Lect10 organization
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The document discusses interrupt driven data transfer and program interrupts. It describes how an external device can interrupt the computer when it is ready to transfer data, allowing the computer to momentarily pause its current program. This interrupt driven approach is more efficient than programmed data transfer which wastes computer time checking flags. The document also outlines the microoperations for fetch and decode cycles and interrupt cycles in interrupt driven data transfer, noting how the interrupt enable flip flop (IEN) allows the computer to be interrupted when set to 1.
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Operating system 03 handling of interrupts
Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines
Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction
A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request
An operating system is interrupt driven
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Get a detailed description of what interrupts are in actual and what is polling and their comparison.
Lect02
A PLC contains an operating system that allows for downloading and executing user programs, communicating with I/O modules and other PLCs, and holding configuration data. A PLC retains its operating system, user programs, and some data in retentive memory even when power is removed. A PLC executes programs through a repeated scan cycle of input, program execution, and output steps. During input scan, data is collected from input modules and stored in an input image area. During program execution, the input image is used and the program is run to update the output image area. During output scan, data in the output image area is sent to output modules.
Interrupt presentaion
The document discusses interrupts, which occur when a process is executing on the CPU and another process requests to run. This interrupts the running process. There are three main types of interrupts: internal, external, and software interrupts. The interrupt cycle involves suspending the current process, saving its context, running the interrupt handler, restoring context, and continuing the original process. Interrupts are prioritized, with hardware commands having the highest priority and I/O devices the lowest. This priority scheme allows more important interrupts to preempt lower priority ones.
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The Functions of the Operating System
The operating system manages processes in five states: running, ready, blocked, new, and exit. Processes can be suspended to two additional states when swapped from RAM to disk memory due to the processor being faster than input/output. This leads to blocked/suspended and ready/suspended states. Reasons for suspending processes include swapping to free memory, troubleshooting hanging processes, user requests, timing requirements, and interactions between parent and child processes.
Interrupt
Interrupts allow input/output devices to alert the processor when they are ready. When an interrupt request occurs, the processor saves its context and jumps to an interrupt service routine. It then acknowledges the interrupt and restores its context before returning to the original instruction. Processors have mechanisms for prioritizing interrupts and enabling/disabling them to avoid infinite loops or unintended requests.
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This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. A deadlock occurs when all processes are blocked from accessing resources and communicating due to resource deficiencies or conflicts. Resources can be consumable, used by only one process and then depleted; sharable, used by multiple processes simultaneously; or serially reusable, used by one process at a time but not depleted. For a deadlock to occur there must be mutual exclusion of resources, a hold and wait condition, no preemption of resources, and a circular wait chain of processes. Operating systems aim to prevent deadlocks through careful resource management and include recovery systems in case a deadlock still occurs.
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Operating system 03 handling of interrupts
Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines
Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction
A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request
An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupts in CPU
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Lect02
A PLC contains an operating system that allows for downloading and executing user programs, communicating with I/O modules and other PLCs, and holding configuration data. A PLC retains its operating system, user programs, and some data in retentive memory even when power is removed. A PLC executes programs through a repeated scan cycle of input, program execution, and output steps. During input scan, data is collected from input modules and stored in an input image area. During program execution, the input image is used and the program is run to update the output image area. During output scan, data in the output image area is sent to output modules.
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The document discusses interrupts, which occur when a process is executing on the CPU and another process requests to run. This interrupts the running process. There are three main types of interrupts: internal, external, and software interrupts. The interrupt cycle involves suspending the current process, saving its context, running the interrupt handler, restoring context, and continuing the original process. Interrupts are prioritized, with hardware commands having the highest priority and I/O devices the lowest. This priority scheme allows more important interrupts to preempt lower priority ones.
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The operating system manages processes in five states: running, ready, blocked, new, and exit. Processes can be suspended to two additional states when swapped from RAM to disk memory due to the processor being faster than input/output. This leads to blocked/suspended and ready/suspended states. Reasons for suspending processes include swapping to free memory, troubleshooting hanging processes, user requests, timing requirements, and interactions between parent and child processes.
Interrupt
Interrupts allow input/output devices to alert the processor when they are ready. When an interrupt request occurs, the processor saves its context and jumps to an interrupt service routine. It then acknowledges the interrupt and restores its context before returning to the original instruction. Processors have mechanisms for prioritizing interrupts and enabling/disabling them to avoid infinite loops or unintended requests.
