The document discusses Dr. Riyanti Djalante's background and expertise in areas related to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. It includes her educational background, current role at the United Nations University, research interests, and consultancy experience working with various organizations on projects in Indonesia. The final section provides an outline for a presentation on cities and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

1. ProSPER.Net Young Researchers School –
Urban Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Dr. Riyanti Djalante
United Nations University,
Institute for the Advanced Studies for Sustainability (UNU-IAS)
djalante@unu.edu
March 6th, 2018 1

2. • Currrent: Academic Research Officer, UNU-IAS, Global Change and
Resilience
• Research
• Conceptualizations of hazards, risks, disasters, vulnerability, resilience and
transformations
• Governance and social implications of DRR/CCA
• Practice
• IPCC Lead Author on Impacts of 1.5 degree change
• UN Environment on Global Environmental Outlook 6, on climate change
• IRDR Science Committee
• Indonesian government (Development Planning, Disaster Management)
• Consultancies on DRR/CCA projects in Indonesia: USAID, World Bank, ADB, JIRCAS
• UNISDR: SFDRR Indicators and Words into Action, Report of the open-ended
intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to
DRR
• Education
• Bachelor: University of New South Wales, Australia
• Master: Queensland University, Australia.
• PhD: Macquarie University, Australia.
• UNU-EHS, Alexander von Humboldt Fellowships for experienced researcher, Germany
ResumeProfile

3. Outline
1. Overview, the science of and impacts of
climate change
2. International framework for climate change
3. Cities and climate change
4. Conclusion
3

4. Overview
4Stephen et al (2015)
The Anthropocene

5. Overview
5Stephen et al (2015)
The great acceleration

6. Planetary Boundaries
and Tipping Points
6

7. The Carbon Cycle
Source: UNEP
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
7

8. Climate Change and Global Warming
Global Warming
Refers to the overall
warming of the planet,
based on average
temperature over the entire
surface of the Earth
Climate Change
Refers to changes in climate
characteristics, including
temperature, humidity,
rainfall, wind, and severe
weather events over long
term periods
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
8
Further information: WMO Website

9. Observed Surface Temperature
Anomaly (1850-2012)
Source: IPCC 2013, p4
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
9
Globally averaged land and ocean
surface temperature
Each of the last three
decades has been
successively warmer
at the Earth’s surface
than any preceding
decade since 1850.

10. Observed Change in Annual Precipitation
Over Land
Source: IPCC 2013, p6
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
10

11. Observed Ocean Warming
(1950-2010)
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p8
11
More than 60% of
the net energy
increase in the
climate system is
stored in the upper
ocean (period
1971-2010).

12. Observed Ocean Acidification
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p10
12

13. Observed Sea Level Rise
(1900 to 2010)
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p8
13
Over the period
1901 to 2010,
global mean sea
level rose by
0.19m.

14. Observed Decrease in Arctic Sea Ice Extent
(1900-2010)
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p8
14

15. Projected Sea Level Rise
Source: IPCC 2013, p24
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
15
Global mean
sea level will
continue to rise
during the 21st
century.

16. Global surface temperature change for the end of the
21st century is likely to reach 4°C if no action is taken.
Projected Change in Average Surface
Temperature
Source:IPCC2013,p19
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
16

17. Overview
17Stephen et al (2015)
Extreme weather events

18. Climate Change Has an Impact on:
• Biodiversity, carbon storage, habitats, …Ecosystems
• Agriculture, fresh water, health, …Human systems
• Transport, buildings, lifestyle, …Urban systems
• Energy, manufacturing, natural capital
industries, …Economic systems
• Equity, migration, peace and conflict, …Social systems
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
18

19. Observed Changes in Physical and Biological
Systems
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
19
Source: UNEP 2009, p13

20. Overview
20WHO
Impacts of climate change

21. 21Burke, Hsiang, Miguel (2015)
Economic Costs

22. Overview
22Stephen et al (2015)
Disasters

23. Displacements
23

24. Projected Impacts of Climate Change
in Africa
Source: UNEP 2009, p32
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
24

25. Projected Impacts of Climate Change
in Asia
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
25
Source: UNEP
2009, p34

26. Projected Impacts of Climate Change on
Small Islands
• Sea level rise exacerbating inundation, storm surge, erosion and
other coastal hazards
• Reduced freshwater resources
• Invasion by non-native species
• Effects on food and income security
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
Source: UNEP 2006, p185
26

