The spread of english in the modern periodSohyun Park
English spread around the world due to British colonization between 1600-1900 and the rise of American influence globally in the late 19th-early 20th centuries. As English was adopted in colonies and nations, it diversified based on local cultures and circumstances, resulting in varieties like Indian English, American English, and other hybrid forms like Konglish and Spanglish. Today, English is the dominant international language and continues to spread in simplified forms like Globish.
Differences between British English and American EnglishFrancisco Moreno
The document outlines some of the key differences between American and British English, including differences in spelling, pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. It provides many examples of words that are spelled or pronounced differently, or have different meanings, between the two dialects. Different rules and conventions for grammar, such as collective nouns, verb forms, and tense usage are also described.
The document discusses the linguistic roots and evolution of the English language from Old English to modern English. It traces the influences of Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian, French and Germanic languages over time. Key events that shaped English include the arrival of Romans in Britain in 43 AD, the Norman conquest of 1066 which introduced more French words, and the Great Vowel Shift between 1400-1700 that changed pronunciation. The printing press helped standardize spelling. Modern English incorporated many new words from other languages and places.
Grimm's Law refers to the systematic study of consonant shifts that occurred between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic languages, including English. It was named for Jakob Grimm, who studied how voiceless stops shifted to voiceless fricatives, voiced stops became voiceless stops, and voiced aspirated stops shifted to voiced fricatives or stops in Germanic languages. Examples are provided of words that demonstrate the consonant shifts or where Grimm's Law does not apply due to later borrowings.
The document discusses descriptive and prescriptive grammar. Descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by native speakers, including variations, while prescriptive grammar specifies how language should be used based on established rules. Descriptive grammar is useful for casual communication and understanding usage, while prescriptive grammar is important for formal settings like academic writing. Both have advantages for language learners, as descriptive grammar helps sound natural but prescriptive grammar enables success in many situations.
English for Specific Purposes by Tony Dudley EvansParth Bhatt
English for specific purposes (ESP) has for about 30 years been a separate branch of English
Language Teaching. It has developed its own approaches, materials and methodology and is
generally seen as a very active, even 'feisty' movement that has had considerable influence over the
more general activities of TESOL and applied linguistics.
ESP has always seen itself as materials-driven and as a classroom-based activity concerned
with practical outcomes. Most w riting about ESP is concerned with aspects of teaching, materials
production and text analysis rather than with the development of a theory of ESP.
Americanisms emerged due to Noah Webster's advocacy for establishing an "American standard" of English in the late 18th century. His dictionaries introduced spellings and pronunciations that differed from British English. Throughout the 19th century, thousands of new American vocabulary words were coined from sources like Spanish and Native American languages. Today, Americanisms in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation like "math" instead of "maths" and "regular" instead of "medium" are increasingly used globally, raising questions about what constitutes "good" or "correct" English between countries.
The document summarizes the development of the English language from the Modern Period (1500-1945) to present day. It covers key milestones like the Renaissance, the Great Vowel Shift, and developments in vocabulary and grammar. It also discusses the growing use of English as a global language and the increasing cross-cultural influences on the language over time.
The spread of english in the modern periodSohyun Park
English spread around the world due to British colonization between 1600-1900 and the rise of American influence globally in the late 19th-early 20th centuries. As English was adopted in colonies and nations, it diversified based on local cultures and circumstances, resulting in varieties like Indian English, American English, and other hybrid forms like Konglish and Spanglish. Today, English is the dominant international language and continues to spread in simplified forms like Globish.
Differences between British English and American EnglishFrancisco Moreno
The document outlines some of the key differences between American and British English, including differences in spelling, pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. It provides many examples of words that are spelled or pronounced differently, or have different meanings, between the two dialects. Different rules and conventions for grammar, such as collective nouns, verb forms, and tense usage are also described.
The document discusses the linguistic roots and evolution of the English language from Old English to modern English. It traces the influences of Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian, French and Germanic languages over time. Key events that shaped English include the arrival of Romans in Britain in 43 AD, the Norman conquest of 1066 which introduced more French words, and the Great Vowel Shift between 1400-1700 that changed pronunciation. The printing press helped standardize spelling. Modern English incorporated many new words from other languages and places.
