Computer organization and architecture are related but distinct fields. Computer organization deals with how hardware components are interconnected and work together to realize the specifications set by computer architecture. Computer architecture determines attributes like instruction sets, memory organization, and input/output mechanisms. Studying computer organization and architecture is important for understanding how computers work at both the hardware and software levels. It provides knowledge about system design, components, and performance.
This is a brief introductory lecture I conducted on von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann is a fundamental computer hardware architecture based on the store program concept, designed by John von Neumann.
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This is a brief introductory lecture I conducted on von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann is a fundamental computer hardware architecture based on the store program concept, designed by John von Neumann.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
Computer Architecture and Organization.pptxLearnersCoach
Computer architecture is the definition of basic attributes of hardware components and their interconnections, in order to achieve certain specified goals in terms of functions and performance. Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Examples:
- the instruction set
- the number of bits used to represent various data types
- I/O mechanisms
- memory addressing techniques
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture/
Computer organization: the design and physical arrangement of various hardware units to work in tandem, in a orderly manner, in order to achieve the goals specified in the architecture.
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture-part2/
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
Computer Architecture and Organization.pptxLearnersCoach
Computer architecture is the definition of basic attributes of hardware components and their interconnections, in order to achieve certain specified goals in terms of functions and performance. Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Examples:
- the instruction set
- the number of bits used to represent various data types
- I/O mechanisms
- memory addressing techniques
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture/
Computer organization: the design and physical arrangement of various hardware units to work in tandem, in a orderly manner, in order to achieve the goals specified in the architecture.
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture-part2/
Introduction, Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory, Communication between Various Units of a Computer System, The Instruction Format, Instruction Set, Processor Speed, Multiprocessor Systems.
Basic Structure of Computers: Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, B...Abhishekn84
An implementation for one bit of register Ri is shown in Figure. A two-input multiplexer is used to select the data applied to the input of an edge-triggered D flip-flop. When the control input Riin is equal to 1, the multiplexer selects the data on the bus. This data will be loaded into the flip-flop at the rising edge of the clock. When Riin is equal to 0, the multiplexer feeds back the value currently stored in the flip-flop To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the processor. The main building blocks of a processor are interconnected in a variety of ways. A very simple organization is shown in above figure more complex structure that provides high performance will be presented at the end.
Figure shows an organization in which the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and all the registers are interconnected through a single common bus, which is internal to the processor. The data and address lines of the external memory bus are shown in figure connected to the internal processor bus via the memory data register, MDR, and the memory address register, MAR, respectively. Register MDR has two inputs and two outputs.
Data may be loaded into MDR either from the memory bus or from the internal processor bus. The data stored in MDR may be placed on either bus. The input of MAR is connected to the internal bus, and its output is connected to the external bus. The control lines of the memory bus are connected to the instruction decoder and control logic block. This unit is responsible for issuing the signals that control the operation of all the units inside the processor and for interacting with the memory bus.
To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the processor. The main building blocks of a processor are interconnected in a variety of ways. A very simple organization is shown in above figure more complex structure that provides high performance will be presented at the end.
Figure shows an organization in which the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and all the registers are interconnected through a single common bus, which is internal to the processor. The data and address lines of the external memory bus are shown in figure connected to the internal processor bus via the memory data register, MDR, and the memory address register, MAR, respectively. Register MDR has two inputs and two outputs.
Data may be loaded into MDR either from the memory bus or from the internal processor bus. The data stored in MDR may be placed on either bus. The input of MAR is connected to the internal bus, and its output is connected to the external bus. The control lines of the memory bus are connected to the instruction decoder and control logic block. This unit is responsible for issuing the signals that control the operation of all the units inside the processor and for interacting with the memory bus.To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the
This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Computer Organization:
• Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It deals
with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer
architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control signals, peripherals.
or
• Computer organization is concerned with how the different part of computer system are
interconnected together and how they inter-operate to realize the architectural specifications.
3. Computer Architecture:
• Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or
Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA
(Instruction Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent
the data types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories.
or
• Computer architecture is the branch of study that deals with computer system
overview along with the conceptual design of computers
4. Benefits and Importance of studying
Computer Organization and Architecture.
