Lect6 organization
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1. The document discusses the basic types of computer instructions that must be included: arithmetic/logical/shift instructions, data transfer instructions, program control instructions, and input/output instructions. 2. It explains the formats of basic computer instructions, including memory reference instructions that use 12 bits to specify the address mode as direct or indirect. 3. Register reference instructions are recognized by the opcode 111 with a 0 in bit 15, and use the remaining bits to specify an operation on the AC register without a memory operand. Similarly, input-output instructions use the opcode 111 with a 1 in bit 15 and the remaining 12 bits to specify the input-output operation without a memory reference.
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3. The instruction cycle consists of four phases - fetch an instruction, decode the instruction, read the effective address if needed, and execute the instruction.
Computer organization
This document discusses input/output (I/O) organization in computer systems. It covers various I/O techniques including programmed I/O, interrupts, direct memory access (DMA), and I/O interfaces. Memory-mapped I/O allows I/O devices to use the same address space as memory. Interrupts allow I/O devices to signal the processor when they need service. DMA controllers can transfer data directly between I/O devices and memory without processor intervention. Buses and interface circuits are used to connect I/O devices to the processor and main memory.
2.computer org.
The document summarizes key aspects of computer organization including instruction codes, stored program organization, computer registers, instruction formats, and the instruction cycle. It describes how instruction codes specify operations, operands, and sequencing to control the computer's processing. A basic computer uses a stored program organization with opcode and address parts in instructions. It has registers like the accumulator, address register, and program counter. The instruction cycle involves fetching, decoding, and executing instructions by issuing micro-operations from the control unit's microprogram.
CO Unit 3.pdf (Important chapter of coa)
The document discusses the design of program control units and summarizes the key differences between hardwired control and microprogrammed control. It also provides an overview of the instruction cycle, describing the fetch, decode, execute, and store result phases. Micro-operations and microprogram sequencing are also summarized at a high level.
Computer Organization and Architecture.
This presentation highlights the basics of CPU organization & architecture covering topics like CPU registers, Instruction set, Instruction cycle etc.
COA-Unit5-ppt2.pptx
This chapter discusses input/output (I/O) organization and covers topics like accessing I/O devices, interrupts, direct memory access (DMA), buses, interface circuits, and standard I/O interfaces. It describes how I/O devices connect to the processor via a shared bus and are assigned unique addresses. Interrupts and DMA are introduced as techniques for synchronization between the processor and I/O devices. The chapter also discusses bus protocols and various bus standards like PCI and USB.
20IT204-COA- Lecture 17.pptx
This document discusses hardwired control and microprogrammed control in computer processors. It provides details on:
- Hardwired control generates control signals using logic circuits like gates and counters. It can operate at high speed but has little flexibility and complexity is limited.
- Microprogrammed control stores sequences of control words (microinstructions) in a control store. It uses a microprogram counter to sequentially fetch microinstructions and generate control signals. This allows for more flexible control but is slower than hardwired.
- Key components of a microprogrammed control unit include the control store, microprogram counter, and starting address generator block to load addresses and support conditional branching in the microcode.
Processor Basics
The document outlines the basics of processor operation, including the instruction cycle, representation of machine instructions, and types of instructions. It discusses how the processor clock synchronizes activities and how the program counter increments to fetch each subsequent instruction from memory. The core instruction cycle stages are fetch, decode, and execute, where the processor fetches instructions and data from memory, decodes the operation, and executes it by performing the required operation.
11. Lecture.pdf
The document describes the instruction cycle process in a computer. It is divided into phases: fetch, decode, execute. Each instruction goes through this cycle. The phases are further divided into subcycles where the control unit determines the instruction type (register, memory, I/O), then performs the appropriate operations like fetching from memory, arithmetic/logic operations, and branching. Memory instructions include AND, ADD, LOAD, BRANCH etc. Register instructions modify registers directly. Subroutines are implemented using branch-and-save and indirect branch instructions.
Design of FPGA based 8-bit RISC Controller IP core using VHDL
This paper describes the design, development and
implementation of an 8-bit RISC controller IP core. The
controller has been designed using Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The design constraints are speed, power and area. This controller is efficient for specific applications and suitable for small applications. This non-pipelined controller has four units: - Fetch, Decode, Execute and a stage control unit. It has an in built program and data memory. Also it has four ports for communicating with other I/O devices. A hierarchical approach has been used so that basic units can be modeled using behavioral programming. The basic
units are combined using structural programming. The design
has been implemented using ALTERA STRATIX II FPGA
Chapter 3 computer organization and artpdf
This document provides information on computer organization and design. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, I/O devices, and how they interconnect. It also describes different types of computer architecture like Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. Additionally, it covers topics like instruction codes, addressing modes, instruction cycles, and levels of programming languages from low-level machine code to high-level languages.
BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN
The document discusses the basic components and organization of a computer. It describes how instructions are stored in memory as binary codes and read by the control unit to execute operations. The key components discussed are:
- Instruction codes specify sequences of operations through an operation code and memory address.
