This document discusses the history of computers through their generations of development. It begins by defining a computer and its basic components like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It then outlines the four main generations of computers, describing the underlying technologies used and examples for each generation from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits to microprocessors. The generations progressed from machine-dependent to machine-independent languages and from bulky to more compact sizes. It concludes by mentioning a potential 5th generation involving artificial intelligence and parallel processing.

1. Computer
programming
• What is computer?
• Block diagram of
computer.
• Generation of computers
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2. What is computer ?
 Computer is an electronic machine that
takes input (data) analyze it process it
and give the desired output (information
). Also provide the capability of storing
data for future use.
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3. Block diagram of computer
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4. CPU
 Central Processing Unit
 Responsible of all kind of processing.
 Process the data according to the set of
instruction given by the user.
 Three major parts of CPU
- Control Unit
- Registers
- ALU ( Arithmetic and Logical Unit ).
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5. Control Unit
 Read instruction from the memory ,
decode it and send signal to various parts
of computer to perform the work
accordingly.
 Control the sequence of instruction to be
executed.
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6. Registers
 Store intermediate results during program
execution.
 Made up of flip- flop.
 Categorize in two types
- General Purpose Register
- Dedicated Register
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7. ALU
 Arithmetic Operations ( +,-,/,%,*….etc)
 Logical Operation( Comparission ).
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8. Memory Unit
 RAM
 Secondary Storage
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9. Input and Output Devices
 Mouse, keyboard…etc
 Monitor, printer…etc
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10. Generation of Computer
Basically 4 generation of computer
development.
 I Generation ( 1940 - 1956 ) :-
 vacuum tubes.
- Very big and bulky.
- Heating effect.
- Large electricity consumption.
- Work on 0’s and 1’s.
- Machine Dependent.
- Magnetic drum for storage.
- Input through punch card and output through
printers.
Example :- UNIVAC, ENIAC
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11. 2nd Generation of Computer
 II Generation (1957-1963)
 Transistors.
- Very small in size as compare to vacuum tube.
- Smaller in size, cheap, much more energy
efficient.
- Magnetic core technology is used instead of
magnetic drums.
- Assembly Language instead of binary.
- Translators required.
- Input still taken by punch card and output by
printouts.
- Programming is machine dependent.
Examples:- PDP-8, IBM 1401 and CDC 1604.
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12. 3rd Generation of Computer
 III Generation (1964-1971)
 Integrated Circuits ( ICs )
- Size of computer more compact, more
energy efficent.
- Speed of computation become very high.
- SSI and MSI is used.
- Use of High Level Languages(COBOL, PASCAL
FORTRAN, BASIC…etc)
- Programming Languages are machine independent.
- Keyboards and mouse - input and monitors - output.
- Multiple task .
Examples:- IBM 370, PDP 11,IBM-360 series,Honeywell-6000
series.
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13. 4th Generation of Computer
 IV Generation (after 1971)
 Microprocessor
- VLSI
- Compact and light in weight, consume
less energy.
- Very fast processing speed.
- Multitasking is possible.
- High level language is used such as
C/C++, java…etc.
- Time-sharing , real time, and distributed
operating system.
Example :- IBM system 3090, HP 9000
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14. 5th Generation Computer
 Artificial Intelligence, Parallel
programming
 ULSI ( Ultra Large Scale Integration )
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