This document provides an overview of computer hardware components presented by Dr. Akhlas Ahmed. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer that perform input, processing, storage, and output. The advantages of hardware for organizations are described as improving productivity, increasing revenue, reducing costs, and enabling collaboration. The main hardware components discussed include the central processing unit, memory, input devices, output devices, and secondary storage.

1. HARDWARE:
Input Devices – Processing – Output Devices
Presented by:
Dr. Akhlas Ahmed
Preston University

2. Objectives…
 Define the term Hardware
 Identify advantages of Hardware in
organization.
 Describe Hardware Components, and
explain each component.

3. What is hardware?
 Hardware refers to the physical
components of a computer and devices
that perform the input, processing,
storage, and output activities of the
computer.
 Hardware can support objective of the
information system, and goal of
organization.

4. Advantages of hardware in Organization
Organization invest in computer
hardware
to
improve
worker
productivity, increase revenue, reduce
cost, and provide better customer
service, Speed up time-to-market, and
enable collaboration among employees.

5. Computer System: Integrating the Power
of Technology
 Hardware Components
 Central Processing Unit (CPU):
• CPU and memory cooperate to execute data processing.
• Consist three elements: Arithmetic/logic unit, control
unit, and register.
 Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU):
• Parts of CPU used to perform mathematical calculation
and make logical comparisons.
 Control Unit:
• The part of CPU sequentially accesses program
instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of
data in and out of the ALU, the register.

6. Computer System: Integrating the Power
of Technology
 Register:
• High-speed storage areas used to temporarily
hold small units of program instruction and data
immediately before, during, and after execution
by the CPU.
 Primary Storage:
• Primary Storage, or Main memory, provides
working storage for program instructions and data
to be processed and provides them to the CPU.

7. Hardware Component in Action

8. Processing and Memory Devices
 Processing characteristics and function:
• Machine cycle: make up from both instruction
phase and execution phase.
• Machine cycle: can be measured how many
instruction are executed in a second. It is measured
in Nanosecond, Picosecond, MIPS
• Clock Speed: Computer system processing speed is
affected by clock speed, which is measured in
gigahertz (GHz).

9. Processing and Memory Devices
 Memory characteristics and function:
• Main Memory: provides temporary working storages
area for programs and data. It is measured in byte.
 Type of memory:
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
-> store data and instruction temporarily
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
-> instruction and data are stored permanently
• Cache Memory
-> a type of high-speed memory that CPU can access
more rapidly than main memory.

10. Multiprocessing
 Multiprocessing:
• Refer to simultaneous execution of two or more
instruction at the same time.
• One form of multiprocessing uses coprocessor,
which can speed up processing.
• Multicore microprocessor combines two or more
independent processors into a single computer so
they can share the workload.

11. Parallel Computing
 Parallel Computing:
• Refer to simultaneous execution of the same task on
multiple processors to obtain results faster.
• Massively parallel processing involves linking many
processors to work together to solve complex
problems.
• Grid computing is the use of a collection of
computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve
a common problem.

12. Secondary Storage
 Secondary Storage:
• Store a large amount of data and instruction safely
and effectively.
 Access Methods:
• Data and information access can be sequential or
direct.
• Sequential Access: data must be accessed in the
order in which it is stored.
• Direct Access: data can be accessed directly. Without
the need to pass by other data in sequences.

13. Secondary Storage
 Secondary Storage:
• Magnetic storage devices
- magnetic tape
- magnetic disk
• Optical storage devices
- CD-ROM
- DVD
• Solid State Storage Devices
- Store data in memory chips. Eg: flash drive.
• Enterprise storage option
- NAS
- SAN

14. Input and Output Devices
 Input Devices:
• A devices used to entry data to computer system.
• Input devices come in many forms.
- Personal Computer Input Devices (Mouse, Keyboard..)
- Speech recognition technology.
- Digitals Cameras
- Scanning devices
- Bar-code scanners
 Output Devices:
• Provide output to user in many forms.
- Display Monitor
- Printer and plotter
- Digital Audio Players

15. Computer Systems
 Computer Systems
• Generally divided into two categories: single user and
multiple users.
 Single-Users
• Systems include handheld, ultra laptop, portable, thin
client, desktop, and workstation computers.
 Multi-Users
• Systems include servers, blade servers, mainframes,
and supercomputers.

16. Green Computing
 Green Computing : is concerned with the efficient and
environmentally responsible design, manufacture,
operation, and disposal of IS –related products.
 Three main goal:
• Reduce the use of hazardous material
• Lower power-related costs
• Enable the safe disposal or recycling of IT Products.

17. Thank You