Grimm's Law refers to the systematic study of consonant shifts that occurred between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic languages, including English. It was named for Jakob Grimm, who studied how voiceless stops shifted to voiceless fricatives, voiced stops became voiceless stops, and voiced aspirated stops shifted to voiced fricatives or stops in Germanic languages. Examples are provided of words that demonstrate the consonant shifts or where Grimm's Law does not apply due to later borrowings.
The document discusses descriptive and prescriptive grammar. Descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by native speakers, including variations, while prescriptive grammar specifies how language should be used based on established rules. Descriptive grammar is useful for casual communication and understanding usage, while prescriptive grammar is important for formal settings like academic writing. Both have advantages for language learners, as descriptive grammar helps sound natural but prescriptive grammar enables success in many situations.
English for Specific Purposes by Tony Dudley EvansParth Bhatt
English for specific purposes (ESP) has for about 30 years been a separate branch of English
Language Teaching. It has developed its own approaches, materials and methodology and is
generally seen as a very active, even 'feisty' movement that has had considerable influence over the
more general activities of TESOL and applied linguistics.
ESP has always seen itself as materials-driven and as a classroom-based activity concerned
with practical outcomes. Most w riting about ESP is concerned with aspects of teaching, materials
production and text analysis rather than with the development of a theory of ESP.
Americanisms emerged due to Noah Webster's advocacy for establishing an "American standard" of English in the late 18th century. His dictionaries introduced spellings and pronunciations that differed from British English. Throughout the 19th century, thousands of new American vocabulary words were coined from sources like Spanish and Native American languages. Today, Americanisms in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation like "math" instead of "maths" and "regular" instead of "medium" are increasingly used globally, raising questions about what constitutes "good" or "correct" English between countries.
The document summarizes the development of the English language from the Modern Period (1500-1945) to present day. It covers key milestones like the Renaissance, the Great Vowel Shift, and developments in vocabulary and grammar. It also discusses the growing use of English as a global language and the increasing cross-cultural influences on the language over time.
English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th-7th centuries AD. Old English emerged and gradually displaced Celtic languages, though it was influenced by Viking invasions between the 8th-9th centuries. After the Norman conquest in 1066, Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman among the upper classes, introducing many French and Latin loanwords and marking the end of Old English. Middle English then developed and was spoken until the late 15th century. Modern English emerged in the late 17th century and has since spread around the world through colonization, becoming a global lingua franca especially in business and science.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of languages. It introduces the concept of Proto-Indo-European as a hypothesized common ancestor of languages spoken in Europe and parts of Asia. It also notes that comparative reconstruction analyzes cognates across related languages to determine features of ancestral proto-languages. The document then focuses on the evolution of English from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, noting sound changes, borrowed vocabulary from Latin, Old Norse, and French, and syntactic changes over time.
This slides explain the kinds of word-formation processes in English Morphology. This also a PPT version of a pdf-slideshare "A Concise Companion of Word-formation". Check its pdf for detail discussions.
Middle English was a period between approximately 1150 to 1500 AD where English transitioned from Old English to Modern English. It was influenced by Old English and Old Norman French, resulting in a mixture of vocabulary from both languages as well as a simplification of grammar from Old English. Middle English grammar became closer to Modern English grammar, dropping some inflectional endings. Pronunciation of all letters was retained, unlike in Modern English. Geoffrey Chaucer is considered the greatest Middle English poet, best known for his work The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told as a story-telling contest by pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Cathedral.
The inhabitants of Britain originally spoke Celtic languages, but these were displaced by Germanic tribes who arrived in the 5th century AD, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Over the next few centuries, dialects developed in different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the 7th-8th centuries, Northumbria's language dominated Britain, but Viking invasions in the 9th century ended this. After the Norman conquest in 1066, French became dominant until English reemerged in the 14th century. Since the 16th century, contact with other peoples and the Renaissance added many new words to the language from Latin and other sources.