The Functions of the Operating System
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. A deadlock occurs when all processes are blocked from accessing resources and communicating due to resource deficiencies or conflicts. Resources can be consumable, used by only one process and then depleted; sharable, used by multiple processes simultaneously; or serially reusable, used by one process at a time but not depleted. For a deadlock to occur there must be mutual exclusion of resources, a hold and wait condition, no preemption of resources, and a circular wait chain of processes. Operating systems aim to prevent deadlocks through careful resource management and include recovery systems in case a deadlock still occurs.
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This document discusses interrupts, which are unexpected hardware-initiated subroutine calls that temporarily suspend program execution. There are different types of interrupts, including external, internal, software, and hardware interrupts. Interrupts are used for input/output data transfers with peripheral devices, emergency situations, event-driven programs, and real-time applications. When an interrupt occurs, the processor's status is saved and it branches to an interrupt service routine to handle the interrupt before returning to the main program.
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The document describes operating system interrupts and their functions. There are several types of interrupts including those generated by running processes, input/output interrupts, external interrupts, and restart interrupts. The interrupt cycle involves the processor checking for interrupts and suspending the current program to activate an interrupt handler routine if an interrupt is pending. Interrupts allow for modifications to a program's flow of control to handle unplanned events and activities through interrupt service routines.
Interrupts ppt
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INTERRUPTS
Interrupts are signals that cause the computer's main program to stop and handle the interrupt request. There are different types of interrupts including program errors, timers, and I/O devices. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU saves its state, executes the interrupt handler, then restores its state and continues the original program. Interrupts allow external events and errors to be handled transparently without disrupting program execution.
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CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture Session 15 program control.pptxAsst.prof M.Gokilavani
This document summarizes the topics covered in session 15 of the CS304PC course on computer organization and architecture. It discusses general register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, data transfer and manipulation, and program control. Specifically, it describes status registers, condition codes, and how program control instructions like branches, jumps, skips, calls and returns use condition codes to control program flow. It also covers program interrupts, defining external, internal, and software interrupts and providing examples of each type.MODES OF TRANSFER.pptx
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Lect15 organization
The document discusses different aspects of computer organization including program control, program control instructions, status bit conditions, program interrupts, types of interrupts, CISC and RISC computers. It provides details on how the program counter controls instruction execution flow and how program control instructions can alter this flow. It also describes status bit registers, different types of interrupts including external, internal and software interrupts. Finally, it outlines the key characteristics of CISC and RISC computer architectures.
Operatingsystems lecture2
Multiprogramming, multithreading, multiprocessing, and multitasking are techniques used in modern operating systems to improve efficiency. Multiprogramming allows multiple processes to reside in memory simultaneously. This improves CPU utilization by enabling context switching between processes during input/output wait times. Multithreading further increases concurrency by allowing multiple threads to be executed within a process. Multiprocessing uses multiple CPUs to concurrently run multiple processes and threads. Multitasking provides an environment where users can run multiple applications simultaneously.
Microprocessor_IO Interfacing.ppt
This document discusses interface definitions and data transfer schemes. It defines an interface as a shared boundary between system elements that allows for input/output communication via signals and protocols. Interface devices meet interface specifications on one side. Data transfer schemes refer to the method of transferring data between a processor and peripheral devices, and include programmed and direct memory access transfers. Programmed transfers involve small data amounts using I/O instructions, while direct memory access allows large block transfers without processor involvement.
