The document provides information about the muscular system, including the three types of muscles (cardiac, smooth, and skeletal), their structures and functions. It describes the actions of skeletal muscles like flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. It also discusses tendons, ligaments, and the major skeletal muscle groups in the facial, neck, shoulder, arm, forearm, thorax, abdomen, hip, pelvis/thigh, and leg regions. Key skeletal muscles are named and their functions outlined in moving the associated bones and allowing movements like walking, running, and picking things up.
This compulsory module examines the scientific foundations of human movement. In this module, students explore how the body moves and why it moves in particular ways. Students focus on the relationships between anatomy, physiology, fitness, biomechanics and efficient human movement.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
8. The Muscles
(Functions)
One of the most amazing things about the human
body is the incredible range of movement and
mobility it has. This day to day activity is
accomplished by our muscles through the
extraordinary and fascinating ability of converting
chemical energy, energy stored in nutrients, into
mechanical energy, energy of movement.
Muscles are often viewed as the "machines" of
the body. They help move food from one organ to
another, and carry out our physical movement.
14. Muscle Types
There are three different kinds of muscles in our body:
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
1. Cardiac
Cardiac muscles are involuntary and found only in the heart. They
are controlled by the lower section of the brain called the medulla
oblongata, which controls involuntary action throughout the body.
The heart cells come in long strips, each containing a single
nucleus, one of the key factors in determining which of the three
classes any particular muscle is. The fibers of cardiac muscle are
branching fibers. Cardiac muscle is striated in appearance but like a
smooth muscle in its action. Its movement cannot be consciously
controlled. Located at the walls of the heart, its main function is to
propel blood into circulation. Contraction of the cardiac tissue is
caused by an impulse sent from the medulla oblongata to the SA
nerve located at the right atrium (link-circulatory).
16. -
2. Smooth
Smooth muscles, also called involuntary or visceral
muscles, are those muscle fibers which move our
internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood
vessels, and secretory ducts leading from glands. We
have no conscious control over these muscles. They are
called smooth because they have no dark or light fibrils
in their cytoplasm. Smooth muscle forms sheets of
fibers as it wraps around tubes and vessels. Unlike
cardiovascular muscles, smooth muscles are generally
spherical, as most other human cells are, and each
contains one nucleus.
18. -
Skeletal
The skeletal muscles are the only voluntary
muscles of the body, and make up what we call
the muscular system. They are all the muscles
that move bones and show external movement.
Unlike either of the other two classes, skeletal
muscles contain multiple nuclei because of their
large size, being in strips up to a couple of feet
long.
22. -
They are also called voluntary or striated
muscles. We have conscious control over the
activity of this type of muscle. Striated muscle
fibers (cells) have a pattern of dark and light
bands, or fibrils, in their cytoplasm. A delicate
membrane called sarcolemma surrounds each
skeletal muscle fiber. Skeletal muscle fibers
are arranged in bundles. Fibrous tissue that
envelopes muscles is called fascia.
23. Muscle-Bone Interactions
Lever System
A lever is a rigid bar on which a given load is
moved with supporting help from a fulcrum. A
fulcrum is a fixed point on which lever can
move in different ways or angles. The whole
muscular system interacts in this kind of way
with the skeletal system-hyperlink. Given a
load the muscles pull the bone up or in any
direction against the load. Our joints-hyperlink
usually seem to be the fulcrum on which we
move the lever or bone.
24. -
Skeletal muscles can be broken down into groups based upon the type
of movement they portray. The movement of the muscle is based
upon the type of joint (hyperlink-Skeletal system) upon which the
muscle works. Skeletal muscles can't expand, or make themselves
longer, but they can contract, or make themselves shorter, so they
generally work in pairs. One contracts, and in doing so stretches the
other, and reverses its effects on the joint. For example, when we
contract our major arm muscle, which is called the biceps, in return
the lower arm muscle, called the triceps, extends. So as we contract
one muscle the other one extends. These effects can be broken
down into groups of their own: flexors, extensors, adductors, and
abductors. Flexors and extensors become plantarflexors and
dorsiflexors, respectively, when located within either the wrist or
ankle joints.
25. Flexors
Flexors bend at the joint, decreasing the
interior angle of the joint. The «bracius»
humorous, or biceps, is a flexor of the elbow
joint, bringing the fist towards the shoulder. If
a flexor appears in either the wrist or ankle
joints, it becomes a plantarflexor.
26. Extensors
Opposites of flexors, extensors unbend at
the joint, increasing the interior angle. The
«tracius» humorous, or triceps, is an extensor
of the elbow joint, taking the fist farther away
from the shoulder. If an extensor is found in
the wrist or ankle joints, it becomes a
dorsiflexor.
27. Abductors
Abductors take away from the body, like
lifting the arm to the side. Abd- means to take
away, like abduct and abdicate. Spreading out
your fingers uses abductors, because you are
taking away your fingers from an imaginary
line running down your arm «graphic».
28. Adductors
• Adductors, the opposites of abductors, move
toward the body. Add- means to increase or
include. By lowing an arm raised to the
side, or moving our fingers together while
keeping them straight, our muscles are
adducting.
29. Actions of Skeletal Muscles
* Flexion - Decreasing the angle between
two bones: bending a limb;
* Extension - Increasing the angle between two
bones: straightening out a limb;
* Abduction - Movement away from the
midline of the body;
* Adduction - Movement toward the midline of
the body
30. Actions of Skeletal Muscles
* Rotation - Circular movement around an axis
* Dorsiflexion - Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint
so that the foot bends backward;
* Plantar flexion - The motion that increases the angle in
the ankle joint as when pointing the toes or extending
the foot toward the ground;
* Supination - Facing upward as applied to the hand, the
palm moves from a posterior to an anterior position;
* Pronation - Facing downward; as applied to the
hand, the palm moves from an anterior to a posterior
position.