27. Overview
27
To deal with climate change, we
need
Urgent,
Systemic, and
Transformative Actions

28. Global “Carbon Budget” to Avoid Warming Beyond 2°C
28
Total budget of anthropogenic CO2
emissions to limit warming to 2°C
appr. 1,000 GtC
Total anthropogenic CO2 emissions
1870-2011
appr. 500 GtC
Remaining “carbon budget” appr. 500 GtC
If no action is taken,
carbon budget will be exhausted in 30 years
Source: Based on IPCC 2013
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation
and Low Carbon Development
Urgent and extreme Mitigation

29. Mitigating Greenhouse Gases:
A Shared Global Responsibility
• Global emissions need to be
reduced by at least 50% by
2050
• The emission pledges made, if
fully met, place the world on a
trajectory for a global warming
of well over 3°C
• Without emission reduction in
developing countries it will not
possible to stay within the
maximum temperature
increase of 2ºC
Global average surface temperature increase compared to pre-
industrial levels (source: World Bank 2012)
YEAR
Source: Reproduced from IPCC 2007 and World Bank 2012
29
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation
and Low Carbon Development

30. 30
Urgent and extreme Mitigation

31. Urgent and extreme Mitigation

32. 32
Systemic Climate Change Adaptation

33. Renewable Energy is
economically attractive
33

34. Transformative and Global Approach
Climate change
is a global
problem and a
“common
concern to
mankind”
GHG emissions
contribute to
climate change
irrespective of
their origin
All countries
will be affected
if no action is
taken
A global
agreement is
needed to
regulate
emissions and
help countries
to adapt
Section 1: The International Climate Change
Policy Framework
34

35. Outline
1. Overview, the science of and impacts of
climate change
2. International framework for climate change
3. Cities and climate change
4. Conclusion
35

36. What is the UNFCCC ?
A framework convention
setting out basic obligations
of all ‘Parties’ to combat
climate change
Currently has 197 Parties,
including 196 states and
1regional organization
Signed in 1992 in Rio and
entered into force in 1994
Article 3.1 stresses the
principle of equity and
‘common but differentiated
responsibilities’
United Nations
Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
Section 1: The International Climate Change
Policy Framework
36
List of members: UNFCCC Website

37. Why is the UNFCCC important ?
Section 1: The International Climate Change
Policy Framework
Source: Flickr/Kris kKug
Source: www.cop18.qa
Source: UN CC:LEARN
Source: Jan Golinski/UNFCCC
37

38. Ultimate Objective of the
Convention (Article 2)
“…..To achieve……..stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system…..”
“….within a time frame sufficient to:
• Allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change,
• Ensure that food production is not threatened, and
• Enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable
manner.”
Section 2: Key Provisions of the UNFCCC
38

39. One UN Training Service Platform
on Climate Change: UN CC:Learn
Two Broad Responses Adopted by
the Convention
Actions taken to cut net emissions of
greenhouse gases to reduce climate
change and to preserve and enhance
GHG sinks and reservoirs
Actions taken to help cope with
changing climate conditions and
impacts
Mitigation Adaptation
Source: UNITARSource: UNEP
Section 2: Key Provisions of the UNFCCC
39

40. 40
COP 21: THE PARIS AGREEMENT
“ …Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C
above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature
increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels..” – Article 2
“…formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission
development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their
common but differentiated responsibilities…. ” – Article 4
“…Nationally determined contributions communicated by Parties shall be
recorded in a public registry maintained by the secretariat…” – the global
stocktake

41. 41
• Mitigation
• Adaptation
• Loss and damage
• Finance
• Technology development and transfer
• Capacity – building
• Transparency of action and support
• Global stocktake
COP 21: THE PARIS AGREEMENT

43. What is Climate Change Mitigation?
Source: UNFCCC 2009. Further info: UNEP Website
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation
and Low Carbon Development
Mitigation refers to efforts to
reduce/prevent emission of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) or to enhance their removal
from the atmosphere
by sinks.
43

44. Key Concepts Related to
Climate Change Mitigation
• A technology, practice, or policy that reduces or limits emissions of
GHGs or increases their sequestration
Mitigation Option
• Low carbon development refers to economic development with minimal
output of GHG emissions
Low Carbon/Emission Development
• An economy that results in “improved human well-being and social
equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological
scarcities” (UNEP 2010)
Green Economy
44Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation
and Low Carbon Development
Further info: UN Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform

45. Mitigation
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(REDD+)
Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)
Reporting on National Implementation and Monitoring Reporting and
Verification (MRV)
Section 4: Main Issues and Negotiation Streams
45

46. Co-Benefits Resulting from
Mitigation and Low Carbon
Development
• Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems
• Improved water and air quality
• Restoration of degraded land
• …
Environmental
• Employment creation
• Energy security
• New economic opportunities
• Potential cost savings
• …
Economic
• Access to better services
• Health benefits
• Lifestyle benefits
• …
Social
46Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation
and Low Carbon Development

47. Policy Instruments to Foster Low Carbon
Development
• Emission trading schemes
• Payment for ecosystem services
Market based instruments
• Subsidies
• Access to capital
Financial incentives
• Taxes and tariffs
• Sector-specific fiscal stimulus package
Fiscal instruments
• Research, development and demonstration
activities
• Environmental and social standards
• Skills development and awareness-raising
Other
47Section 2: Strategic Frameworks and Policy Approaches for
Mitigation and Low Carbon Development

48. Sectors with High Mitigation
Potential
Section 3: Sectors with High Mitigation Potential
48
Source: IPCC (2014). Fifth Assessment Report

49. Selected Mitigation Options:
Transport
 More fuel efficient vehicles
 Use of alternative energy sources
(biofuels, cleaner diesel, etc.)
 Better land-use and transport planning
 Shift from individual transport to
public transport systems
 More efficient driving practices
 Non-motorized transport (cycling,
walking)
 …
49Section 3: Sectors with High Mitigation Potential
Source: City Fix

50. Adaptation
Nairobi Work Programme (NWP)
Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF)
Warsaw Mechanism for Loss and Damage
National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)
National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)
Section 4: Main Issues and Negotiation Streams
50

51. National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)
Section 5 : International Initiatives to Support Climate
Change Adaptation
51
NAPAs are country-driven
processes to identify
activities that respond to
urgent and immediate
needs of Least Developed
Countries (LDCs) in order to
reduce their vulnerability
Steps include:
• Information synthesis
• Assessment of vulnerability and
potential risk areas
• Identification of key priority
adaptation measures
Further info: UNFCCC website. GEF website

52. National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)
Objectives of the NAP process:
(a) To reduce vulnerability to the
impacts of climate change, by
building adaptive capacity and
resilience
(b) To facilitate the integration of
climate change adaptation into
relevant new and existing policies,
programmes and activities, in
particular development planning
processes and strategies, within all
relevant sectors and at different
levels.
Section 5 : International Initiatives to Support Climate
Change Adaptation
52
Further info: UNFCCC
website

53. Warsaw Mechanism on Loss and Damage
Section 5 : International Initiatives to Support Climate
Change Adaptation
53
 Relatively new initiative
established by COP 19 in 2013
 Objective: promote
implementation of approaches
to address loss and damage
associated with climate change
in vulnerable developing
countries
 Challenge: lack of empirical
evidence of scope and
significance of loss and damage
associated with climate change Further info: UNFCCC
website

54. What is Climate Change Adaptation?
“Adaptation to climate change refers to
adjustments in human and natural
systems in response to actual or expected
climatic variation, with a view to
moderating harm or exploiting beneficial
opportunities.”
(Source: Based on IPCC 2001)
Source: UNDP & UNEP-PEI 2001
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation
54

55. Types of Adaptation
Type Action
Anticipatory adaptation Taking action in preparation of
climate change
Reactive adaptation Taking action when climate
change effects are experienced
Source: IPCC
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation
55

56. Key Sectors Affected by Climate Change
Key Sectors
Disaster
Risk
Reduction Education
Energy
Fisheries
Food And
Agriculture
Forestry
Health
Infra-
structure
Nature &
Ecosystem
Conser-
vation
Spatial
Planning
Tourism
Transport
Waste
Water
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation
56

57. Entry Points for Integrating Adaptation within
Development Planning
Source: Reproduced from UNDP & UNEP 2011 p 18
57
Planning Level Entry Points
National
government and
cross-sector
ministries
• Poverty reduction strategy paper
• National development plan
• MDG-based national development strategy
• National budget allocation process or review (e.g. medium-
term
• expenditure framework, public expenditure review)
Sector ministries • Sector strategies, plans and policies (e.g. agricultural sector
plan)
• Preparation of sector budgets
• Public expenditure reviews
Subnational
authorities
• Decentralization policies
• District plans
• Preparation of subnational budgets
Section 4: Linking Adaptation and Development
Planning

58. Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Strategies
Source: Oxfam 2009 p 5
58 Section 4: Linking Adaptation and Development
Planning

59. 1970s: Recognition on the rapid /
uncontrolled of cirries
2000-Now: The urban Sustainability Era
1997-2002: The Habitat agenda
International processes and frameworks
- Timeline
1975: UN Habittat and Human Settlements Foundations (UNHHSF)
UN-Habitat: the United Nations Commission on Human Settlements –
an intergovernmental body – and the United Nations Centre for Human
Settlements
2016: UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development,
NUA: This is an action-oriented document which sets global standards of
achieving SDG11, rethinking the way we build, manage, and live in cities.
2001: Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New
Millenium (Urban Poverty/Cities without Slums)
1976: first international UN conference to fully recognize the challenge of
urbanization was held in Vancouver, Canada – Habitat 1
1996: Habitat II, Istanbul, Turkey
The Habitat Agenda, 100 commitments and 600 recommendations.
2015 :SFDRR, SDGs
SDG 11 – to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
59

60. Deleveloping a holistic and global approach
toward urbanization
Urban Themes
• LEGISLATION
• LAND
• GOVERNANCE
• PLANNING & DESIGN
• ECONOMY
• WATER & SANITATION
• ENERGY
• MOBILITY
• SAFETY
• HOUSING, SLUM UPGRADING
• RECONSTRUCTION
• RESILIENCE
• CLIMATE CHANGE
• GENDER
• YOUTH
 HUMAN RIGHTS
Urban Initiatives
• INITIATIVES AND PROGRAMMES
• WORLD URBAN CAMPAIGN
• NETWORKS
• UN-HABITAT FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Urban Knowledge
• BEST PRACTICES
• EVALUATION
• GLOBAL URBAN OBSERVATORY (GUO)
• OPEN UN-HABITAT
• PUBLICATIONS
• URBANLEX – THE URBAN LAW DATABASE
• URBAN LECTURES
• UN-HABITAT SCROLL OF HONOUR AWARD
• RESULTS BASED MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
UN Habitat: for a better urban future
60

61.  Quito Declaration on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All
 5 Focus Areas:
• National Urban Policy
• Urban legislations, rules and regulations
• Urban Planning and design
• Urban economy and municipal finance
• Local physical implementation
 KEY ELEMENTS:
• Governance Structures:
• Social Inclusion
• Spatial Development: and services, facilitates trade, and connects
farmers and fishers across value chains and markets.
• Urban Prosperity:
• Environmentally Sustainable:
The New Urban Agenda
61
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQQxskvR9TE&feature
=youtu.be

62. 62
The New Urban Agenda

63. IMPLEMENTING THE URBAN AGENDA MEANS:
• Urban Rules and Regulations. The outcomes in
terms of quality of an urban settlement is
dependent on the set of rules and regulations and
its implementation. Proper urbanization requires
the rule of law.
• Urban Planning and Design. Establishing the
adequate provision of common goods, including
streets and open spaces, together with an efficient
pattern of buildable plots.
• Municipal Finance. For a good management and
maintenance of the city, local fiscal systems should
redistribute parts of the urban value generated.
• With the consideration of:
• National Urban Policies. These establish a
connection between the dynamics of urbanization
and the overall process of national development. 63
The New Urban Agenda

64. 64
The New Urban Agenda

65. KUALA LUMPUR DECLARATION ON CITIES 2030-
We encourage the acceleration of the
implementation of the New Urban Agenda:
Frameworks
• implementation frameworks: monitoring
mechanisms, stakeholders, aligning to (2030
Agenda and other international, regional,
national, subnational and local development
frameworks).
• inclusive platforms and agendas for dialogue:
regional, national and local Urban Forums
and committees (policy review, assessment of
impacts, exchange of experiences and
cooperation, voluntary commitments).
• integrated territorial development: sectors,
policies, urban-rural continuum, actors,
agendas)
• innovative and robust mechanisms :
technological innovations, research, capacity
building, technical assistance and partnership
development.
Governance and partnerships
• collaborative governance mechanisms
• multi-stakeholder constituency-based
coalitions
Innovative solutions
• creativity and innovation
• monitoring and data collection
mechanisms
• enabling environment and develop
capacities for scaling up of good
practices
• accessibility and universal design as
core principles into national,
subnational and local action plans
65
The New Urban Agenda

