The skeleton provides shape, support, protection, and allows for movement. It is made up of 206 bones that are divided into flat, irregular, long, and sesamoid bones. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work in pairs to enable movement via contraction and relaxation. The heart is a muscle that acts as a dual pump, circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the body and lungs via a system of valves that ensure blood flows in one direction only.

1. BASIC ANATOMY FACTS
Heart
BASIC ANATOMY FACTS

2. 1. SKELETON

3. THE SKELETON
 What the skeleton does?
 The skeleton is the basic framework of the body. It has
four major functions
 SHAPE AND SUPPORT
 MOVEMENT
 PROTECTION
 BLOOD PRODUCTION
SHAPE AND SUPPORT - the skeleton provides us with
our shape, without it our body would have no framework
to support itself on. The skeleton also

4. gives the body its size and in some cases can
influence overall bodyweight.
MOVEMENT - some of the bones of the body are
held together by freely moveable joints. This means
you are able to bend your body and move about.
PROTECTION - The skeleton also protects the vital
soft tissue organs of the body. The most important
are:
 the rib cage - protects the heart and the lungs
 the pelvic girdle - protects the abdomen
 the spinal column chord - protects the spinal chord
 the skull - protects the brain.

5.  BLOOD PRODUCTION - blood is made in the bone
marrow, particularly in the marrow of the long bones
of the body. Blood contains both red and white blood
cells. The red blood cells carry oxygen to muscles
and the white blood cells fight infection in the body.

6. TYPES OF BONES
 There are 206 bones in the body and over 100 joints.
 Bones are divided into four main types :
 1) FLAT BONES - the scapula, the sternum, the
pelvis, the ribs, and the scull
 2) IRREGULAR BONES - the vertebrae and the
short bones of the hands and feet.
 3) LONG BONES - the bones of the arms and the
legs, and the long bones in the hands and feet.
 4) SESAMOID BONES: the patella – the knee cap

7. INDEPENDENT LEARNING
 http://www.childrensuniversity.manc
hester.ac.uk/interactives/science/b
odyandmedicine/theskeleton/
Click on the above link, look through the animations and answer the
quiz questions

8. SKELETON DIAGRAM.
STUDY THE SKELETON DIAGRAM
BELOW AND FILL IN THE GAPS ON
THE NEXT WORKSHEET
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skel
eton_anatomy.shtml

9. Task:
1. Fill in the
blanks – write
the names of all
the bones
numbered 1 -18
2.State whether
the bone is a:
 long bone
 irregular bone
 flat bone
 sesamoid bone

10. JOINTS AND MOVEMENT
 Bones and muscles are connected through
joints. Ligaments connect bone to bone over the
joint; tendons connect bones to muscles.
 WE can move arms and legs, tilt head and use
fingers because of the joints

12. JOINT STRUCTURE
 Most joints are enclosed inside a capsule
filled with a lubricating fluid, called synovial
fluid.
 This fluid reduces the friction on the joint
surfaces as they move against each other. A
membrane seals the synovial capsule so
that the fluid does not leak out.

13. JOINT CAPSULE

14. LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS
 Ligaments are very strong elastic fibres that
keep joints intact. Ligaments attach bone
to bone.
 all the major joints rely on ligaments and
tendons for stability.
 Tendons attach muscles to bones.
 both ligaments and tendons
can be strained or torn
as a result of
violent movement.

15. LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS

16. TYPES OF JOINTS
 The type of joints that are particularly important for
physical activity and sport are:
 1) BALL AND SOCKET JOINT - allows a full
range of movement. E.g. the hip and shoulder
joints
 2) HINGE JOINT - movement in one plane: flexion
and extension. E.g. knee
and elbow

17. KNEE JOINT - HINGE

18.  3) GLIDING JOINT - these occur in the many small
bones of the hand and feet. They allow a slight
sliding motion forwards and backwards and from
side to side.
 4) PIVOT JOINT - allows rotation. E.g. atlas and
axis in the neck.

19.  TASK:
 the picture shows:
 1: Shoulder joint -ball
and socket
 2: Elbow joint - hinge
joint
 can you name another
ball and socket and
hinge joint?

20. MUSCLES

21. MUSCLES
 Every movement of your body depends on muscles.
There are three different types of muscles:
 1 ) INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE (SMOOTH) - is found
in the body’s internal organs – stomach, intestines. It
is control by spinal cord and we can’t control it
consciously

22.  2) VOLUNTARY OR SKELETAL MUSCLE (also
known as ‘striped’ or ‘striated’ muscle) - mainly found
attached to the skeleton, capable of rapid contraction
which cause skeletal movement. It is under our
conscious control.
 3) CARDIAC MUSCLE - is only found in the heart
and is also involuntary. It never stops working until
we die. It pumps blood from our heart around the
body.
 We can train cardiac muscle through cardio (dynamic
exercise – running, jumping, rowing)

23.  HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES WORK?
 muscles can only create movement in one direction -
by becoming shorter. This means that you need two
muscles at every joint to allow movement in two
directions.
 Therefore MUSCLES WORK IN PAIRS. For
example, when your biceps CONTRACT it makes
your elbow flex pulling your forearm up. To allow your
elbow to extend, you need your triceps to
CONTRACT and pull your arm back down. Meaning
the biceps are RELAXING.

24. INDEPENDENT WORK: USE THE DIAGRAMS
IN THE LINK BELOW TO STUDY MUSCLES
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbod
y/body/factfiles/muscle_anatomy.shtml
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbod
y/body/factfiles/muscle_anatomy_back.
shtml

25. INDEPENDENT WORK: NAME THE MAIN
MUSCLES IN THE BODY

26. THE HEART

27. THE HEART IS A MUSCLE….
 It is found to the left of the middle of your
chest.
 It is about the size of your fist.
 It is the PUMP of the body!

28. WHY IS THE HEART SO SPECIAL?
 The heart sends blood around the body.
 The blood
 supplies the body with the oxygen and
nutrients it needs,
 carries away waste and
 fights infections.

29. SO HOW DOES THE HEART WORK?
 The heart acts like a pump….well actually
TWO pumps in one!
 The RIGHT side receives blood from the
body and pumps it to the lungs
 The LEFT side receives blood from the lungs
and pumps it out and around the body

30. HEART STRUCTURE

31. HOW THE HEART WORKS
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF68qhyf
coM

32. BUT HOW DO WE KNOW THE BLOOD IS MOVING
IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION?
SPECIAL VALVES…
these let blood flow from the atria to the
ventricles and keep it there by closing —
think of walking through a door and it closing
behind you stopping you from going
backwards.

33. WHAT ABOUT WHEN THE BLOOD IS LEAVING THE
HEART?
RIGHT SIDE
 The pulmonary
artery opens its valve
and lets the blood flow
out to the LUNGS
LEFT SIDE
The Aorta opens its
valve and lets the
blood be pumped out
and around the body.

34. IS THE BLOOD ON EACH SIDE OF THE HEART
DIFFERENT?
 YES –
When we breathe we take in Oxygen into our
LUNGS. This oxygen mixes with the blood in
the wall of our lungs and becomes a BRIGHT
RED COLOUR!
 It will then be taken through the heart and
pumped to all the muscles and organs in our
body so they can use them for energy.

35. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN OUR BODY HAS USED
ALL THAT OXYGEN
 Once the oxygen has been used up the
blood becomes a DULL BLUE COLOUR and
filled with CARBON DIOXIDE (which we
need to exhale)
 So the blood is carried back through our
heart and to the lungs where it is breathed
out.
 NOW WE CAN BREATHE IN AGAIN AND
BRING MORE OXYGEN INTO OUR BODY!