The document discusses the anatomy of the axial skeleton, focusing on the thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx vertebrae. It describes the features of each region's vertebrae such as their size, shape, articulating surfaces, and joints. Abnormal spinal curvatures including kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis are also summarized. The sacrum is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae, while the coccyx fuses from 4 small vertebrae. Muscles of the back are also briefly outlined.
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
1.INTRODUCTION
Shoulder joint is formed by scapula and clavicle (which is also called as shoulder girdle)and proximal humerus.
2.BONES OF SHOULDER JOINT
3.Joints of the Shoulder Complex
Glenohumeral
Acromioclavicular
Sternoclavicular
Scapulothoracic
4.Muscles of the Shoulder
5.Gateways to the Posterior Scapular Region
6. Movements
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
1.INTRODUCTION
Shoulder joint is formed by scapula and clavicle (which is also called as shoulder girdle)and proximal humerus.
2.BONES OF SHOULDER JOINT
3.Joints of the Shoulder Complex
Glenohumeral
Acromioclavicular
Sternoclavicular
Scapulothoracic
4.Muscles of the Shoulder
5.Gateways to the Posterior Scapular Region
6. Movements
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs.
Topographically it is made up of a bony and ligamentous framework which is lined internally and externally by soft tissue and it is closed inferior by a layer of muscle and fascia which constitute the pelvic floor.
The perineum lies below the pelvic floor.
The pelvis in its broadest sense is an anatomical region bounded behind by the sacrum and coccyx, on each side and anteriorly by the innominate bones which are the hip bones, or pelvic bones.
These bones form the skeletal base for the lower limb.
Fetal skull is to some extent compressible and made mainly of thin pliable tabular (flat) bones forming
the vault. This is anchored to the rigid and incompressible bones at the base of the skull.
Similar to Thoracic, lumbar , sacrum & coccyx vertebrae (20)
THis PPT will give you knowledge about the principles of shoulder; articulating surface, motions, ligamentous structure and musculature structure that related to shoulder region.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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2. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 2
Thoracic Vertebrae
• T1-T12
• Larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae.
• Spinous process of T1 and T2 are long, laterally
flattened, and directed inferiorly.
• In contrast, the spinous process of T11 and T12 are
shorter, broader and directed more posteriorly.
• Compare to cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae
also have longer and larger transverse process.
5. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 5
Cont…
• Articulate with the ribs.
• Articulating surface of the vertebrae are called facets
and demifacets.
• Except for T11 and T12, the transverse process have
facets for articulating with the tubercles of the ribs.
• The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae also have facets
and demifacets for articulation with the head of the
ribs.
• The articulation between the thoracic vertebra and the
ribs called vertebrocostal joint.
6. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 6
Cont…
• T1 has a superior facet and inferior demifacets for
head of ribs.
• T2-T8 have superior and inferior demifacets for head
of ribs.
• T9 has a superior demifacets
• T10-T12 have superior facet.
• Movements of the thoracic vertebrae are limited by
thin intervetebral disc and by attachment of the ribs
to the sternum.
10. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 10
Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
• Larger body than cervical but smaller than lumbar.
• Spinous processes pointed and angled downward.
• Superior articular facets face posteriorly permitting
some relation between adjacent vertebrae.
• Rib attachment – costal facets on vertebral body and
at ends of transverse processes for articulation ribs.
11. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 11
Lumbar Vertebrae
• Largest and strongest in the vertebral column because the
amount of body weight supported by the vertebrae increase
towards the inferior end of the backbone.
• Their processes are short and thick.
• The superior articular process directed medially instead of
superiorly and the inferior articular facets directed laterally
instead of inferiorly.
• Spinous process are thick and broad and project posteriorly –
attachment of the large back muscles.
16. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 16
Sacrum
• Triangular bone
• Formed by the union of 5 sacral vertebrae
• Indicated as a S1-S5.
• The fusion of the sacral vertebrae begins ages 16-18
and its usually completed by age 30.
• The sacrum serves as a strong foundation for the
pelvic girdle.
• It is positioned at the posterior portion of the pelvic
cavity medial to the hip bone.
17. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 17
Cont….
• Female sacrum are shorter, wider and more curved
between S2 and S3 than a male sacrum.
• The concave anterior side of the sacrum faces the
pelvic cavity.
• Its smooth and contains four transverse lines
(ridges) that mark the joining of the sacral vertebral
bodies.
• At the end of these lines are four pairs of anterior
sacral foramina.
18. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 18
Cont…
• The lateral portion of the superior surface
contains a smooth surface called the sacral
ala, which is formed by the fused transverse
processes of the 1st
sacral vertebrae.