Detailed description of Middle English Period including vowel and consonant changes, inflectional endings, loss of grammatical gender and French influence in English language.
The document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins with the Celts and other early Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It then discusses the influences of the Vikings, Normans, and Renaissance on English. Specifically, it notes that around 900 words have Scandinavian origins and that English spelling became unreasonable after the Norman conquest and imposition of French. It also mentions Shakespeare invented around 2000 words. Finally, it provides an overview of some major British accents today such as RP, Cockney, Estuary English, and Geordie.
A power point presentation on Middle English by the students of English dept. at Metropolitan University, Sylhet.
Pulak Barua Ex Lecturer Dept. of English Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Phonemes are the smallest units that distinguish meaning in a language. They are abstract and contrastive. Phones are the physical realization of phonemes in speech. Allophones are variant pronunciations of the same phoneme. Complementary distribution occurs when similar phones cannot be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Free variation involves phones that can be substituted without changing meaning. The syllable structure of English involves an optional onset, obligatory nucleus, and optional coda. Syllabic consonants can act as the nucleus in some words like "button".
This document outlines 12 common word formation processes in English: 1) coinage, 2) borrowing, 3) compounding, 4) blending, 5) clipping, 6) acronyms, 7) abbreviations, 8) backformation, 9) conversion, 10) paired word sound play, 11) scale change, and 12) multiple processes. It provides examples to illustrate each process and notes that most words are formed through combining multiple processes.
Comparative grammar is a method that traces the differences and relationships between languages by comparing their elements like phonology, grammar and core vocabulary. It was the most important branch of linguistics in the 19th century in Europe and was stimulated by the discovery that Sanskrit was related to Latin, Greek and German. Comparative grammar studies sound and meaning correspondences between languages to determine their historical relationships and influences.
The document provides a history of the English language and how it became a global language. It discusses how English originated from various roots and became the working language of the global village due to factors like British colonialism, the power of the United States, and increasing need for international communication. The document also analyzes the three concentric circles of English - the inner circle where it is a first language, the outer circle where it is a second language, and the expanding circle where it is a foreign language. It notes how non-native English speakers now outnumber native speakers.
This document discusses pidgin and creole languages. It defines pidgin as a reduced language that develops for communication between groups without a shared language, while a creole is a pidgin that becomes a community's native language. The document outlines the key differences between pidgins and creoles, such as pidgins having no native speakers and simpler structure, while creoles are fully developed languages. Several examples of pidgin and creole languages are provided.
English has evolved over time from Germanic origins to the global language it is today. It has been influenced by Latin, French, Celtic languages and others through periods of invasion and settlement. English transitioned from a synthetic to an analytic language over time as it lost inflections and came to rely more on word order and grammatical words. There are also regional varieties of English that show influence from other languages and reflect social and political identities.
The document discusses phrase structure rules in linguistics. It introduces key concepts like phrase structure trees, nodes, labels, branches, recursion, and how smaller phrases are combined into larger and more complex structures through recursive rules. Examples are provided of different types of phrases like noun phrases, verb phrases, and how they are built up from different word categories and elements.
American English dialects
- English is the most common language in the United States, though there is no official language. English has regional variations across different states. Some words that originated in Middle or Early Modern English, like "fall" and "skillet", are still commonly used in American English but dropped out of use in British English. English is a changeable language and certain idioms are more common in American English dialects compared to other varieties of English.
English is the most important international language because it is widely used for air travel, computing, pop music, politics, science, and more. As travel and communication have become faster through planes, television, phones, and other technologies, a common language is needed, and that language is English. English is the first language of countries like Australia, Canada, Ireland, the UK, and the US, and is an official second language in many other countries as well. While there are some differences in vocabulary and grammar between different varieties of English, like British and American English, learning the language can provide benefits for international communication and opportunities.
The document discusses the history and development of the English language over three main periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. It describes the influences of the Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Danish, Norman, and Latin languages. Key events included the Roman conquest of Britain, introduction of Christianity, Viking invasions, and Norman conquest in 1066. The language transitioned from Old English to Middle English during this time, taking on characteristics from these other languages through conquest and settlement.