66. Focus Areas
• Urban Legislation, Land, And Governance,
• Urban Planning And Design,
• Urban Economy,
• Urban Basic Services,
• Housing And Slum Upgrading,
• Risk Reduction And Rehabilitation, And
• Research And Capacity Development.
Initiatives and Programmes
• Africa Urban Agenda Programme
• Cities And Climate Change Initiative
• Cities And Climate Change Academy
• City Prosperity Initiative
• City Resilience Profiling Programme
• Global Public Space Programme
• Greener Cities Partnership (Un-habitat And Un
Environment)
• National Urban Policies
• Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme
(Psup)
• Planned City Extensions
• Safer Cities Programme
• Urban Low Emission Development Strategies
• Urban Planning And Design Lab
• Urban Youth Fund
World Urban Campaign
The UN Habitat: for a better urban future
66

67. The Sustainable development goals
67
SLC (2016) UNDP (2016)

68. 68
The Sustainable development goals

69. Disaster Risk Reduction and the
Sustainable development goals
SDG 1 (1.5.1-2-3): By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable
situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-relate extreme
events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
SDG 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilience and sustainable
• Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction (SFDRR) (SDG 11.b)
• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and management, including community-base and
ecosystem-based DRR (SDG 11.5)
• Disaster risk finance and insurance (SDG 1.4-5)
• Resilience Cities (SDG 11.b)
• Inclusive and sustainable urbanization (SDG 11.3, 11.5)
• Human security including conflicts - environment nexus (Par. 13, on the New
Agenda)
69UNISDR, 2017

70. Outline
1. Overview, the science of and impacts of
climate change
2. International framework for climate change
3. Cities and climate change
4. Conclusion
70

71. Title
Cities and Climate Change
INTRODUCTORY LEARNING MODULE

72. 80%
of the world’s wealth is
generated in cities.
CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
60%
of world population will
live in urban areas in
2030.
70%
of the world’s urban
population was living in
developing countries in
2010.
Urbanisation is a key
phenomenon of this century

73. The relationship between climate
change and cities is not one way
MAJOR
CONTRIBUTORS to
greenhouse gas
emissions
AFFECTED
by the effects of the climate
change

74. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Section 3
Cities as contributors to climate change
3

75. Cities and climate change
75
Cities are major contributors to climate change

76. Cities and climate change
76

77. 77Bai et al 2018
Urgent and extreme Mitigation

78. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
“The battle against climate change will
be fought in the cities. Cities can be the
problem or cities can be the solution.
But we need to know what is going on
in the cities.”
Andrew Steer, President and CEO, World Resources Institute
The crucial role of cities in
addressing climate change

79. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Electricity
generation
Transport Commercial and
residential buildings
Industry
CLICK ON THE ICONS TO LEARN ABOUT HOW THESE SECTORS CONTRIBUTE TO EMISSIONS IN CITIES.
Sectors playing an important
role for urban emissions

80. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Demographic
composition
Location Types of economic
activities
Urban form
CLICK ON THE ICONS TO LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW THESE FACTORS INFLUENCE EMISSION LEVELS.
Factors influencing emissions in
cities

81. Cities and climate change
81

82. Cities and climate change
82

83. The possible consequences of action
and inaction on climate change
INACTION ACTION
Benefits to other
policies
Negative effects
on other policies
VS.

84. CLICK ON THE MAP FOR EXAMPLES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ACTIONS IN CITIES AROUND THE WORLD.
Transformative role of cities
“Cities can be prime driving forces of development and innovation.”
Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General, United Nations

85. Many cities, in particular in
developing countries, have
limited planning and
implementation capacities.
More and more people will
be living in cities. Local
commitments to climate
change are important.
Cities are increasingly
showing leadership, and
committing to take action
on climate change.
!
Cities and climate change –
what to keep in mind

86. Cities and climate change
86

87. Cities and climate change
87

88. Cities and climate change
88

89. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate Change
Displacement
Infrastructure
Health
Food and water
security
Economic
development
Ecosystems
Social
climate
change
affect cities?

