The document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins with the Celts and other early Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It then discusses the influences of the Vikings, Normans, and Renaissance on English. Specifically, it notes that around 900 words have Scandinavian origins and that English spelling became unreasonable after the Norman conquest and imposition of French. It also mentions Shakespeare invented around 2000 words. Finally, it provides an overview of some major British accents today such as RP, Cockney, Estuary English, and Geordie.

3.  Celts
 Jutes
 Anglos
 Saxons
The Celts languages almost disappeared at all

4.  The only word in Celtic language is “whiskey”
 the use of the auxiliaries is the result of the
Celts trying to speak the Anglo-Saxon
language.

5.  Then the Vikings appeared and
conquered England

6.  There are 900 words in English that
definitely have an Scandinavian origin
 verbs
 Nouns
 Pronoun: She, They
 Words with SK: skin, skate, skill, sky, skirt
 The S ending for 3rth person

7. Scandinavian words
Anger fellow low trough
Awkward flat neck Thursday
Bag fog race tight
Band gift root ugly
Birth give same until
Both guess seat want
Bull happy sister window
Cake ill simile wing
Call knife take
Die law
Dirt leg
Egg lose

8. NORMANS
conquered
England and
imposed their
language and
culture.
 That’s why English spelling is unreasonable

9. Renaissance
 William Shakespeare
invented 2,000 words
by himself: emphasis,
modest, etc.

11. Nowadays
 The British accents are:
RP.(received pronunciation)
 Non-rhoticity, meaning the r at the ends of
words isn’t pronounced (mother sounds like
“muhthuh”).
 Trap-bath split, meaning that certain a words,
like bath, can’t, and dance are pronounced with
the broad-a in father. (This differs from most
American accents, in which these words are
pronounced with the short-a in cat.
 The vowels tend to be a bit more conservative
than other accents in Southern England, which
have undergone significant vowel shifting over
the past century.

12.  Cockney: is probably the second most famous
British accent. It originated in the East End of
London, but shares many features with and
influences other dialects in that region.
Features:
 Raised vowel in words like trap and cat so these
sounds like “trep” and “cet.”
 London vowel shift: The vowel sounds are shifted
around so that Cockney “day” sounds is
pronounced IPA dæɪ (close to American “die”) and
Cockney buy verges near IPA bɒɪ (close to
American “boy”).
 Th-Fronting: The th in words like think or this is
pronounced with a more forward consonant
depending on the word: thing becomes
“fing,” this becomes “dis,” and mother becomes
“muhvah.”

13.  Estuary English (Southeast British)
Estuary is an accent derived from London
English which has achieved a
status slightly similar to “General American” in
the US. Features of the accent can be heard
around Southeast.
 Geordie usually refers to both the people and
dialect of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, in Northeast
England. The word may also refer to accents and
dialects in Northeast England in general. I would
classify this as a separate region from the rest of
Northern England because it’s so radically
different from the language spoken in nearby
cities.