• COA is necessary to understand the designing and functioning of the various components to
process information digitally.
• COA study focuses on the Interface between hardware and software.
• COA tells the way of operating hardware components and their interconnections in Computer.
• COA provides an organized way of working with different hardware components together in one
place.
• Computer organization says, "How to do?" and computer architecture says, "What to do?"
• COA provides detailed knowledge of the system components, Circuit designs, Structure of
Instruction, Computer arithmetic, Assembly programming, processor control, logical design, and
performance method.
• COA proves that different computer organizations can use the same architecture. For example,
Intel and AMD make X86 CPU (processor is of 86 bits), but INTEL makes its organization on
X86, and AMD makes its own, which means the processor is 86 bits. Still, internal circuits,
working, interconnections will be different.
• COA subject helps the computer engineers to understand the components functioning, working,
characteristics, performance, and their interactions.
5. Computer Architecture
VS
Computer Organization
Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer Architecture is concerned with the way
hardware components are connected together to form
a computer system.
Computer Organization is concerned with the
structure and behaviour of a computer system as seen
by the user.
It acts as the interface between hardware and
software.
It deals with the components of a connection in a
system.
Computer Architecture helps us to understand the
functionalities of a system.
Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the
units in the system are arranged and interconnected.
A programmer can view architecture in terms of
instructions, addressing modes and registers.
Whereas Organization expresses the realization of
architecture.
While designing a computer system architecture is
considered first.
An organization is done on the basis of architecture.
Computer Architecture deals with high-level design
issues.
Computer Organization deals with low-level design
issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit
6. Functional Units of Digital System
• A computer organization describes the functions and design of the various
units of a digital system.
• A general-purpose computer system is the best-known example of a digital
system. Other examples include telephone switching exchanges, digital
voltmeters, digital counters, electronic calculators and digital displays.
• Computer architecture deals with the specification of the instruction set
and the hardware units that implement the instructions.
• Computer hardware consists of electronic circuits, displays, magnetic and
optic storage media and also the communication facilities.
• Functional units are a part of a CPU that performs the operations and
calculations called for by the computer program.
• Functional units of a computer system are parts of the CPU (Central
Processing Unit) that performs the operations and calculations called for
by the computer program. A computer consists of five main components
namely, Input unit, Central Processing Unit, Memory unit Arithmetic &
logical unit, Control unit and an Output unit.
7.
8. Input unit
• Input units are used by the computer to read the data. The most
commonly used input devices are keyboards, mouse, joysticks,
trackballs, microphones, etc.
• However, the most well-known input device is a keyboard.
Whenever a key is pressed, the corresponding letter or digit is
automatically translated into its corresponding binary code and
transmitted over a cable to either the memory or the processor.
9. Central processing unit
• Central processing unit commonly known as CPU can be referred as
an electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions given by a computer program by performing the basic
arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified
by the instructions.
10. Memory unit
• The Memory unit can be referred to as the storage area in which programs are kept which are running,
and that contains data needed by the running programs.
• The Memory unit can be categorized in two ways namely, primary memory and secondary memory.
• It enables a processor to access running execution applications and services that are temporarily stored
in a specific memory location.
• Primary storage is the fastest memory that operates at electronic speeds. Primary memory contains a
large number of semiconductor storage cells, capable of storing a bit of information. The word length of
a computer is between 16-64 bits.
• It is also known as the volatile form of memory, means when the computer is shut down, anything
contained in RAM is lost.
• Cache memory is also a kind of memory which is used to fetch the data very soon. They are highly
coupled with the processor.
• The most common examples of primary memory are RAM and ROM.
• Secondary memory is used when a large amount of data and programs have to be stored for a long-term
basis.
• It is also known as the Non-volatile memory form of memory, means the data is stored permanently
irrespective of shut down.
• The most common examples of secondary memory are magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, and optical disks
11. Arithmetic & logical unit
• Most of all the arithmetic and logical operations of a computer
are executed in the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) of the
processor. It performs arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and also the logical
operations like AND, OR, NOT operations.
12. Control unit
• The control unit is a component of a computer's central
processing unit that coordinates the operation of the processor.
