
to the initial state at the end of the cycle and
is re-circulated.In open cycles- The working fluid is renewed at the
11. Power
CyclesThe cycles in actual devices are difficult to analyze ;
Presence complicating effects,such as friction, and the absence
of sufficient time for establishment of the equilibrium
conditions during the cycle.
cycle that idealized and simplified for resembling of the actual
cycle closely Ideal Cycle
The idealizations and simplifications commonly employed in the
analysis of power cycles:1. The cycle does not involve any friction.
Therefore, the working fluid does not experience any pressure
drop as it flows in pipes or devices.2. All expansion and compression processes take place in a quasi
equilibrium manner.3. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are
well insulated, and heat transfer through them is negligible.
4. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies of the
12. Gas Power
CyclesApproximations utilize for simplifying the actual gas power
cyclesAIR-STANDARD
ASSUMPTIONS:1) The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop and
always behaves as an ideal gas.
2) All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible.
3) The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an
external source
4) The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process that restores theCold Air-standard Assumption: The specific heats are constant at their
14. 1. STEAM TURBINES (RANKINE
CYCLE)
APPLICATIONS
•FOSSIL FUEL POWER
PLANT
•COMBINED CYCLE
POWER PLANT
•GEOTHERMAL POWER
PLANT
•SOLAR POWER PLANT
•OCEAN THERMAL
25-30
%
THERMAL
EFFICIENCY
15. 2. GAS TURBINES (BRYTON
CYCLE)
APPLICATIONS
•GAS TURBINE POWER
PLANT
•COMBINED CYCLE
POWER PLANT
27-38
THERMAL
EFFICIENCY
16. 3. MAGNETO HYDRO DYNAMIC
GENERATOR
APPLICATIONS
• TOPPING CYCLE WITH STEAM
POWER PLANT
45-60
THERMAL
EFFICIENCY
17. 4. DIESEL AND OTTO CYCLES
APPLICATIONS
• PEAKING POWER
PLANT
• STAND ALONE
POWER PLANT
• STANDBY POWER
PLANT
• VEHICALS
• SHIPS
35 %
THERMAL
EFFICIENCY
20. What is Vapour Power
cycles?
• Thermodynamic cycle
• Used in power plants
• Working fluid is alternatively
vaporized and condensed
• Most common working fluid -
Steam
27. RANKINE CYCLE
• Most large electricity generating plants (central power
stations), and very large ship engines, use water vapour
(steam) as working fluid, following some variation of the
basic Rankine cycle (named after the Scottish inventor
William Rankine, that in 1859 wrote the first book on
Thermodynamics), the only vapour power cycle in practical
use since 1840 until in 1984 Alexander Kalina patented in
the USA the cycle named after him. The heat source for the
boiler is usually the combustion products of a fuel (mainly
coal) and air, or the primary refrigerant of a nuclear
reactor, and the heat sink in the condenser is usually a
water loop, open like in a river, or closed like in a cooling.
Thomas Newcomen is credited with the invention of the
28. •The processes taking place in a vapour
power plant are complicated.
•Idealizations are required to develop
thermodynamic models of plant.
•Four principal components:
i. turbine,
ii. condenser,
iii.pump, and
iv. boiler
steady-
flow
devices
Ideal Rankine
Cycle
29. The Rankine cycle is a heat engine with a vapour power cycle. The
common working fluid is water. The cycle consists of four processes as
shown in Figures 1 (a) and 1 (b):
1 to 2: Isentropic expansion (Steam turbine)1 An isentropic process, in which the entropy
of working fluid remains constant.
2 to 3: Isobaric heat rejection (Condenser) An isobaric process, in which the pressure of
working fluid remains constant.
3 to 4: Isentropic compression (Pump) During the isentropic compression process, external
work is done on the working fluid by means of pumping operation.
4 to 1: Isobaric heat supply (Steam Generator or Boiler) During this process, the heat from
the high temperature source is added to the working fluid to convert it into
superheated steam.
31. Process 1-2: Water from the
condenser at low pressure is
pumped into the boiler at high
pressure. This process is
reversible adiabatic.
Process 2-3: Water is
converted into steam at
constant pressure by the
addition of heat in the
boiler.
Process 3-4: Reversible
adiabatic expansion of steam
Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat
rejection in the condenser to
32. Ideal Rankine
Cycle
State 1:
• Water enters the pump as saturated liquid .
• Compressed isentropically to the operating pressure of
the boiler.
• Steady-flow energy equation :
or
33. State 2:
• Water enters the boiler as a compressed
liquid and leaves as a superheated vapour.
• boiler - a large heat exchanger (often
called the steam generator)
Steady-flow energy
equation :
Ideal Rankine
Cycle
34. State 3:
• The superheated vapour enters the turbine
.
• expands isentropically
• produces work by rotating the shaft
connected to an electric generator
• pressure and the temperature of steam
drop
• Steady-flow energy equation :
Ideal Rankine
Cycle
35. State 4:
• Steam enters the condenser .
• usually a saturated liquid–vapour mixture
with a high quality
• condensed at constant pressure
• leaves the condenser as saturated liquid
• Steady-flow energy equation :
Ideal Rankine
Cycle
38. Example:
Consider a steam power plant operating on the
simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine
at 3 MPa and 350°C and is condensed in the
condenser at a pressure of 75 kPa. Determine the
thermal efficiency of this cycle.