International Relations can be improved by enhancing the rule of law between states and minimizing war. Realism assumes that states act in their own self-interest in an anarchic international system and pursue power. Neorealism differs in arguing that security, not power, is the main goal. Liberalism believes peace comes through democracy and international law, while neoliberalism sees moral values as important to states' interests. Vietnam is an active member of international organizations like ASEAN, APEC, ASEM, and WTO, working to strengthen economic and political cooperation between members.
English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th-7th centuries AD. Old English emerged and gradually displaced Celtic languages, though it was influenced by Viking invasions between the 8th-9th centuries. After the Norman conquest in 1066, Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman among the upper classes, introducing many French and Latin loanwords and marking the end of Old English. Middle English then developed and was spoken until the late 15th century. Modern English emerged in the late 17th century and has since spread around the world through colonization, becoming a global lingua franca especially in business and science.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of languages. It introduces the concept of Proto-Indo-European as a hypothesized common ancestor of languages spoken in Europe and parts of Asia. It also notes that comparative reconstruction analyzes cognates across related languages to determine features of ancestral proto-languages. The document then focuses on the evolution of English from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, noting sound changes, borrowed vocabulary from Latin, Old Norse, and French, and syntactic changes over time.
This slides explain the kinds of word-formation processes in English Morphology. This also a PPT version of a pdf-slideshare "A Concise Companion of Word-formation". Check its pdf for detail discussions.
Middle English was a period between approximately 1150 to 1500 AD where English transitioned from Old English to Modern English. It was influenced by Old English and Old Norman French, resulting in a mixture of vocabulary from both languages as well as a simplification of grammar from Old English. Middle English grammar became closer to Modern English grammar, dropping some inflectional endings. Pronunciation of all letters was retained, unlike in Modern English. Geoffrey Chaucer is considered the greatest Middle English poet, best known for his work The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told as a story-telling contest by pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Cathedral.
The inhabitants of Britain originally spoke Celtic languages, but these were displaced by Germanic tribes who arrived in the 5th century AD, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Over the next few centuries, dialects developed in different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the 7th-8th centuries, Northumbria's language dominated Britain, but Viking invasions in the 9th century ended this. After the Norman conquest in 1066, French became dominant until English reemerged in the 14th century. Since the 16th century, contact with other peoples and the Renaissance added many new words to the language from Latin and other sources.
Detailed description of Middle English Period including vowel and consonant changes, inflectional endings, loss of grammatical gender and French influence in English language.
The document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins with the Celts and other early Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It then discusses the influences of the Vikings, Normans, and Renaissance on English. Specifically, it notes that around 900 words have Scandinavian origins and that English spelling became unreasonable after the Norman conquest and imposition of French. It also mentions Shakespeare invented around 2000 words. Finally, it provides an overview of some major British accents today such as RP, Cockney, Estuary English, and Geordie.
A power point presentation on Middle English by the students of English dept. at Metropolitan University, Sylhet.
Pulak Barua Ex Lecturer Dept. of English Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Phonemes are the smallest units that distinguish meaning in a language. They are abstract and contrastive. Phones are the physical realization of phonemes in speech. Allophones are variant pronunciations of the same phoneme. Complementary distribution occurs when similar phones cannot be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Free variation involves phones that can be substituted without changing meaning. The syllable structure of English involves an optional onset, obligatory nucleus, and optional coda. Syllabic consonants can act as the nucleus in some words like "button".
This document outlines 12 common word formation processes in English: 1) coinage, 2) borrowing, 3) compounding, 4) blending, 5) clipping, 6) acronyms, 7) abbreviations, 8) backformation, 9) conversion, 10) paired word sound play, 11) scale change, and 12) multiple processes. It provides examples to illustrate each process and notes that most words are formed through combining multiple processes.
