Climate change is an acute threat to global development and efforts to end poverty. Without urgent action, climate impacts could push an additional 100 million people into poverty by 2030. 2016 was the hottest year since record-keeping began, and in November 2016 the UN announced that global temperatures have risen 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.  The impact of extreme natural disasters is equivalent to a $520 billion loss in annual consumption, and forces some 26 million people into poverty each year. (Source: World Bank, 2016)

1. Climate Change
Nabin Lamichhane
Lecturer
PUCMAS

2. Climate Change: Global Overview
• Climate change is an acute threat to global development and
efforts to end poverty. Without urgent action, climate
impacts could push an additional 100 million people into
poverty by 2030.
• 2016 was the hottest year since record-keeping began, and
in November 2016 the UN announced that global
temperatures have risen 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-
industrial levels.
• The impact of extreme natural disasters is equivalent to a
$520 billion loss in annual consumption, and forces some 26
million people into poverty each year.
(Source: World Bank, 2016)
3/7/2024 2

3. Climate Change: Global Overview
• 90% of Natural disaster are due to climate
change in Africa. (WMO, 2016)
3/7/2024 3

4. • Climate change lead to more disasters and have
dramatic impacts on food security.
• In the past 100 years, the global average
temperature has by about 0.74C.
• Emission of greenhouse gases is the main cause
of this temperature rise.
3/7/2024 4

5. • Globally, glaciers are melting at a very fast rate.
Glaciers have thinned by over 10 m (average) since
1980.
• Changing rainfall patterns and the melting of
glaciers will jeopardize water supplies to hundreds
of millions of people.
• Sea level will rise anywhere between 20 and 90cm
globally by the end of this century.
• In summer 2009, the minimum level of ice cover in
the Arctic was 24 percent below the 1979– 2000
average. Scientists expect the melting to continue
in coming decades.
3/7/2024 5

6. • Today the concentration of CO2 is 380 ppm (parts
per million). This is a very sharp increase from
650,000 years (180 to 300 ppm). There has been a
clear correlation between the highest
concentrations of CO2 and the warmest climate.
• It is projected that sea level will rise anywhere
between 20 and 90cm globally by the end of this
century.
• In summer 2009, the minimum level of ice cover in
the Arctic was 24 per cent below the 1979– 2000
average. Scientists expect the melting to continue
in coming decades.
(Sources: ICRC, 2010)
3/7/2024 6

7. Earth’s Climate Determination
3/7/2024 7

8. Source: Climate Change training manual, Climate Change Network, 2010
3/7/2024 8

9. Global Temperature Record
Source: Climate Change & Health, WHO (2003)
3/7/2024 9

10. WHO (2003)
3/7/2024 10

11. Combined annual land-surface, air, and sea surface temperature anomalies (°C) from 1861
to 2000, relative to 1961 to 1990.
WHO (2003)
3/7/2024 11

12. 3/7/2024 12

13. 3/7/2024 13

14. Health Expenditures
3/7/2024 14

15. 3/7/2024 15

16. Green House Gases
3/7/2024 16

17. 3/7/2024 17

18. 3/7/2024 18

19. 3/7/2024 19

20. Health determinants and health outcomes in
Some South Asian Countries
20

21. WHO (2003)
3/7/2024 21

22. Categories of human health consequences of
climate change
1. Asthma, Respiratory Allergies, and Airway Diseases
2. Cancer
3. Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
4. Food borne Diseases and Nutrition
5. Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality
6. Human Developmental Effects
7. Mental Health and Stress-Related Disorders
8. Neurological Diseases and Disorders
9. Vector borne and Zoonotic Diseases
10. Waterborne Diseases
11. Weather-Related Morbidity and Mortality
Sources: A Human Health Perspective ON CLIMATE CHANGE (2010)
3/7/2024 22

23. 3/7/2024 23

24. 3/7/2024 24

25. Sources: New England Journal of Medicine
3/7/2024 25

26. INDICATORS OF CLIMATE CHANGE- EPA
3/7/2024 26

27. Clear Relationship
• Climate change and CO2 emission
• Climate Change and Deforestation
• Climate change and Vehicular use
• Climate Change and Vector borne diseases (Malaria)
• Climate change and Water availability
• Climate change and river flooding
• Climate change and Sea level
• Climate change and Population
• Climate change and Urbanization
• Climate Change and rainfall pattern
• Climate change and Health
• Climate change and Disasters
• Climate change and Agricultural Production and Many mores.
3/7/2024 27

28. 3/7/2024 28

29. Role of Health Sectors in Climate Change
3/7/2024 29

30. Global Climate Change Initiatives
• Climate change is a global issue that has its
impact on local level and local people. The
impacts are being felt by our fragile and
vulnerable mother earth and all of us living here.
• We all are citizen of the globe. It becomes our
responsibility to act for the Climate Solutions.
Feeling the necessity and urgency, initiatives have
already started at Global, National and local level.
3/7/2024 30