Building Cultural Awareness through EmotionPresented By Team .docx
Building Cultural Awareness through Emotion
Presented By: Team A
Psy450 - Diversity and
Cultural Factors
in Psychology
9/21/15
Stefanie Krasner
Introduction
Make Effective Presentations
Using Awesome Backgrounds
Engage your Audience
Capture Audience Attention
Understanding Chinese Culture
Make Effective Presentations
Using Awesome Backgrounds
Engage your Audience
Capture Audience Attention
The Human Being and Emotion
Product A
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Product B
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
The Human Being and Emotion
Make Effective Presentations
Using Awesome Backgrounds
Engage your Audience
Capture Audience Attention
Universality of Emotion
Product A
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Product B
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Universality of Emotion
Make Effective Presentations
Using Awesome Backgrounds
Engage your Audience
Capture Audience Attention
Cultural Difference in Emotion
Product A
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Product B
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Cultural Differences in Emotion
Make Effective Presentations
Using Awesome Backgrounds
Engage your Audience
Capture Audience Attention
Cultural Awareness and Effective Communications
Product A
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Product B
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Cultural Awareness and Effective Communications
Make Effective Presentations
Using Awesome Backgrounds
Engage your Audience
Capture Audience Attention
Conclusion
Product A
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Product B
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
References
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2013). Culture and psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
References
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2013). Culture and psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
References
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2013). Culture and psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Ch 3 PLCs and Processing I/O 1
Chapter 3 PLCs and Processing I/O
Introduction
After an introduction of PLCs in chapter one, various characteristics of the PLC need to be
discussed. The purpose now is to discuss what parts constitute a modern PLC and how these
parts interface. The topology of a PLC system is also discussed as to how PLCs are distributed
in a manufacturing environment to best control a process efficiently.
Since each is electronic and operates using one or more microprocessors, a 5 volt power supply
and CPU (central processing unit) are the core of the PLC. Included in the CPU is a computer
with memory and communications hardware to communicate to a programming panel, the I/O,
and to a network which is either peer-to-peer or a multimode network.
Many PLC vendors divide the work of the PLC between multiple microprocessors with
coordination handled by a master microprocessor. One processor may be assigned to handle the
I/O. Another may handle the networking and communication to the pro ...
Lecture1,2,3 (1).pdf
The operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. Its primary goals are to execute user programs, coordinate access to physical resources like the CPU and memory, and make the computer system convenient to use. The operating system controls and coordinates hardware use among applications and users. It manages resources like CPU time and memory allocation to ensure efficient and fair use between processes. The operating system also protects the system through dual-mode operation separating user programs from kernel programs.
Data transfer system
This document discusses different techniques for transferring data between a microprocessor and input/output (I/O) devices. It describes synchronous and asynchronous data transfer formats. It also discusses parallel and serial modes of data transfer. The document outlines different schemes for microprocessor-controlled data transfer, including programmed and interrupt-driven transfers. It notes the limitations of these approaches. Finally, it introduces device-controlled data transfer using direct memory access (DMA), which improves transfer speeds by bypassing the microprocessor. DMA transfer operation and different DMA transfer types are also summarized.
Input-Output Modules
The document discusses input-output (I/O) modules in computers. It explains that I/O modules play a crucial role in allowing communication between a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and external devices. I/O modules connect devices to the computer's system bus and control the exchange of data between devices and main memory or the CPU. They help address issues like differing data formats and speeds between devices and the CPU. The document outlines various I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA) that use I/O modules to facilitate input and output.
Introduction to Interfacing Technique
A well designed flexible interfaces will be required to ensure compatibility and extend design options.
Modes of transfer - Computer Organization & Architecture - Nithiyapriya Pasav...
The document discusses three modes of data transfer between the central processing unit (CPU) and input/output (I/O) devices: programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O requires the CPU to continuously monitor the I/O device for data readiness, slowing performance. Interrupt-initiated I/O allows the I/O device to generate interrupts when ready, pausing the CPU to service transfers. DMA bypasses the CPU by allowing direct memory access between I/O devices and memory, speeding large data transfers.
Input output organization (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of asynchronous data transfer methods in computer organization and architecture. It discusses four types of asynchronous data transfer: source initiated without handshaking, destination initiated without handshaking, source initiated with handshaking, and destination initiated with handshaking. It also covers programmed I/O, interrupts, direct memory access (DMA), and their applications in computer systems.
Computer architecture presentation
This document summarizes input/output structures and interrupts in a computer system. It describes peripheral devices, interfaces for communication between the CPU and peripherals, and different modes of data transfer including programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access. It also discusses I/O processors that handle input/output tasks, how interrupts work to signal the CPU when a device needs attention, different types of interrupts, and daisy chaining to determine interrupt priority when multiple devices request service simultaneously.
Modes of data transfer.computer architecture.
This document presents a summary of three modes of data transfer - programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O uses CPU instructions to monitor data transfer between CPU registers and peripherals. Interrupt-initiated I/O uses interrupts to inform the CPU when devices are ready to transfer data. DMA allows devices to access memory directly using bus request/grant signals, leaving the CPU free to perform other tasks. The document compares the three modes and references additional online sources for information.