Comparative grammar is a method that traces the differences and relationships between languages by comparing their elements like phonology, grammar and core vocabulary. It was the most important branch of linguistics in the 19th century in Europe and was stimulated by the discovery that Sanskrit was related to Latin, Greek and German. Comparative grammar studies sound and meaning correspondences between languages to determine their historical relationships and influences.
The document provides a history of the English language and how it became a global language. It discusses how English originated from various roots and became the working language of the global village due to factors like British colonialism, the power of the United States, and increasing need for international communication. The document also analyzes the three concentric circles of English - the inner circle where it is a first language, the outer circle where it is a second language, and the expanding circle where it is a foreign language. It notes how non-native English speakers now outnumber native speakers.
This document discusses pidgin and creole languages. It defines pidgin as a reduced language that develops for communication between groups without a shared language, while a creole is a pidgin that becomes a community's native language. The document outlines the key differences between pidgins and creoles, such as pidgins having no native speakers and simpler structure, while creoles are fully developed languages. Several examples of pidgin and creole languages are provided.
English has evolved over time from Germanic origins to the global language it is today. It has been influenced by Latin, French, Celtic languages and others through periods of invasion and settlement. English transitioned from a synthetic to an analytic language over time as it lost inflections and came to rely more on word order and grammatical words. There are also regional varieties of English that show influence from other languages and reflect social and political identities.
The document discusses phrase structure rules in linguistics. It introduces key concepts like phrase structure trees, nodes, labels, branches, recursion, and how smaller phrases are combined into larger and more complex structures through recursive rules. Examples are provided of different types of phrases like noun phrases, verb phrases, and how they are built up from different word categories and elements.
American English dialects
- English is the most common language in the United States, though there is no official language. English has regional variations across different states. Some words that originated in Middle or Early Modern English, like "fall" and "skillet", are still commonly used in American English but dropped out of use in British English. English is a changeable language and certain idioms are more common in American English dialects compared to other varieties of English.
English is the most important international language because it is widely used for air travel, computing, pop music, politics, science, and more. As travel and communication have become faster through planes, television, phones, and other technologies, a common language is needed, and that language is English. English is the first language of countries like Australia, Canada, Ireland, the UK, and the US, and is an official second language in many other countries as well. While there are some differences in vocabulary and grammar between different varieties of English, like British and American English, learning the language can provide benefits for international communication and opportunities.
The document discusses the history and development of the English language over three main periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. It describes the influences of the Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Danish, Norman, and Latin languages. Key events included the Roman conquest of Britain, introduction of Christianity, Viking invasions, and Norman conquest in 1066. The language transitioned from Old English to Middle English during this time, taking on characteristics from these other languages through conquest and settlement.
International Relations can be improved by enhancing the rule of law between states and minimizing war. Realism assumes that states act in their own self-interest in an anarchic international system and pursue power. Neorealism differs in arguing that security, not power, is the main goal. Liberalism believes peace comes through democracy and international law, while neoliberalism sees moral values as important to states' interests. Vietnam is an active member of international organizations like ASEAN, APEC, ASEM, and WTO, working to strengthen economic and political cooperation between members.
This document discusses different types of word coinage in English, including compounds, acronyms, backformations, abbreviations, eponyms, and blends. Compounds are formed by joining two or more words together, but the meaning is not always literal. Acronyms are derived from the initial letters of words. Backformations involve incorrect morphological analysis leading to new words. Abbreviations are clipped forms of words. Eponyms are derived from proper names. Blends are similar to compounds but parts of words are deleted. Examples of each type are provided.
This document defines and provides examples of key concepts in morphology, the study of word structure. It discusses morphology as examining the categories of morphemes that make up words. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning or function. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes must be attached to other elements. Lexical morphemes have meaning themselves, while functional morphemes specify relationships between lexical morphemes. Derivational morphemes change meaning or part of speech, and inflectional morphemes mark grammatical functions without creating new words. The document provides examples to illustrate these morphological concepts.