It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input
and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
• The control unit is also known as the nerve center of a
computer system.
• Let's us consider an example of addition of two operands by the
instruction given as Add LOCA, RO. This instruction adds the
memory location LOCA to the operand in the register RO and
places the sum in the register RO. This instruction internally
performs several steps.
13. Output Unit
• The primary function of the output unit is to send the processed
results to the user. Output devices display information in a way
that the user can understand.
• Output devices are pieces of equipment that are used to
generate information or any other response processed by the
computer. These devices display information that has been held
or generated within a computer.
• The most common example of an output device is a monitor.
14.
15. Basic Operational Concepts
• The primary function of a computer system is to execute a
program, sequence of instructions. These instructions are
stored in computer memory.
• These instructions are executed to process data which are
already loaded in the computer memory through some input
devices.
• To perform the execution of an instruction, in addition to the
arithmetic logic unit, and control unit, the processor contains a
number of registers used for temporary storage of data and
some special function registers.
• The special function registers include program counters (PC),
instruction registers (IR), memory address registers (MAR) and
memory and memory data registers (MDR).
16. • The Program counter is one of the most critical registers in CPU.
• The Program counter monitors the execution of instructions. It
keeps track on which instruction is being executed and what the
next instruction will be.
• The instruction register IR is used to hold the instruction that is
currently being executed.
• The contents of IR are available to the control unit, which
generate the timing signals that control, the various processing
elements involved in executing the instruction.
• The two registers MAR and MDR are used to handle the data
transfer between the main memory and the processor.
• The MAR holds the address of the main memory to or from
which data is to be transferred.
17. • The MDR contains the data to be written into or read from the addressed
word of the main memory.
• Whenever the processor is asked to communicate with devices, we say that
the processor is servicing the devices. The processor can service these
devices in one of the two ways.
• One way is to use the polling routine, and the other way is to use an
interrupt.
• Polling enables the processor software to check each of the input and output
devices frequently. During this check, the processor tests to see if any
devices need servicing or not.
• Interrupt method provides an external asynchronous input that informs the
processor that it should complete whatever instruction that is currently being
executed and fetch a new routine that will service the requesting device.
18. Digital Computers
• A Digital computer can be considered as a digital system that performs
various computational tasks.
• The first electronic digital computer was developed in the late 1940s
and was used primarily for numerical computations.
• By convention, the digital computers use the binary number system,
which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit.
• A computer system is subdivided into two functional entities: Hardware
and Software
• The hardware consists of all the electronic components and
electromechanical devices that comprise the physical entity of the
device.
• The software of the computer consists of the instructions and data that
the computer manipulates to perform various data-processing tasks.
19.
20. • The Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains an arithmetic and
logic unit for manipulating data, a number of registers for storing
data, and a control circuit for fetching and executing instructions.
• The memory unit of a digital computer contains storage for
instructions and data.
• The Random Access Memory (RAM) for real-time processing of
the data.
• The Input-Output devices for generating inputs from the user and
displaying the final results to the user.
• The Input-Output devices connected to the computer include the
keyboard, mouse, terminals, magnetic disk drives, and other
communication devices.
21. • STEPS TO EXECUTE AN INSTRUCTION
• 1) The address of first instruction (to be executed) gets loaded into PC.
• 2) The contents of PC (i.e. address) are transferred to the MAR & control-unit issues Read signal to
memory.
• 3) After certain amount of elapsed time, the first instruction is read out of memory and placed into
MDR.
• 4) Next, the contents of MDR are transferred to IR. At this point, the instruction can be decoded
&executed.
• 5) To fetch an operand, it's address is placed into MAR & control-unit issues Read signal. As a
result,the operand is transferred from memory into MDR, and then it is transferred from MDR to ALU.
• 6) Likewise required number of operands is fetched into processor.
• 7) Finally, ALU performs the desired operation.
• 8) If the result of this operation is to be stored in the memory, then the result is sent to the MDR.
• 9) The address of the location where the result is to be stored is sent to the MAR and a Write cycle is
initiated.
• 10) At some pont during execution, contents of PC are incremented to point to next instruction in
the program