An overview of the predicted change in energy demand over time, given the projection that economic growth in the emerging and developing countries is not only overtaking growth in the industrialized countries, but that growth rates are poised to continue increasing and will make unsustainable demands on conventional energy resources, and especially fossil fuels unless drastic action, climate action in fact, is taken to address this concern. Slide presentations developed to demonstrate how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) be used to address climate change, and why ICTs are a crucial part of the solution – i.e. in promoting efficiency, Green Growth & sustainable development, in dealing with climate change and for climate and environmental action. These slide presentations were delivered in February 2011 in Seongnam, near Seoul in Korea. These presentations were developed and delivered over 2.5 days on the occasion of a Regional Training of Trainers Workshop for upcoming Academy modules on ICT for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Abatement. These modules were developed as part of the Academy of ICT Essentials for Government leaders developed by the United Nations (UN) Asia Pacific Centre for ICT Training (APCICT), based in Songdo City, in the Republic of South Korea. These presentations were developed in 2011, and are somewhat out of date, but most of the principles still apply. Module 10, which has been published, does not include much of the information outlined in these presentations, which are fairly technical. They were developed to address a significant gap in understanding of the technical basis of using ICTs for climate action and because there is a clear bias in development circles against the importance of dealing with climate change mitigation in developing countries. These presentations are an attempt to redress this lack and are published here with this purpose in mind. The author, Richard Labelle, is presently working on updating these presentations to further highlight the importance of addressing climate change and the important role that technology including ICTs, play in this effort.

1. Module 10
Session 1
Session 1 Intro, Adaptation, Mitigation
& Energy & Climate Change
Richard Labelle
rlab@sympatico.ca

2. 2
Objectives of Module 10
To show that ICTs be used to address
climate change
To demonstrate why ICTs are a crucial
part of the solution – i.e. in promoting
efficiency, Green Growth & sustainable
development

3. 3
What is climate change?
Any change in climate over time,
whether due to natural variability or
as a result of human activity
[IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (Eds.). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
pp 104. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_synthesis_report.htm

4. 4
The causes of climate change (1)
The variability in the composition of
the constituents of the global
atmosphere that affects the energy
balance of the planet earth
When certain gases which absorb solar
radiation and emit heat increase in
concentration in the atmosphere, this
can lead to global warming and climate
change

5. 5
The causes of climate change (2)
Atmospheric gases that absorb solar
radiation more than others retain
heat that warms the atmosphere and
the surface of the planet
This leads to global warming and
climate change

6. 6
What is global warming?
Increase in the average temperature
of Earth's near-surface air and
oceans since the mid-20th century
and its projected continuation.
Global surface temperature increased
0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F)
between the start and the end of the
20th century.
Wikipedia. 2010. Global warming. Last modified March 18, 2010, 1621. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cnote_A

7. 7
Most important sources of
GHG emissions
1. Fossil fuel related energy emissions
2. Emissions from land-use changes
and then agriculture where much of
the releases are due to methane
release and nitrous oxides escaping
from the soil surface of cultivated
land.

8. 8
World Resources Institute. 2005. Climate Analysis Indicator Tool (CAIT), Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International
Climate Policy, December 2005. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1996 (data for 2000). http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/world-greenhouse-
gas-emissions-by-sector1

9. 9
Global response (1)
Concern about CC in international
development is recent
Stockholm Conference: United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment
(1972)
World Commission on Environment and
Development in 1983  Brundtland report
“Our Common Future”  UNCED (Rio
1992)  Agenda 21  environment &
sustainable development become
development principles

10. 10
Global response (2)
Concern about CC in international
development is recent
Stockholm Conference: United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment
(1972)
World Commission on Environment and
Development in 1983  Brundtland report
“Our Common Future”  UNCED (Rio
1992)  Agenda 21  environment &
sustainable development become
development principles

11. 11
Global response (3)
UNCED leads to:
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change(UNFCCC)
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification(UNCCD)
Mitigation & adaptation

12. 12
Mitigation
Mitigation: Technological change and
substitution that reduce resource
inputs and emissions per unit of
output
Implementing policies to reduce GHG
emissions and C enhance sinks
ICTs have an important role to play 
smart technologies, clean tech, green
tech,etc.