The document provides an overview of linguistic concepts covered in Lecture 10, including defining terms related to phonetics and phonology. It discusses allophonic processes in English, syllables and their structure, co-articulation effects of assimilation and elision, and provides examples to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document summarizes key points from an English morphology lecture, distinguishing between different types of morphemes and word formation processes. It discusses bound and free morphemes, and inflectional versus derivational morphemes. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different morphological concepts like affixation, compounding, conversion and productivity in word formation. Tree diagrams are used to visualize complex derived words.
This document provides an overview of morphology and defines what constitutes a word. It discusses several definitions of a word, including orthographic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic definitions, and the problems with each. It also describes the differences between words, morphemes, and lexical items. Key topics covered include affixation, compounding, bound vs free morphemes, inflectional vs derivational morphemes, and the formation of complex words through processes like affixation.
This document provides a review of morphology concepts including:
1. Examples of words being identified as simple or complex and marking bound morphemes.
2. Exercises identifying parts of speech and morphological processes like compounding, affixation, and derivation.
3. Practice analyzing word structure by underlining roots and circling affixes and drawing tree structures.
4. Examples are provided from textbooks and papers on morphology to illustrate concepts for students.
This document discusses word morphology and how words can be made longer by adding affixes. It provides the word "pseudoantidisestablishmentarianism" as an example of a word with many morphemes. The document then explains the structure of words, noting that words can have no more than one prefix, one inflectional suffix, and multiple derivational suffixes. It also discusses the differences between derivation, where new words are formed by adding affixes to bases or roots, and inflection, where affixes are added to change a word's form based on grammar rules. Finally, it introduces the concept of analyzing words into their immediate constituents.
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves breaking words down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes to form words. There are several types of morphemes and word formation processes, including affixes, roots, stems, coinages, borrowing, calquing, and clipping. Morphological analysis involves identifying the morphemes within words.
The document provides instructions and a sample letter for applying for a part-time job at an employment agency. It instructs the writer to introduce themselves, explain the type of job they are looking for, and describe their relevant experience and skills. It then provides a model answer letter as an example that does these things in 170 words.
The document discusses different methods of word formation including coinage, blending, and acronyms. Coinage involves creating new words without using other word formation processes, often from nothing. Examples include aspirin and Frisbee. Blending combines parts of multiple words to form a new one, like brunch from breakfast and lunch. Acronyms form words from the initial letters of other words, such as NASA and NATO. Overall, the text provides examples and explanations of various processes for inventing new words and terms in the English language.
This document discusses bound and free morphemes. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes cannot and are always attached to free morphemes. It provides examples of affixes like prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. It also discusses roots, stems, and how words are formed by combining roots and affixes into stems and full words. Finally, it notes that morphemes and syllables should not be confused, as morphemes can be syllabic or non-syllabic.
This document lists verbs paired with nouns derived from those verbs, where the noun refers to a person associated with the verb. It includes over 150 verb-noun pairs such as "to advise - adviser", "to announce - announcer", "to babysit - babysitter", and "to bake - baker". The list provides names for people based on the actions they perform.
This document contains three lists of English blend words and clipped words:
1. A list of blend words formed by combining parts of two words, such as "advertainment" from advertising and entertainment.
2. A list of clipped words formed by shortening words, such as "ad" from advertisement.
3. A list of common abbreviations for international organizations such as "UN" for United Nations.
In a meeting to discuss declining company profits, Ju proposes that the company is losing customers due to poor product quality, unfriendly staff, and lack of loyalty programs. A agrees some solutions like offering discounts to loyal customers and refunding complaints, but disagrees with changing suppliers since the current one provides good quality goods cheaply. After further discussion, A and Ju decide the best approaches are to refund complaints to build customer trust and offer a special credit card for loyal customers to incentivize continued patronage and increase profits.
This document discusses a list of over 4000 words that are important for the IELTS academic test. It notes that this word list reflects the essential vocabulary level required for the test and will help test takers, especially those aiming for high scores. The list is maintained by Pacific Lava School and includes general academic words that test takers need.
