The peripheral nervous system (PNS) collects and relays sensory information from the body and triggers reflexes or sends signals to regulate structures outside the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves have specialized functions like vision, hearing, movement of eye muscles, and innervation of glands. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions which regulate involuntary functions.
Functions of Peripheral Nervous System and the nerves involved. Fight or Flight responses explained and the human body under the influence of Fight or Flight.
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
Functions of Peripheral Nervous System and the nerves involved. Fight or Flight responses explained and the human body under the influence of Fight or Flight.
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
the nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and
spinal cord
Collects & Relays information:
o Ignored
o Triggers a reflex
o Reevaluate
Motor Neurons:
o Regulating activity in those
structures
3.
4. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nerves of the PNS can be divided into
two groups:
12 pairs of CN
31 pairs of Spinal nerves
5. MIXED NERVES
SENSORY + MOTOR
Carry impulses TOWARDS THE CNS
SENSORY or AFFERENT NERVES
Carry ONLY MOTOR FIBERS
MOTOR or EFFERENT NERVES
7. CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTION
SENSORY MOTOR
SPECIAL SENSES
(vision)
GENERAL SENSES
(touch and pain in the
face)
SOMATIC MOTOR
Innervates skeletal
muscles in the neck
and head
PARASYMPATHETIC CN
Innervates glands,
smooth muscle
throughout the body
and cardiac muscle of
heart
9. INNERVATES THE EYE MUSCLES
CN III (oculomotor)
CN IV (trochlear)
CN VI (abducens)
INNERVATES THE TONGUE
CN XI (accessory)
CN XII (hypoglossal)
MOTOR NERVES
10. CN V (trigeminal)
CN VII (facial)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
CN X (vagus)
MIXED NERVES
26. 1. SYMPATHETIC OR THORACOLUMBAR
DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
arises from all the thoracic and the first
three lumbar segments of the spinal
cord.
2. PARASYMPATHETIC OR CRANIOSACRAL
DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
arises from the third, seventh, ninth, and
tenth cranial nerves and from the
second, third, and fourth sacral
segments of the spinal cord.
Editor's Notes
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Consists of all the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord
Collects information from numerous sources both inside and on the surface of the body and relays it by way of sensory neurons to CNS, where one of three results is possible:
The information is ignored
Triggers a reflex, or
Is evaluated more extensively.
Motor Neurons in the PNS relay information from the CNS to muscles and glands in various parts of the body, regulating activity in those structures.
The nerves of the PNS can be divided into two groups:
12 pairs of CN
31 pairs of Spinal nerves
NERVE is a bundle of neuron fibers found outside the CNS
Each fibers is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath an ENDONEURIUM.
Group of fibers are bound by a courser connective tissue wrapping, the PERINEURIUM to form fiber bundles or FASCICLES.
THEN FINALLY all fascicles are bound together by a tough fibrous sheath, the EPINEURIUM to form the cordlike NERVE
The nerves of the PNS can be divided into two groups:
12 pairs of CN
31 pairs of Spinal nerves
Like neurons, nerves are classified according to the direction in which they transmit impulses.
Nerves carrying both sensory and motor are called MIXED Nerves - ALL SPINAL NERVES are MIXED NERVES
Nerves that carry impulses towards the CNS only are called SENSORY or AFFERENT NREVES
Whereas those that carry only motor fibers are MOTOR or EFFERENT nerves
Like neurons, nerves are classified according to the direction in which they transmit impulses.
Nerves carrying both sensory and motor are called MIXED Nerves - ALL SPINAL NERVES are MIXED NERVES
Nerves that carry impulses towards the CNS only are called SENSORY or AFFERENT NREVES
Whereas those that carry only motor fibers are MOTOR or EFFERENT nerves
There are two general categories of CN function:
SENSORY Functions – can be divided into the special senses, such as vision and the more general senses, such as touch and pain in the face.
MOTOR Functions are subdivided into SOMATIC MOTOR & PARASYMPATHETIC
SOMATIC MOTOR CN – innervate skeletal muscles in the head and neck
PARASYMPATHETIC CN – innervates glands, smooth muscle throughout the body and cardiac muscle of the heart
SENSORY carry impulses towards brain. Also called afferent fibers
CN I (olfactory), carries impulses for the sense of smell (subject is asked to sniff and identify aromatic substances, such as oil of cloves or vanilla.
CN II (optic), carries impulses for vision (vision and visual field are tested with an eye chart and by testing point at which the subject first sees an object (finger) moving into the visual field; eye interior is viewd with an ophthalmoscope.
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear), transmits impulses for the sense of balance, cochlear branch transmits impulses for the sense of hearing (hearing I checked by air and bone conduction, using tuning fork)
Carry impulses away from the brain. Also called efferent fibers.
WHICH SUPPLY THE EYE MUSCLES.
1. CN III (oculomotor), supplies motor fibers to four of the six muscles (superior, inferior, and medial rectus, and inferior oblique)that direct the eyeball, to the eyelid; and to the internal eye muscles controlling lens shape and pupil size.
TESTED: PUPILS are examined for size, shape, and size equality. PUPILLARY REFLEX is tested with a penlight (pupils should constrict when illuminated). EYE CONVERGENCE is tested, as in the ability to follow moving objects.