13. 13
Examples of mitigation (1)
Using more efficient energy generation
technologies
Using more efficient energy end user
technologies
Replacing fossil fuels with none or low C emitting
energy generating technologies such as
renewable energy technologies or nuclear energy

14. 14
Examples of mitigation (2)
Adopting more sustainable natural resource
management, and harvesting or extraction
technologies and practices, and specifically –
Putting into place various forest conservation practices
to reduce emissions from deforestation and from forest
degradation
Implementing more nature conservation activities to
preserve naturally occurring C sinks
Promoting the sustainable management of forests

15. 15
Examples of mitigation (3)
Adopting policies and practices that encourage
conservation of energy and natural resource –
Behavioural modifications such as reduce, reuse and
recycle, and switching to public transportation or
carpooling, can have an important impact
Enhancing carbon stocks, especially those of
forests, is critical
Putting a price on Carbon and enacting Carbon
and emissions trading schemes, creating a
carbon market for buying and selling carbon
emission permits, etc. (these approaches are
called market mechanisms)

16. 16
Adaptation
Adaptation to climate change
requires countries to modify their
behavior in order to reduce the
“vulnerability of natural and human
systems against actual or perceived
climate change effects”
The impacts of climate change on
poorer countries and communities have
led to a focus by development agencies
on adaptation strategies

17. 17
Adaptation
Requires preparation:
Planning for changing environmental
and climatic conditions
before
their full impacts are felt by the
communities, target groups,
environments and ecosystems
Requires a good understanding of
earth systems

18. 18
Adaptation is a broad issue
Many developing countries
particularly sensitive to climate risk:
Many people affected
In DCs, the poor especially at risk
DCs have less capacity to deal with
climate risk
Impacts from climate events &
climate change greater as a result
Climate change already having an
impact

19. 19
Planning for adaptation
Adaptation requires a sound
understanding of the natural
environment and how it is
challenged by climate change over
time and space
Earth observation is important
ICT use for adaptation is closely
associated with environmental
observation

20. 20
Priorities for adaptation (WWF)
World-wide early warning system
Development support for poor
countries to get access to drought
resistant crops

21. Energy demand and climate change
21
Why is it important to understand
the relationship between energy
demand and climate change?

22. 22
Growth in fossil fuel demand
Growth in fossil fuel demand is
following the worst case scenarios
predicted by a variety of different
experts

23. Energy demand & greenhouse gas
23
emissions
Energy demand and the emission of
GHGs are directly linked because
fossil fuels are one of the main
contributors to GHG emissions and to
the global warming that is associated
with climate change.

24. 24
What is driving energy demand?
Growing population & affluence
Shift in global growth to emerging
markets

25. What is affecting energy prices? (1)
25
Price, availability and security of
energy supplies
Environmental risks associated with
hard to access oil resources
Offshore & deep sea drilling
Drilling in sensitive ecosystems: the
Arctic/Antarctic, coastal areas, etc.
Extracting heavy oil (Oil sands, heavy
oil)
Hydraulic fracturing: shale gas

26. What is affecting energy prices? (2)
26
Global security issues
Policy uncertainty on fossil fuels &
renewables
Investment paralysis in the West
China votes for investing in both fossil
fuels & renewables!

27. Growth in World primary energy demand to
27
2035, IEA New Policies Scenario
IEA. 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. N. Tanaka, Executive Director, IEA, Beijing, 17 Nov. 2010. PowerPoint presentation. 35 slides.
http://www.energy.eu/publications/weo_2010-China.pdf

28. Incremental primary energy demand in the
28
new policies scenario, 2008 – 2035
IEA. 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. N. Tanaka, Executive Director, IEA, Beijing, 17 Nov. 2010. PowerPoint presentation. 35 slides.
http://www.energy.eu/publications/weo_2010-China.pdf