- Computers have instruction sets and store both instructions and data in memory.
- Registers like the accumulator, instruction register, and program counter are used to store and manipulate data and control instruction flow.
- A common bus system connects registers and memory to transfer information needed for operations.
Coa module2
This document discusses the fundamental concepts and organization of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes how the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions through a multi-step process. It explains that the CPU uses a program counter to keep track of the next instruction, and increments it after fetching and decoding each one. It also details how the CPU performs operations like fetching data from memory, storing to memory, transferring between registers, and performing arithmetic/logic functions using the ALU.
4bit PC report
4bit PC_DSD_report[CSE-08_Section-B2_Group-02]
Courtesy:
Tanvir Al Amin Popel
Tanvir Ahmed Khan
Imtiaz Ahmad
4bit pc report[cse 08-section-b2_group-02]
The document describes the design and implementation of a 4-bit very simple computer system as an assignment. Key aspects of the design include a 2-stage pipeline with separate fetch and execution units, Harvard architecture with separate instruction and data memory, and a microprogrammed control unit. The computer is designed to execute 28 instructions from an assigned instruction set in an efficient manner using as few clock cycles and chips as possible.
Bca examination 2015 csa
This is Paper solution of BCA 2015 According to JNVU sayllbus
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material for studentbasic computer organization and design .pptx
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Lect1 organization 2
This document provides an introduction to computer organization and digital components. It discusses computer organization, architecture, logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits like flip flops. It also summarizes common digital components such as decoders, encoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, registers, counters, memory units including RAM and ROM. The document is presented over multiple pages and provides definitions and brief descriptions of the key topics and components in computer organization.
Lect4 organization
Shift microoperations are used to serially transfer data and are used with arithmetic, logical, and other data processing units. There are three types of shifts: 1) logical shifts transfer zeros into the shifted bits, 2) circular shifts circulate bits around the two ends of the register, and 3) arithmetic shifts preserve the sign bit during a right shift and insert zeros during a left shift, changing the sign if overflow occurs. The document discusses drawing logic circuits to perform six shift microoperations on a 4-bit register and includes bonus points for detecting overflow.
Lect2 organization 2
The document discusses various microoperations that are performed by the central processing unit of a computer. It describes register transfer language, which uses a symbolic language to define the internal organization of a computer through sequences of microoperations. The main types of microoperations covered are register transfer operations, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Arithmetic microoperations like addition and subtraction are implemented using binary adders and subtractors. Bus and memory transfer microoperations involve transferring data via a shared bus between components using three-state buffers.
Lect3 organization 2
This document discusses logic microoperations which specify binary operations for strings of bits stored in registers. It provides examples of selective set, selective complement, selective clear, mask, and insert operations. These logic microoperations are useful for manipulating individual bits or portions of words stored in registers. The document concludes with two assignment questions involving designing a circuit to perform logic operations on a two bit word and using logic microoperations to change the value stored in a register.
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Topological sort
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This document discusses algorithms and provides an outline for a course on algorithms. It begins by explaining the origin of the word "algorithm" and providing an informal definition. It then discusses why algorithms are important to study and outlines topics that will be covered in the course, including models of computation and criteria for analyzing algorithms. The course aims to introduce fundamental algorithmic concepts.
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Lecture02
Running time analysis evaluates the efficiency of algorithms by analyzing how the number of steps required to solve a problem grows as the input size grows. It considers the order of growth or time complexity of an algorithm, often expressed using Big O notation, to determine how efficiently the algorithm will scale to larger problem sizes. The most efficient algorithms have the slowest growth rates as input size increases.
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Lect6 organization
- 1. 10/26/2014 1 Computer Organization Instructors : Dr. Abdul Raouf Khan Mr.Marwan El-Haj Computer Instructions The following type of instructions must be included in a computer 1. Arithmetic, logical and shift instructions 2. Instructions for moving information ( data transfer) to and from memory & processor register. 3. Program Control instructions together with instructions that check status conditions 4. Input & output instructions
- 2. 10/26/2014 2 Basic Computer Instruction Formats Basic Computer Instruction Formats Contd Memory reference instructions, uses 12 bits to specify the address mode I. I=0 for direct address and I= 1 for indirect address
- 3. 10/26/2014 3 Basic Computer Instruction Formats Contd The register reference instruction are recognized by the opcode 111 , with a 0 in the left most bit (bit 15) of the instruction. A register reference instruction specifies an operation on or a test of the AC register. An operand from memory is not needed, therefore, the other bits are used to specify the operation or test to be executed. Basic Computer Instruction Formats Contd Similarly, an input – output instruction does not need a reference to memory and is recognized by the opcode 111 with a 1 in the bit position 15. the remaining 12 bits are used to specify the type of input- output operation or test to be performed.
- 4. 10/26/2014 4 Memory Reference Instructions Register Reference Instructions
- 5. 10/26/2014 5 Input – output Instructions