2. CN IV (trochlear), supplies motor fibers for one external eye muscle (superior oblique), TESTED IN COMMON with CN III for the ability to follow objects.
3. CN VI (abducens), supplies motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscle, which rolls the eye laterally. TESTED IN COMMON with CN III for the ability to move each eye laterally.
WHICH INNERVATES THE TONGUE
CN XI (accessory), mostly motor fibers that activates the SCM and Trapezius mascules
TEST: SCM/Trapz muscles are checked for strenght rotate head. Shrug shoulders against resistance.
CN XII (hypoglossal), motor fibers control tongue movements. TEST: stick out tongue
carry both sensory and motor nerve fibers
CN V (trigeminal), conducts SENSORY impulses from the skin of the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth, MOTOR fibers that activates the chewing muscles.
TEST: SENSORY using pins, hot and cold objects. MOTOR open mouth against resistance and move jaw from side to side.
CN VII (facial), MOTOR activates muscles of facial expression and lacrimal/salivary glands. SENSORY taste buds of anterior tongue.
TEST: SENSORY: anterior 3rd of the tongue is tested for ability to taste sweet, salty, sour and bitter substances. MOTOR close eyes, smile, whistle, tearing test with ammonia fumes.
CN IX (glossopharyngeal), MOTOR fibers to phargynx (throat) that promote swallowing and saliva production. SENSORY impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and from pressure receptors of the carotid artery.
TEST: Gag and swollowing reflexes, speak and cough. SENSORY taste in posterior tongue
CN X (vagus), the only pair of CN that extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. SENSORY impulses from and Motor impulses to the pharynx, larynx and the abdominal and thoracic viscera. MOST MOTOR fiber are PARASYMPATHETIC, that promote digestive activity and help regulate heart activity.
TEST in common with CN IX, because serves both muscles of the throat.
SPINAL NERVES
Arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal roots and ventral roots
MIXED Nerves.
Most of the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between adjacent vertebrae.
SPINAL NERVES
MIXED Nerves.
Most of the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between adjacent vertebrae.
SPINAL NERVES
31 PAIRS
Arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal roots and ventral roots
MIXED Nerves.
Most of the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between adjacent vertebrae.
SPINAL NERVES are categorized by the region of the vertebral column from which they merge.
The nerves arising from each region of the spinal cord and column supply specific regions of the body.
DERMATOME is the area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves.
Each of the spinal nerves except C1 has a specific cutaneous sensory distribution.
Most of the spinal nerves are organized into three major PLEXUSES, where neurons of several spinal nerves come together and intermingle.
Major nerves of the neck and limbs are branches if these plexuses.
SPINAL NERVES T2 through T11 do not join a plexus, instead these nerves extend around the thorax between the ribs, giving off branches to muscles and skin.
So what are these plexuses?
ORIGINATES from spinal nerves C1 to C4.
Branches from this plexus innervates several of the muscles attached to the hyoid bone, as well as the skin of the neck and posterior portion of the head.
One of the MOST IMPORTANT branches is PHRENIC nerve, which innervates the diaphragm.
Contraction of the diaphragm is largely responsible for our ability to breathe.
BRACHIAL PLEXUS originates from spinal nerves C5 to T1.
Five major nerves emerge from the brachial plexus to supply the upper limb and shoulder.
AXILLARY NERVES innervates two shoulder muscle and the skin over part of the shoulder.
RADIAL NERVES innervates all the muscles of the posterior arm and forearm as well as the skin over the posterior surface of the arm, forarm and hand.
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS innervtes the anterior muscles of the arm and the skin over the radial surface of the forearm.
ULNAR NERVE innervates two anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles
MEDIAN NERVE innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles and some of the intrinsic hand muscles.
BRACHIAL PLEXUS originates from spinal nerves C5 to T1.
Five major nerves emerge from the brachial plexus to supply the upper limb and shoulder.
AXILLARY NERVES innervates two shoulder muscle and the skin over part of the shoulder.
RADIAL NERVES innervates all the muscles of the posterior arm and forearm as well as the skin over the posterior surface of the arm, forarm and hand.
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS innervtes the anterior muscles of the arm and the skin over the radial surface of the forearm.
ULNAR NERVE innervates two anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles
MEDIAN NERVE innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles and some of the intrinsic hand muscles.
LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS
Originates from L1 to S4
FOUR MAJOR NERVES exit the plexus to supply the lower limb.
OBTURATOR innervates the muscles of the medial thigh and the skin
FEMORAL innervates the anterior thigh muscles and skin over the ant thigh and medial side of the leg.
TIBIAL NERVE innervates the posterior thigh muscles, the ant and post leg muscles and most of the intrinsic foot muscles.
COMMON FIBULAR innervates the musclesof the lateral thigh and leg and some intrinsic foot muscles.
The autonomic nervous system may be divided, both functionally and structurally into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous divisions.
1. Sympathetic or Thoracolumbar Divisions of the autonomic
nervous system arises from all the thoracic and the first
three lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
2.Parasympathetic or Craniosacral Divisions of the autonomic
nervous system arises from the third, seventh, ninth, and
tenth cranial nerves and from the second, third, and fourth
sacral segments of the spinal cord.