IRJET-Concurrency Control Model for Distributed Database
Ranjana Jhala, Kamaljit I. Lakhtaria and Sanjay Gaur. "Concurrency Control Model for Distributed Database", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
Nowadays, distributed Databases have taken concentration in the database research. Data distribution and replication offer opportunities for improving performance through parallel query execution and load balancing as well as increasing the availability of data. These opportunities have played a major role in motivating the design of the current generation of database machines. The purpose of this study is to propose an approach that absolutely increases the performance of real-time distributed data service. The centralized real time database is based on critical closed loop control system. To overcome this problem we proposed a model/ system called user control distributed database model which try to stimulate the overload transaction during run time. Therefore the present system will be a step towards fulfill the needs of critical conditions like overload or run-time errors in context of distributed database system.
Operating system
1. Single partition allocation allocates memory such that the operating system resides in lower memory and user processes in higher memory. Limit and relocation registers protect processes. Multiple partition allocation divides memory into partitions, with each process allocated one partition.
2. A process control block (PCB) contains process state, scheduling information, registers, and memory allocation details. Useful PCB information includes the program counter, I/O status, process state like ready or running, accounting data, and CPU registers.
3. Preemptive scheduling interrupts running lower priority processes to run higher priority ones, like round robin. Non-preemptive scheduling runs processes to completion without interruption, like first-come first-
introduction to computer system
This document provides an introduction to computer systems and concepts related to program execution, interrupts, traps, instruction sets, I/O functions, compilers, interpreters, linkers, data representations, and bits and bytes. It discusses how programs are executed by loading code into memory and interacting with users or devices. Interrupts and traps are defined as mechanisms for notifying the operating system of external or internal events. The different types of instructions, interrupts, and compiler functions are also outlined.
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CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture Session 15 program control.pptx
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In Focus_ The Evolution of Boudoir Photography in NYC.pdf
In Focus_ The Evolution of Boudoir Photography in NYC.pdfBoudoir Photography by Your Hollywood Portrait
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Dpboss Satta Matka Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Satta ...
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All the images mentioned in 'See What You're Missing'
All the images mentioned in 'See What You're Missing'
Fed by curiosity and beauty - Remembering Myrsine Zorba
Fed by curiosity and beauty - Remembering Myrsine Zorba
Ealing London Independent Photography meeting - June 2024
Ealing London Independent Photography meeting - June 2024
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Fashionista Chic Couture Mazes and Coloring AdventureA
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Heart Touching Romantic Love Shayari In English with Images
storyboard: Victor and Verlin discussing about top hat
storyboard: Victor and Verlin discussing about top hat
My storyboard for a sword fight scene with lightsabers
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In Focus_ The Evolution of Boudoir Photography in NYC.pdf
In Focus_ The Evolution of Boudoir Photography in NYC.pdf
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➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Dpboss Satta Matka Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Satta ...
Lect10 organization
- 1. 11/11/2014 1 Computer Organization Instructors : Dr. Abdul Raouf Khan Mr.Marwan El-Haj Program Interrupts The data transfer from/ to input/output devices, which uses checking the input/output flag is called programmed data transfer. In this scheme the computer time is wasted by checking flags instead of doing some useful work.
- 2. 11/11/2014 2 Program Interrupts The data transfer scheme in which an external device informs the computer, when it is ready for the transfer of data, by interrupting the computer, is called Interrupt driven data transfer. While the computer is running a program, it does not check the flag. However, when a flag is set, the computer is momentarily interrupted from proceeding with the current program. Program Interrupts In our Basic computer, the interrupt driven data transfer scheme can be implemented with the help of IEN flip flop. If IEN =0, the computer cannot be interrupted If IEN =1, the computer is interrupted The following flow chart summarizes the schemes
- 3. 11/11/2014 3 Modified Fetch & decode cycle The microoperation for fetch and decode phase will now be specified as R’T0 : AR PC R’T1 : IR M[AR], PC PC + 1 R’T2 : D0 D7 Decode IR(12-14),AR IR(0-11), I IR(15)
- 4. 11/11/2014 4 Interrupt cycle microoperation The micro-operation for interrupt phase is specified as – RT0 : AR 0, TR PC – RT1 : M[AR] TR, PC 0 – RT2 : PC PC +1, IEN 0, R 0, SC 0 When R is set to 1?