29. 29
The energy mix going forward from
2008 to 2035
IEA. 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. N. Tanaka, Executive Director, IEA, Beijing, 17 Nov. 2010. PowerPoint presentation. 35 slides.
http://www.energy.eu/publications/weo_2010-China.pdf

30. To 10 countries in clean energy investment
30
in 2010
Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s winning the clean energy race. 2010 edition. G-20 Investment powering forward. (Philadelphia, 2011).
Available from http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/other-resources/investing-in-clean-power-329295

31. Solutions going forward: two issues &
31
how to deal with them
Increasing demand for energy
Will need both fossil fuels & new and
alternate energy
Need to limit GHG emissions
Need to replace emissions from fossil
fuel emitting sources

32. 32
We have a problem!
Renewables are plentiful but require
massive investment to fully replace
fossil fuels
23,000 CMO / yr. from solar.. but…
Now using about 0.2 CMO/yr fm solar
For 1 CMO solar: 70,000 x 100 MW
Spain Andasol solar thermal @ $ 14
Trillion
27 Andasol projects/ week for 50 yrs!
At present rate of E demand – need 270
CMO by 2050!

33. 33
Predicted global energy use in CMO
under 4 different scenarios
Crane, H.D., E. M. Kinderman & R. Malhotra. 2010. A cubic mile of oil. Realities and options for averting the looming global energy crisis.
Oxford University Press, New York, 297 pp. http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195325546/?view=usa

34. Proportion of energy expressed in CMO from
different primary sources (2006 data)
34
Crane, H.D., E. M. Kinderman & R. Malhotra. 2010. A cubic mile of oil. Realities and options for averting the looming global energy crisis.
Oxford University Press, New York, 297 pp. http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195325546/?view=usa

35. 35
IEA estimate of renewable and other power
technology investments for lowest GHG emissions
[IEA. 2010. Energy Technology Perspectives 2010. Lisbon, 21 October 2010.
http://www.renewable.pt/pt/Noticias/Documents/2010_Nobuo_Tanaka.pdf

36. 36
Global change & global action
Lack of unified commitment to
UNFCCC process does not mean lack
of action…

37. The top ten countries leading investment in
37
clean energy technologies
[Pew Charitable Trusts. 2010. The clean energy economy. China Leads G-20 Members in Clean Energy Finance and Investment.
http://www.pewglobalwarming.org/cleanenergyeconomy/pr_24mar2010.html

38. 38
Some elements of a solution
No silver bullet (no single solution)
Mix of approaches needed
Efficiency and conservation very very
important
Transition from fossil fuels with focus
on renewables & efficiency, CCS, +/-
nuclear
WWF 2011: possible to (mostly)
replace fossil fuels with renewables
by 2050... without nuclear or CCS

39. The past contribution of energy efficiency
39
Segar, C. 2009. International energy co-operation and global energy security. International Energy Agency (IEA). Session on “Ensuring the
sustainability of energy supply chain”, Conference on Strengthening Energy Security in the OSCE area, Bratislava, 6 – 7 July 2009.
PowerPoint presentation. http://www.osce.org/documents/eea/2009/07/38666_en.pdf

40. Energy efficiency will have major role to
40
play in achieving low C future (IEA)
IEA. 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. N. Tanaka, Executive Director, IEA, Beijing, 17 Nov. 2010. PowerPoint presentation. 35 slides.
http://www.energy.eu/publications/weo_2010-China.pdf

41. 41
Summary (1)
Energy consumption is growing dramatically
especially in non-OECD countries (China, India)
Capacity to meet energy demands given present
growth rates may be exceeded in years to come
The challenge is to find ways to reduce energy
consumption while at the same time looking at
newer energy generating technologies such as
renewable energy.

42. 42
Summary (2)
Initially, energy production from both fossil fuels
and renewable are required, but over the longer
term, renewable energy sources as well as other
low C sources of energy need to be developed.
Much research and innovation is now taking place
in this field.
For developing countries, remaining aware of
these trends is important so that they can also
benefit from these trends in the form of
technology transfer and capacity building as well
as other forms of assistance.

43. 43
Discussion