31. UNFCCC
• UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty
produced at the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro
in 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize
GHGs concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.
• The Convention is legally non binding and has
encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG
emissions.
• As of December 2009, UNFCCC had 192 parties. That
means, 192 countries have already signed the
UNFCCC document.
3/7/2024 31

32. Conference of Parties (COP)
All the countries that have signed the UNFCCC
document meet every year, which is known as
the Conference of Parties (COP). The parties
have met annually from 1995 in Conference of
the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing
with climate change. In 1997, the Kyoto
Protocol was concluded and established
legally binding obligations for developed
countries to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions.
3/7/2024 32

33. 3/7/2024 33

34. • COP 19: Warsaw, Poland from 11 to 23
November 2013
• COP 20: 1 to 14 December 2014 in Lima, Peru
• COP 21: Nov 30, 2015 – Dec 12, 2015, Paris,
France
• COP 22: November 7 to 18 2016, Marrakesh,
Morocco.
• COP 23: 6 - 17 November 2017, Bonn,
Germany
3/7/2024 34

35. Kyoto Protocol
• The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement
linked to the UNFCCC. The Kyoto has broadly
categorized the world into two sets- Developed
and Developing Countries. Kyoto Protocol has
provided Emission reduction targets for the
developed countries. Kyoto Protocol is legally
binding in nature. Any Party (Country) signing the
Protocol will have legal obligation to follow the
mandate of the Protocol. But there are no
obligations for developing countries to reduce
theirgreen house gas emission.
3/7/2024 35

36. Kyoto Protocol….
• Kyoto has set binding targets for 37 industrialized
countries and the European community for
reducing GHG emissions by 5.2 % against 1990
levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. This
period of time is also called as the “First
Commitment Period.”
• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan,
on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on
16 February 2005. Nepal has ratified Kyoto
Protocol on 16th Feb 2005. But still one of the
leading GH Emitters of the world, USA has not
signed Kyoto Protocol.
3/7/2024 36

37. Kyoto Protocol
• The US Refusal to Ratify the Kyoto Treaty. One
of the biggest problems with the treaty is the
fact that it has not been ratified by the United
States, a country that emits 35% of the world's
greenhouse gases according to the Annex I of
the Kyoto Protocol.
3/7/2024 37

38. Kyoto Protocol….
• Nepal, India and China also fall on the developing
countries category. Now, India and China are among
the largest GHG emitters of the world. So, the
developed countries are also asking for their emission
reduction in the negotiations.
• Most of the developed countries economy is based on
the fossil fuel and coal (non renewable source of
energy). Though the Kyoto mandates the signatory
developed countries to reduce their GHG emission, it is
not easy for them to so. It becomes rather costly for
them to reduce their emission.
• To facilitate this work, Kyoto Protocol has set three
mechanisms for both developed and developing
countries.
3/7/2024 38

39. The Kyoto mechanism-1
• Emissions Trading – known as “the carbon
market”
– The developed countries that have signed and ratified
Kyoto Protocol have to reduce their GHGs emission as
per the target. In this course if they reduce the
emission beyond the targets, the excess amount will
be called as the Carbon Credit. Any country can sell
the carbon credit to other developed countries. So,
other countries can also fulfill their emission
reduction target by buying this carbon credit. This
trading can only take place among the industrialized
countries because only they have compulsion for
emission reduction.
3/7/2024 39

40. The Kyoto mechanism-2
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
– Though we live in different parts of the globe, we
share a single earth and same atmosphere. Whoever
emits the GHGs in the atmosphere it affect the whole
climate system. And whoever reduces the emission, it
will be reduced from the atmosphere. So both
developed and developing countries can benefit from
the CDM.
– The developed industrialized countries will invest on
the Carbon reduction projects in the developing
countries. In return, they get the Carbon Credit to
their account for their investment. Nepal has few
CDM projects in operation. Biogas Project is one of
them.
3/7/2024 40

41. The Kyoto mechanism-3
• Joint implementation (JI)
– Emission reduction technology and the projects
are very expensive to operate and execute
smoothly. Financial, technical and also human
resources require high cost. For this, any country
can partner with other to jointly implement the
project and facilitate the process.
3/7/2024 41

42. IPCC
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) is the leading international body for the
assessment of climate change.
• It was established by the UNEP and the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to
provide the world with a clear scientific view on the
current state of knowledge in climate change and
its potential environmental and socio-economic
impacts.
• In the same year, the UN General
Assembly endorsed the action by WMO and UNEP
in jointly establishing the IPCC.
3/7/2024 42

43. 3/7/2024 43

44. 3/7/2024 44

45. Preventive Methods
1. Real-Time Data Surveillance and Warnings
2. Education and Information
3. Built Environment
4. Heat Alert System
5. Access to Cooling
6. Zoning/Building Regulations
7. Hydration
8. Reduce emission of Industrial Gases
9. Alternative Use : Electric Vehicle/ Solar energy
etc.

46. Agencies
• Developmental Priorities: (World Bank)
– Climate Change
– Education
– Energy
– Fragility, conflict and Violence
• WMO
• UNEP
• IPCC
• WHO
• NASA
• EPA
3/7/2024 46