This document discusses morphology and vocabulary acquisition in the English language. It explains that morphology, the study of word formation, can help learners of English break down unfamiliar words into constituent parts to determine meaning. However, it notes that some words cannot be analyzed this way due to consisting of a single morpheme or having an unknown meaning. Additionally, idioms present difficulties as their meanings cannot be derived from individual words. The document also discusses other challenges like clitics, words not listed in dictionaries, and changes in vocabulary over time. Overall, it analyzes the complexities of the English lexicon and how morphology can aid but also has limitations in understanding new vocabulary.
This document lists many English blend words, which are words formed by combining parts of two or more existing words. Some examples of blend words included are advertainment from advertising and entertainment, alphanumeric from alphabetic and numeric, backronym from back and acronym, bit from binary and digit, and dancercise from dance and exercise. The list contains over 100 such blend words from different areas including technology, media, science, and more.
This document lists common English clipped words and their full forms, such as "ad" for advertisement, "chemist" for alchemist, "gator" for alligator, and "auto" for automobile. It provides examples of shortened versions of longer words across a variety of categories including vehicles, facilities, events, occupations, and animals. The list contains over 30 pairs of clipped words and their original full forms.
This document lists over 1,000 compound nouns formed by combining two or more words. Some common prefixes seen throughout include back-, black-, blue-, down-, fore-, half-, home-, house-, over- and out-. The compound nouns cover a wide variety of topics from types of transportation to parts of the body to locations and more. The list demonstrates the large number of compound nouns that can be formed in the English language.
Smartbiz_He thong MES nganh may mac_2024juneSmartBiz
Cách Hệ thống MES giúp tối ưu Quản lý Sản xuất trong ngành May mặc như thế nào?
Ngành may mặc, với đặc thù luôn thay đổi theo xu hướng thị trường và đòi hỏi cao về chất lượng, đang ngày càng cần những giải pháp công nghệ tiên tiến để duy trì sự cạnh tranh. Bạn đã bao giờ tự hỏi làm thế nào mà những thương hiệu hàng đầu có thể sản xuất hàng triệu sản phẩm với độ chính xác gần như tuyệt đối và thời gian giao hàng nhanh chóng? Bí mật nằm ở hệ thống Quản lý Sản xuất (MES - Manufacturing Execution System).
Hãy cùng khám phá cách hệ thống MES đang cách mạng hóa ngành may mặc và mang lại những lợi ích vượt trội như thế nào.
1. King Faisal University [ 1 ]
E-learning and Distance Education Deanship
Department of English Language
College of Arts
King Faisal University
Introduction to Linguistics
7403250
Dr. Ghassan Adnan
1
2. Word formation
Word formation:
Etymology
Coinage
Borrowing
Compounding
Blending
Clipping
Backformation
Conversion
Acronyms
Derivation
Prefixes and suffixes
King Faisal University [ 2
]
3. Word formation
Etymology:
Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their
form and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term
"etymology (of a word)" means the origin of a particular word.
• Spanish: has contributed many words, particularly in the southwestern
United States. Examples include buckaroo, alligator, rodeo, and states'
names such as Colorado and Florida.
• Portuguese: Albino, lingo, verandah, and coconut.
• Italian: diva, prima donna, pasta, pizza, paparazzi, and umbrella.
• Finnish: sauna
• Arabic: adobe, alcohol, algebra, apricot, assassin, caliber, cotton, hazard,
jacket, jar, mosque, Muslim, orange, safari, sofa, and zero.
• Japanese: sushi, and tsunami.
King Faisal University [ 3
]
4. Word formation
Coinage
Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either
deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation
processes and often from seemingly nothing. For example, the following
list of words provides some common coinages found in everyday English:
aspirin, escalator, band-aid, Frisbee, Google, kerosene, Kleenex, Xerox,
zipper.
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5. Word formation
Borrowing
Borrowing is the word formation process in which a word from one language
is borrowed directly into another language. For example, the following
common English words are borrowed from foreign languages:
algebra – Arabic
chowmein – Chinese
murder – French
paprika – Hungarian
pizza – Italian
yo-yo – Tagalog
Borrowed words are also referred to as loanwords.