• The convex, posterior surface of the sacrum
contains a median sacral crest and lateral
sacral crest.
19. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 19
Cont…
• Median sacral crest is the fused of the spinous
processes of the upper sacral vertebrae.
• Lateral sacral crest is the fused transverse processes
of the sacral vertebrae.
• 4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina communicate with
the anterior sacral foramina through which nerves and
blood vessels pass.
• The sacral canal is a continuation of the vertebral
canal.
20. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 20
Cont…
• The laminae of the 5th
sacral vertebrae, and sometimes the
4th
sacral vertebrae fails to meet.
• This leaves an inferior entrance to the vertebral canal called
the sacral hiatus.
• On the either side of the sacral hiatus are the sacral cornua,
the inferior articular processes of the fifth sacral vertebrae.
• The narrow inferior portion of the sacrum is called apex.
• The broad superior portion of the sacrum is called base.
21. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 21
Cont…
• The anteriorly projecting border of the base called sacral
promontory.
• On both of the lateral surface, the sacrum has a large
auricular surface that articulates with the illium of each of
hipbone to form sacroilliac joint.
• Posterior to the auricular surface is a roughened surface
called sacral tuberosity, contain depression for the
attachment of the ligamants.
• The sacral tuberosity is the another surface of the sacrum
that formed sacroilliac joint with the hipbones.
23. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 23
Cont…
• The superior articular surface of the sacrum
articulate with the 5th
lumbar vertebrae .
• The base of the sacrum articulates with the
body of the 5th
lumbar vertebrae, to form the
lumbosacral joint.
27. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 27
Coccyx
• Triangular
• Formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal
vertebrae.
• Indicated as a Co1-Co4
• The coccygeal vertebrae fused when a person is
between 20-30 years of age.
• The dorsal surface of the body of coccyx contain 2
long coccygeal cornua that are connected by
ligaments to the sacral cornua.
28. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 28
• Coccygeal cornua are the pedicles and superior
articular process of the 1st
coccygeal vertebrae.
• On the lateral surface of the coccyx are a series of
transverse processes, the first pair being the largest.
• The coccyx articulates with the apex of the sacrum.
• In females, the coccyx points inferiorly and males
points anteriorly.
Coccyx
29. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 29
Normal Curves of the Vertebrae
• Normal curves – 4 slight bends of vertebral column.
• Cervical and lumbar curves are convex (bulging out)
• Thoracic and sacral curves and concave (cupping in).
• The curves of the vertebral column increase its strength, help
in maintain balance in the upright position, absorb shocks
during walking, and help protect vertebrae from fracture.
31. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 31
• Fetus only has a single anteriorly concave
curve.
• The thoracic and sacral curves are called
primary curvature because they form earlier
during fatal development.
• The cervical and lumbar curves are known
as secondary curves because they begin to
form later, several month after birth.
• All curves are fully developed by age 10.
Normal Curves of the Vertebrae
33. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 33
Cont…
• Various condition may exaggerate the
normal curves, resulting abnormal curves.
• 3 such abnormal curves called:
1. Kyphosis
2. Lordosis
3. Scoliosis
34. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 34
KYPHOSIS
• Kyphosis is a curving
of the spine that
causes a bowing of the
back, such that the
apex of the angle
points backwards
leading to a
hunchback or
slouching posture.
35. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 35
• Caused by muscular
imbalance, vertebral
fractures, congenital,
nutritional.
KYPHOSIS
37. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 37
LORDOSIS
• Inward curvature of a
portion of the vertebral
column
• Two segments of the
vertebral column, namely
cervical and lumbar, are
normally lordotic, that is,
they are set in a curve that
has its convexity anteriorly
(the front) and concavity
posteriorly (behind), in the
context of human anatomy
38. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 38
• Mainly because of the
difference of thickness
between the anterior and
posterior part of the
intervertebral disc
• Common causes of
excessive lordosis including
tight low back muscles,
excessive visceral fat, and
pregnancy.
LORDOSIS (cont..)
40. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 40
SCOLIOSIS
• Scoliosis is a
medical condition in
which a person's
spine is curved
from side to side,
and may also be
rotated.
• Congenital or
idiopathic
46. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 46
Superficial Muscles of Back
• Trapezius
• Latisimus dorsi
• Levator scapulae
• Rhomboid major
• Rhomboid minor
47. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 47
Intermediate Muscles of Back
• Serratus posterior
superior
• Serratus posterior
inferior
48. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 48
• Serratus posterior
superior
– O – ligamentum nuchae,
spinous process of C7-T3
– I – upper borders of 2nd
–
5th
ribs
– A – Elevate the ribs,
assist in inspiration
Intermediate Muscles of Back
49. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 49
• Serratus posterior
inferior
– O – Vertebra T11- L3
– I – Inferior border of 9th
- 12th
ribs
– A – depress the lower ribs,
aids in expiration
Intermediate Muscles of Back
50. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 50
• Can divide into 4 groups:
1. Splenius
2. Erector spinae
3. Transversospinalis
4. Segmental
Deep Muscles of Back
51. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 51
Splenius Group (referred to previous
lesson slide)
• Bandages like
• Important to move the head and neck
region.
• Superiorly (head) – splenius capitis
• Inferiorly (neck) – splenius cervicis
– Origin – spine of T3-T6
– Insertion – transverse process C1-C4
– Action – same with splenius capitis
– Nerve cervical spinal nerve
52. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 52
• Erector spinae group.
– 3 columns muscles
– From sacrum to the ribs
– Extends vertebral column
– Consists
- illiocostalis (lateral)
- Longissimus( intermediate)
- spinalis (medial)
Deep Muscles of Back
53. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 53
Iliocostalis (lateral fiber)
• Consists 3 fibers:
1. Iliocostalis cervicis
2. Iliocostalis thoracis
3. Illiocostalis lumborum
• Origin – Ribs 1-6, ribs 7-12
and Iliac crest of pelvic
• Insertion – transverse
process of C4-C6, Ribs 1-6,
ribs 7-12
54. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 54
Iliocostalis
• Action
• Acting together, muscles of each
region extend and maintaining
erect posture of vertebral
column.
• Acting singly, laterally flex and
rotation vertebral column of their
respective region at the same
side of contracting muscles.
55. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 55
• Consists 3 fibers:
1. Longissimus capitis
2. Longissimus cervicis
3. Longissimus thoracis
• Origin – Articular process of
C4-C7 and transverse process
of T1-T4, transverse process of
T4-T5, Transverse process of
lumbar vertebra.
Longissimus (Intermediate Fiber)
56. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 56
• Insertion – mastoid process
of temporal, transverse
process of C2-C6,
transverse process of all
thoracic and upper lumbar
vertebra and 9th
and 10th
ribs.
• Action – Longissimus capitis
(together extend head, singly
rotate head), Longissimus
cervicis and thoracis
(extends vertebral column)
Longissimus
57. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 57
• Consists 3 fibers:
1. Spinalis capitis
2. Spinalis cervicis
3. Spinalis thoracis
• Origin – arises with
semispinalis capitis,
ligamentum nuchae
and spinous process of
C7 , spinous processes
of T10-L2
Spinalis (medial)
58. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 58
• Insertion – between superior
and inferior nuchal line of
occipital bone, spinous process
of axis , spinous process of
superior thoracic vertebra (T3-
T4).
• Action – acting together
extends vertebral column
Spinalis (medial)
60. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 60
• Semispinalis group
– Vertebra to vertebra
– Important for extends neck
• Consists:
– Semispinalis capitis
– Semipinalis cervicis
– Semispinalis thoracis
Semispinalis Group
61. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 61
• Origin – Articular process C4-C6
and transverse process C7-T7,
transverse process of T1-T5,
Transverse process of T6-T10.
• Insertion – occipital bone.
Spinous process of C1-C5 and
spinous process of C6-T4
• Action – extends neck, extends
vertebral column
Semispinalis Group
62. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 62
• Origin – sacrum, ilium,
transverse process of
lumbar, thoracis and C4-C7
• Insertion – spinous process
of a more superior vertebra.
• Action – extends vertebral
column (both), lateral flex
vertebral column (singly)
Multifidus
63. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 63
Rotatores
• Origin – transverse process
of all vertebra
• Insertion – spinous process
of vertebra superior to the
one of origin.
• Action – together weakly
extends vertebral column
66. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 66
Interspinales
• Origin – superior
surface of all spinous
process
• Insertion – inferior
surface of spinous
process of vertebra
superior to the one of
origin
• Action – weakly
extends vertebral
column (together)
67. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 67
• Origin – transverse
process of all vertebra
• Insertion – transverse
process of vertebra
superior to the one origin
• Action – extends vertebral
column (together)
Intertransverseraii
68. HERMIZAN BIN HALIHANAFIAH 68
• Quadratus lomborum
– O - iliac crest and
iliolumbar ligament
– I - Last rib and transverse
processes of lumbar
vertebrae
– A - Alone, lateral flexion
of vertebral column;
Together, depression of
thoracic rib cage
Deep Muscles of Back