31. Tendons and Ligaments
Muscles alone can't do the job. At every joint, tendons and ligaments
also help out. Muscles wouldn't be very useful alone because they
don't directly connect to the bone, so even if they contract, they
wouldn't be moving anything. Instead, muscles are connected to
tendons, when themselves are connected to the bones. When the
muscles contract, they pull on the tendons, which in turn pull on
the muscles, and that causes movement.
But without ligaments, that movement wouldn't be too useful
because it would not be directed movement. Without
ligaments, instead of bones bending or rotating about each other
when muscles contract, they would slide by each other. Ligaments
are what hold the bones together. They connect at the ends of
muscles and keep them from slipping and sliding, and force them to
bend.
33. Major Skeletal Muscles
The muscular body is divided into ten different areas where
muscles can be found:
1. facial,
2. neck,
3. shoulder,
4. arm,
5. forearm,
6. thorax,
7. abdomen,
8. hip,
9. pelvis/thigh,
10. leg.
34. Facial Muscles
Facial muscles are all the muscles that move the
face. Orbicularis oculi-sound are the two
muscles that move the eyes. Frontalis-sound
and Temporalis-sound are the two muscles
which move the forehead and sides of the
head. Zygomaticus-sound and Masseter-sound
are the two muscles that work in conjunction
to move the jaw and upper lip area.
Orbicularis oris-sound is the muscle which
moves the lips.
36. Neck
• The neck area is almost entirely moved by the
sternohyoid-sound and Sternocleidomastoid-
sound. These muscles allowthe neck to move
your head left and right. They work with the
platysma muscle to control how far you can move
your head left and right. What allows your head
to move up and down is the trapezius-sound. The
trapezius is so large that it extends down to the
shoulder and thorax area. The trapezius is a good
example of how some muscles are named by
their shape. the trapezius looks just like a
trapezoid.
38. Shoulder
• A group of muscles all work together to move
the whole shoulder area. This group takes into
account the trapezius-sound, deltoid-
sound, infraspinatus-sound, teres major-
sound, and the rhomboid major-sound. The
rhomboid major is called so because its shaped
like the geometric shape of a rhombus. Along
with the help of the ball and socket joint-
hyperlink in the shoulder, these gruops of
muscles allow ther arm to throw a ball, pick
things over our head, and give our arms a good
stretch early in the morning.
40. Arm
• Most known is the arm area. The famous
biceps brachii-sound is the muscle that allows
us to bring our forearm close to our body. The
triceps brachii-sound and brachialis-sound are
the two other muscles located in the arm
region. These muscles allow a person to do
push-ups!
42. Forearm
A majority of the muscles in the forearm help
control a part of the arm. Amongst these are the
Berachiodialis major-sound, palmaris longus-
sound, and Flexor carpi radialis-sound. The name
of the flexor carpi radialis is a good example of
how muscles are named by their function and
location. This muscle is named carpi because of
the bones that it helps move, the carpals.
Also, the name of radialis is made by the bone
that its attached to, the radius.
43. Thorax
The muscles of the thorax consist of the intercostals and diaphragm. The
intercostal muscles are arranged as three layers (external layer, internal
layer and an incomplete innermost layer) between the ribs. The
diaphragm closes the thoracic outlet and separates the thoracic cavity
from the abdominal cavity. The three layers of the intercostal muscles are:
• external layer -- external intercostal
• internal layer -- internal intercostal
• innermost layer -- transversus thoracic (anterior), innermost (lateral) and
subcostal (posterior)
• The diaphragm is the most important muscle of the thoracic wall. During
normal respiration, this muscle is the primary component. As you can
see, the innermost layer is split into three differently named muscle
groups. The transversus thoracis, innermost intercostal and subcostal
muscles make up the deepest layer of muscles from anterior to
posterior, respectively.
45. Abdomen
The abdominal area consists of the muscles that
allow us to bend down and move our waist
from side to side. The internal oblique-sound
and external oblique-sound are the muscles
that move our body from left to right. The
transversus abdominus-sound and rectus
abdominus-sound, along with the trapezius-
sound and latissimus dorsi-sound allow us to
bend down and grab objects.
46. Hip
Only two muscles make up the hip area. These
are the gluteus medius-sound and gluteus
maximus-sound. Probably the laziest muscles
in the whole system the gluteus set of muscles
are used only to sit down on.
49. Pelvis/Thigh
An overlapping of muscles is what makes this area so
firm. The pelvis area is usually referred to as the upper
part of the leg. Muscles like the pectineus-sound and
illiopsoas-sound , which help support the upper leg
area are known as pelvic muscles. Thigh muscles are
very rich in capillaries and support the whole body. The
upper thigh muscles are abductor longus-
sound, gracilis-sound, sartorius-sound, and tensor
fasciae latea. The lower thigh muscles are rectus
femoris-sound, vastus lateralis-sound and medialis-
sound. Located in the back of the leg are the
hamstrings-sound. These muscles help us
run, jump, and walk!
50. Leg
Helping the thigh region support the body is the Leg
region. These muscles like the gastrocnemius-
sound, soleus-sound, porenius longus-sound, and
tibialis anterior-sound, which absorb the impact
when one walks and runs. They also give better
coordination for moving. The thigh region thrusts
the body forward while the leg region
coordinates where it should be thrust and where
it should stand.