90. Cities and climate change
90

91. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change vulnerability
and adaptive capacity

92. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Coastal cities will be
more affected

93. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Particularly vulnerable
groups in cities

94. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Section 4
Integrating climate change into urban planning
4

95. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Fundamentally, good city planning practices
are, by their nature, also climate smart
planning practices.
UN-Habitat, Planning for Climate Change 2014
“
Urban planning and
climate change

96. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Ad hoc
approaches
Example: replacing public
transport buses with more
energy efficient buses
Stand-alone
(strategic) plans
Example: local climate action
plans
Mainstreaming
Example: mainstreaming climate
change into water management
plan
Different approaches to
planning for climate change

97. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Almost any urban policy,
programme, strategy or
plan can, and should,
consider climate change.
Importance of mainstreaming
climate change

98. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Transport
plan
Public
health plan …
Town/city
plan
Energy
plan
Disaster
risk
reduction
plan
CLICK ON THE BOXES TO FIND OUT HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN BE INCORPORATED
INTO THE DIFFERENT PLANS.
Examples of plans

99. The planning process –
an overview

100. Funding climate change
adaptation and mitigation
Funding
opportunities
for
adaptation
and
mitigation
Low regrets
options
Redirecting
funds
Municipal
bonds
Use of land
value
capture
Reform of
multilateral
funding
Support for
project
preparation
Enhanced
credit-
worthiness
Greater
budgetary
control

101. Examples of funding for urban
adaptation and mitigation
GEF Small Grants
Programme
ADB Climate
Change Fund
Climate Investment
Funds
Global Climate
Change Alliance
UNFCCC
Adaptation Fund
Cool Earth
Partnership
National sources,
e.g. taxes…
Market instruments,
e.g. carbon
finance,
green/climate
bonds…

102. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Section 5
Urban climate change adaptation and mitigation
in practice
5

103. Urban adaptation and
mitigation: energy
Energy
efficiency
Renew-
able
energy
sources
Low
carbon
develop-
ment
CLICK ON EACH
CATEGORY TO LEARN
MORE.

104. Case study: partnership with the
private sector in Sao Paulo, Brazil
In partnership with a private company the City of São Paulo, Brazil has turned two foul-smelling and
unsightly landfills into sources of energy and hard cash. São Paulo’s ten million inhabitants generate
about 15,000 tonnes of garbage a day. Rotting garbage produces methane gas. The challenge was
to recognize and harness that gas as an asset, while reducing GHG emissions.

105. Urban adaptation and
mitigation: water
Water
desalination
Rainwater
storage
Reusing
wastewater
Water
conservation

106. Urban adaptation and
mitigation: transport
Adaptation
options
Mitigation
options
Photo credit: dawn.com

107. Urban adaptation and
mitigation: green space
Urban
agriculture
Green
facades/
roofs
Trees,
parks…
Carbon
sequestration

108. Urban adaptation and
mitigation: housing and
buildings
“Scaling up efforts of making
the housing stock of
developing countries more
environmentally friendly can
make a great difference in
terms of climate change
mitigation and adaptation as
well as improve quality of life
and human wellbeing.”
Emma-Liisa Hannula

109. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Section 6
Major initiatives related to climate change
and cities6

110. Climate
change
Providing
data
Sharing best
practices
Advocating
for action
Making
commitments
Supporting
international
processes
How cities are taking action on
climate change

111. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
City commitments on climate
change

112. World Summit
Climate &
Territories
Declaration
Compact of
Mayors
Nantes
Declaration
Durban
Adaptation
Charter
Global Cities
Covenant –
the Mexico
City Pact
Etc …
Commitments by cities and local
governments on climate change

113. COP23

114. “Cities are the drivers of progress and innovation, and through the Compact of
Mayors, they can help nations set new, aggressive climate targets over the next
year.”
Michael R. Bloomberg, UN Special Envoy for Cities and Climate Change
The Compact of Mayors

115. C40
ICLEI
UCLG
Examples of city and regional
networks

116. C40
Examples of action:
Cool cities network Bus rapid transit
network
• 75 of the world’s largest cities
• 550 million people
• ¼ of global economy
C40 - Cities Climate
Leadership Group

117. Examples of action:
ICLEI
A network of over 1000 cities,
towns and metropolises committed
to sustainable urban future
carbonn Climate
Registry
Transformative Actions
Program
ICLEI – Local Governments for
Sustainability

118. UCLG
• 1000 member cities and regions
• 155 national member
associations
• Present in 140 countries
UCLG - United Cities and Local
Governments

119. Conclusion
1. Climate change is happening and the impacts are
and need urgent, systemic and transformative
actions
2. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC): climate change adaptation, mitigation,
finance, technology and capacity building.
3. Cities/urbanizations are the driver for but also
place for actions for climate change
119