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6. Word formation
Compounding
Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes
combine into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one
word or as two words joined with a hyphen. For example:
noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook
adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry
verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom
verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup
Compounds may be compositional, meaning that the meaning of the new
word is determined by combining the meanings of the parts, or non-compositional,
meaning that the meaning of the new word cannot be
determined by combining the meanings of the parts. For example, a
blueberry is a berry that is blue.
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7. Word formation
Blending
Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words
combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of
the original words. For example:
advertisement + entertainment →advertainment
biographical + picture → biopic
breakfast + lunch → brunch
motor + hotel → motel
smoke + fog → smog
Spanish + English → Spanglish
spoon + fork →spork
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8. Word formation
Clipping
Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or
shortened without changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs
from back-formation in that the new word retains the meaning of the
original word. For example:
examination – exam
influenza – flu
laboratory – lab
mathematics – math
photograph – photo
telephone – phone
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9. Word formation
Clipping
The four types of clipping are back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping,
and complex clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in
gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in
gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word
as in flu from influenza. Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from
multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.
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10. Word formation
Back-Formation
Back-formation is the word formation process in which an actual or supposed
derivational affix detaches from the base form of a word to create a new
word. For example, the following list provides examples of some common
back-formations in English:
Original – Back-formation
babysitter – babysit
donation – donate
gambler – gamble
moonlighter – moonlight
television – televise
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11. Word formation
Conversion
Conversion is the word formation process in which a word of one
grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form without
any changes to spelling or pronunciation. For example, the nouns bottle,
butter, chair have come to be used, through conversion, as verbs: We
bottled the home-juice last night; Have you buttered the toast?; someone
has to chair the meeting; They are vacationing in Florida.
Examples:
Adjectives Verbs
dirty to dirty
empty to empty
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12. Word formation
Noun to Verb ConversionThe most productive form of conversion in English
is noun to verb conversion. The following list provides examples of verbs
converted from nouns:
Noun – Verb
access – to access
bottle – to bottle
can – to can
closet – to closet
email – to email
fool – to fool
Google – to google
name – to name
salt – to salt
ship – to ship
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13. Word formation
Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed by the word formation process in which an
initialism is pronounced as a word. For example, HIV is an initialism for
Human Immunodeficiency Virus that is spoken as the three letters H-I-V.
However, AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
that is spoken as the word AIDS. Other examples of acronyms in English
include:
ASAP – as soon as possible
PIN – personal identification number
radar - radio detection and ranging
TESOL – Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
Acronyms are related to the word formation process of abbreviation.
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14. Word formation
Derivation
Derivation is the word formation process in which a derivational affix
attaches to the base form of a word to create a new word. Affixes, which
include prefixes and suffixes, are bound morphemes. Morphemes are the
smallest linguistic unit of a language with semantic meaning. Bound
morphemes, unlike free morphemes, cannot stand alone but must attach
to another morpheme such as a word. For example, the following two lists
provide examples of some common prefixes and suffixes with definitions
in English:
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15. Word formation
Prefixes
a- – without, not
co- – together
de- – opposite, negative, separation
dis- –opposite, negative
en- – cause to be
ex- – former, previous, from
in- – negative, not
non- – absence, not
re- – again, repeatedly
un- – negative, not, opposite
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Suffixes
-able – sense of being
-er – agent
-ful – characterized by
-fy – make, become, cause to be
-ism – action or practice, state or condition
-less – lack of
-ly – -like
-ology – study, science
-ship – condition, character, skill
-y – characterized by, condition
16. Study questions
Do exercises 2, 3 and 6 in page 49.
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![King Faisal University [ 1 ]
E-learning and Distance Education Deanship
Department of English Language
College of Arts
King Faisal University
Introduction to Linguistics
7403250
Dr. Ghassan Adnan
1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture4-141123081502-conversion-gate02/85/Lecture-4-1-320.jpg)
![Word formation
Word formation:
Etymology
Coinage
Borrowing
Compounding
Blending
Clipping
Backformation
Conversion
Acronyms
Derivation
Prefixes and suffixes
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