Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and spreads through contaminated food or water. It causes sustained fever and toxic symptoms that worsen over 3-4 weeks if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures early in infection. Treatment aims to control symptoms, replace fluids, and use antibiotics like levofloxacin for 14 days. Complications can include intestinal bleeding or perforation if left untreated, but prognosis is good with timely antibiotic treatment. Prevention focuses on water sanitation and vaccination in endemic areas.
Leptospirosis is a worldwide public health problem. In humid tropical and subtropical areas, where most developing
countries are found, it is a greater problem than in those with a temperate climate. The magnitude of the problem in
tropical and subtropical regions can be largely attributed to climatic and environmental conditions but also to the
great likelihood of contact with a Leptospira-contaminated environment caused by, for example, local agricultural
practices and poor housing and waste disposal, all of which give rise to many sources of infection. In countries with
temperate climates, in addition to locally acquired leptospirosis, the disease may also be acquired by travellers
abroad, and particularly by those visiting the tropics.
Leptospirosis is a potentially serious but treatable disease. Its symptoms may mimic those of a number of other
unrelated infections such as influenza, meningitis, hepatitis, dengue or viral haemorrhagic fevers. Some of these
infections, in particular dengue, may give rise to large epidemics, and cases of leptospirosis that occur during such
epidemics may be overlooked. For this reason, it is important to distinguish leptospirosis from dengue and viral
haemorrhagic fevers, etc. in patients acquiring infections in countries where these diseases are endemic. At present,
this is still difficult, but new developments may reduce the technical problems in the near future. It is necessary,
therefore, to increase awareness and knowledge of leptospirosis as a public health threat.
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
Leptospirosis is a worldwide public health problem. In humid tropical and subtropical areas, where most developing
countries are found, it is a greater problem than in those with a temperate climate. The magnitude of the problem in
tropical and subtropical regions can be largely attributed to climatic and environmental conditions but also to the
great likelihood of contact with a Leptospira-contaminated environment caused by, for example, local agricultural
practices and poor housing and waste disposal, all of which give rise to many sources of infection. In countries with
temperate climates, in addition to locally acquired leptospirosis, the disease may also be acquired by travellers
abroad, and particularly by those visiting the tropics.
Leptospirosis is a potentially serious but treatable disease. Its symptoms may mimic those of a number of other
unrelated infections such as influenza, meningitis, hepatitis, dengue or viral haemorrhagic fevers. Some of these
infections, in particular dengue, may give rise to large epidemics, and cases of leptospirosis that occur during such
epidemics may be overlooked. For this reason, it is important to distinguish leptospirosis from dengue and viral
haemorrhagic fevers, etc. in patients acquiring infections in countries where these diseases are endemic. At present,
this is still difficult, but new developments may reduce the technical problems in the near future. It is necessary,
therefore, to increase awareness and knowledge of leptospirosis as a public health threat.
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
Typhoid, also known as Typhoid fever or Typhoid Disease , is a common worldwide
bacterial disease, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the
feces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella enterica, serovar
Typhi(fig.1). The bacteria then perforate through the
intestinal wall and are phagocytosed by macrophages.
The organism is a Gram-negative short bacillus that is
motile due to its peritrichous flagella(fig.1). The
bacterium grows best at 37°C / 98.6°F – human body
temperature.
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease.
The growth of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever.
The remaining serotypes (non-typhoidal Salmonella or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.
Enteric Fever, Typhoid, Fever common cause
Long Question as well as Short Note
MCQ topic
MUHS ,RGUHS,SDUHS and autonomous schools
Must read for all UG students
The slide is about enteric fever, also called typhoid fever. It explains the relevant anatomy, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. It also specifies the prevention by way of lifestyle and vaccines
1. General description of infectious diseases with fecal-oral mechanism of trans mission . Typhoid fever . Paratyphoid A and B . Sorokhan MD, PhD Bukovinian State Medical University Department of the infection diseases and epidemiology
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16. Complaints As bacteremia develops, the incubation period ends. Patients often experience chills, diaphoresis, anorexia, dry cough, a dull frontal headache, and myalgias before the onset of a high fever. About 20-40% of patients present with abdominal pain. The incidence of constipation versus diarrhea varies geographically, perhaps because of local differences in diet or S . typhi strains or genetic variation. Unusual modes of onset include isolated severe headaches that may mimic meningitis. S . typhi infection may cause an acute lobar pneumonia. In the early stages of the disease, rigors are rare unless the person also has malaria. This is not an unusual pairing of diseases. Patients may present with arthritis only, urinary symptoms, severe jaundice, or fever.
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19. Physical exam Rose spots on the chest of a patient with typhoid fever due to the bacterium Salmonella typhi . Rose spots constitute a subtle, extremely sparse (often <5 spots), salmon-colored, blanching, truncal, maculopapular rash with 1- to 4-cm lesions that generally resolve within 2-5 days.
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