41. Improving Performance of Rankine
cycle
Modifications to Improve Performance
• Superheat
• Reheat
• Regeneration (Feed water
heating)
42. •Superheat:
•further energy can be
added
• total area under the
process curve 3-
3’represents the
increase in the heat
input
•decreases the
moisture content of
Modifications to Improve
Performance
43. •Superheat:
•not limited to having
saturated vapour at the
turbine inlet
•increase in the
temperature value
depends on improving
the present materials
Modifications to Improve
Performance
45. •Reheat:
•steam expands through
a first-stage turbine
(Process 1–2) to some
pressure between the
steam generator and
condenser pressures.
•steam is then reheated
in the steam generator
(Process 2–3)
46. •Reheat:
• After reheating, the
steam expands in a
second stage turbine to
the condenser pressure
(Process 3–4)
• avoid low-quality steam
at the turbine exhaust
• higher boiler pressures
• temperature of the steam
entering the turbine is
restricted by
metallurgical limitations
48. •Regeneration (Feed
Water Heating):
•heat is transferred to
the working fluid
during process 2-2 at
a relatively low
temperature.
•This lowers the
average heat addition
temperature and thus
Modifications to Improve
Performance
49. •Regeneration (Feed
Water Heating):
• raise the temperature of
the liquid leaving the
pump (called the feed-
water) before it enters
the boiler.
• A practical regeneration
• extracting, or
“bleeding,” steam from
the turbine at various
Modifications to Improve
Performance
50. •Regeneration (Feed Water Heating):
not only improves cycle efficiency, but
also provides
•a convenient means of deaerating the
feedwater (removing the air that leaks in
at the condenser) to prevent corrosion in
the boiler
•A practical regeneration control the large
Modifications to Improve
Performance
52. Gas power plant
• Gas turbines - lighter and more compact than the vapor
power plants.
• Electric power producing gas turbines - almost
exclusively fueled by natural gas.
• Other main application of Brayton cycle is air craft Jet
propulsion
• Depending on the application, other fuels can be used
•distillate fuel oil;
•propane;
•gases produced from landfills, sewage treatment
58. Combine Gas and Steam
Cycle• The gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle topping a
steam turbine (Rankine) cycle, which has a
higher thermal efficiency than either of the
cycles executed individually.
• Use the high temperature exhaust gases as the
energy source for the bottoming cycle such as
a steam power cycle.
• The combined cycle increases the efficiency
60. OTTO CYCLE
• The Otto cycle is a first approximation
to model the operation of a spark-
ignition engine, first built by Nikolaus
Otto in 1876, and used in many cars,
small planes and small power systems
(below say 200 kW) down to miniature
engines. This is a reciprocating internal
combustion gas engine, in contrast to
the, at that time master, external
combustion steam engine. The Otto
engine is sketched in Figure, where the
typical terms are introduced for engine-
geometry characteristics (stroke, bore,
displacement and compression ratio);
61. air, which is assumed to follow four processes (Fig.) :
isentropic compression,
constant-volume heat
input from the hot source,
isentropic expansion,
constant-volume heat
rejection to the environment.
62. DIESEL CYCLE
• The Diesel cycle is a first approximation to model the operation of a
compression-ignition engine, first built by Rudolf Diesel in 1893, and
used in nearly all boats (the first in 1903), nearly all trucks (the first
in 1923), many locomotives (the first one in the 1940s, but taken
over by electric drive after a few decades of prominence), most cars
nowadays (the first one in 1936, but it took decades to gain market),
many medium-large electric auxiliary-power and cogeneration
systems, and even some small airplanes. It is the reference engine
from 50 kW to 50 MW, due to the fuel used (cheaper and safer than
gasoline) and the higher efficiency. This is a reciprocating internal
combustion engine, (the fuel is injected at very high pressures, up to
200 M Pa, to ensure immediate vaporization). One of its key
advantages compared to Otto engines is the great load increase per
cylinder associated to the higher pressures allowed (the mixture of
fuel and air would detonate in Otto engines at high compressions),
63. In the ideal air-standard Diesel cycle, the working
fluid is just air, which is assumed to follow four
processes (Fig.): isentropic compression, constant-
pressure heat input from the hot source, isentropic
expansion, and constant-volume heat rejection to the
environment.
66. • When planning a steam electric power station it is
necessary to take into account the following
1. The raw material, coal, has to be taken to the boiler via
bunkers similar conditions apply in respect
of peat but vary somewhat for oil firing.
2. The produce of combustion in boilers, ash-flue dust and
gases have to be disposed of.
3. The steam generated in the boiler plant has to be
delivered to the turbine by the shortest possible route.
4. The cooling tower has to be delivered to and discharged
from the turbine condensing plant and may have to be re
cooled, where re cooling is necessary then spray ponds/or
cooling towers will be required.
67. •The major challenges to the continued use of
coal arise from its environmental impact.
Although reducing emissions of sulphur dioxide
(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate
matter (PM) from coal-fired power generation is
important, particularly at the local or regional
level, the spotlight globally in recent years has
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
ENERGY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
68. CO2 Capture and Storage - The Long Term Vision for Clean
Power Generation from Coal
Both fossil and non-fossil forms of energy will be needed in the
foreseeable future to meet global energy requirements. Fossil fuels, in
particular coal for power generation, are available on a long-term basis
and their continued large-scale and widespread use is necessary in orde
to sustain economic growth. It is therefore important that technological
solutions be commercialized which allow the use of fossil fuels with
greatly reduced CO2 emissions. CO2 capture and storage (CCS) offers
sound potential for the future; however,
further work is required on:
Suitable power plant technology with CO2 capture; and
Environmentally acceptable and reliable CO2 sequestration and use.
Possible technologies for CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants can
be categorised as: