Layering
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•1,909 views
This slide was used to teaching TSEE (technical class 10) at Bishaltar https://www.linkedin.com/in/prashantbhandari-pmamp/
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
CANOPY MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT CROPS.ppt
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Canopy management & pruning of fruits trees
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
Taining and pruning in horticultural crops
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
floral biology of temperate fruit crop
knowledge about floral morphology of any crop is a prerequisite for successful breeding programme as well as for higher production.
Grafting and its types in fruit crops
This document discusses various budding and grafting methods used in horticulture. It defines budding and grafting, lists their benefits, and describes several common techniques. Budding methods covered include shield budding, patch budding, chip budding, ring budding, and modified ring budding. Grafting methods discussed are veneer grafting, whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and bridge grafting. The document also addresses factors like budwood selection and season that influence budding and grafting success. A case study example demonstrates how grafting can boost plant growth, increase stress tolerance, and provide resistance to pathogens.
Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops
Recent advances and commercial propagation techniques in fruit crops are discussed. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture are described as they allow for reproducing exact duplicates of desirable plants and increasing quality. Tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is highlighted as it provides a rapid means of clonally propagating plants using small explants in sterile culture.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mango
1. The document summarizes the floral biology of mango, including its classification, inflorescence, flower structure, pollination, selfing and crossing techniques.
2. Mango flowers contain both male and hermaphrodite flowers arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Pollination is entomophilous, relying on insects like house flies.
3. Traditional techniques for selfing and crossing involve bagging panicles and manually removing stamens or brushing pollen, while caging uses insect-proof cages with grafted plants to allow natural pollination.
Layering propagation
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Recommended
CANOPY MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT CROPS.ppt
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Canopy management & pruning of fruits trees
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
Taining and pruning in horticultural crops
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
floral biology of temperate fruit crop
knowledge about floral morphology of any crop is a prerequisite for successful breeding programme as well as for higher production.
Grafting and its types in fruit crops
This document discusses various budding and grafting methods used in horticulture. It defines budding and grafting, lists their benefits, and describes several common techniques. Budding methods covered include shield budding, patch budding, chip budding, ring budding, and modified ring budding. Grafting methods discussed are veneer grafting, whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and bridge grafting. The document also addresses factors like budwood selection and season that influence budding and grafting success. A case study example demonstrates how grafting can boost plant growth, increase stress tolerance, and provide resistance to pathogens.
Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops
Recent advances and commercial propagation techniques in fruit crops are discussed. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture are described as they allow for reproducing exact duplicates of desirable plants and increasing quality. Tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is highlighted as it provides a rapid means of clonally propagating plants using small explants in sterile culture.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mango
1. The document summarizes the floral biology of mango, including its classification, inflorescence, flower structure, pollination, selfing and crossing techniques.
2. Mango flowers contain both male and hermaphrodite flowers arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Pollination is entomophilous, relying on insects like house flies.
3. Traditional techniques for selfing and crossing involve bagging panicles and manually removing stamens or brushing pollen, while caging uses insect-proof cages with grafted plants to allow natural pollination.
Layering propagation
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Plant propagation
Plant propagation, Plant propagation methods, Types of Plant propagation, Advantages of vegetative propagation, Recommended Propagation Techniques for Fruit Crops
Advances in production technology of cucurbits
1. The document discusses advances in production technology for cucurbit crops such as cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, and sponge gourd. It covers their introduction, nutritional value, commonly grown types, cultivation practices including climate, soil preparation, manure and fertilizer use, and sowing.
2. Harvesting techniques and post-harvest storage conditions are described for different cucurbit crops. Important vegetable varieties are listed along with their traits. Production constraints and the role of plant growth regulators in inducing flowering and increasing yields are also covered.
3. Experimental findings on the effects of seed orientation on bottle gourd germination and yield, and the influence of growth regulators on
Canopy Management in High Density Orchards of Temperate Region
Canopy management practices different type advance training system, Prunning practices , Dwarfing rootstock, PGRs etc
Carrot seed production
Carrots have the botanical name Daucus carota and are native to Europe and southwest Asia. There are two main methods for carrot seed production - root-to-seed and seed-to-seed. The root-to-seed method involves growing mature carrot roots in one season, selecting healthy roots, and transplanting them to grow seeds. Multiple inspections and roguing of plants is required to maintain high quality. Carrots are cross-pollinated and honeybees are effective pollen vectors. Isolation distances of at least 1000m for foundation seeds and 800m for certified seeds must be maintained.
Canopy types
This document discusses different canopy types and structures for fruit trees, with an emphasis on geometry of planting. It describes several common tree shapes including columnar, pyramidal/conical, vase-shaped, round/oval, spreading/open, and weeping. It then discusses how pruning and training can be used to establish different tree forms to increase yield, enhance fruit quality, and optimize planting density. Several specific fruit tree forms are defined such as bush, standard, pyramidal, spindlebush, cordon, espalier, and fan. Yield and spacing recommendations are provided for different forms of apples, pears, and stone fruits. The document concludes with a discussion of tree shaping strategies for higher density mango orchards
Environmental factors affecting seed development and maturation
The document discusses various climatic and environmental factors that affect seed development and quality in crops. It states that moderate temperatures are required for flowering and pollination to produce good seeds, while high temperatures can cause poor pollen development and seed set. Excessive rainfall, humidity, or winds can damage seeds and cause losses. Nutrition, soil moisture, and plant hormones also influence seed maturation and quality. Proper management practices like weed control are necessary to optimize seed production.
Canopy management through plant growth inhibitors
definition of plant harmones , inhibitors, retardants and their application on fruit canopy management with examples apple mango litchietc.
Advanced production technology of pear
Pyrus communis, known as European pear, is native to central and eastern Europe. Pear is grown under temperate and subtropical conditions in India, primarily in hills of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh. Pears grow best in deep, well-drained, fertile soil with a neutral pH of 6.0-7.5. Common varieties include Bartlett, Conference, and Comice. Pears are propagated through budding, grafting, and rootstocks. Proper training, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting and postharvest handling are required for good production.
Meadow orchrad in_guava
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
Seed control order 1983
The document outlines procedures for seed sampling and analysis in India. It specifies minimum sampling intensities for seeds stored in bulk or bags. For bulk seeds, a minimum of 5 samples are required up to 500 kg, increasing to 10 samples for lots over 20,000 kg. For bagged seeds, every container must be sampled for lots up to 5 bags, every 3 containers for 6-30 bags, and every 5 containers for lots over 30 bags. Samples must be properly sealed, labeled with details, and sent to notified seed testing laboratories within 60 days.
High density planting apple
This document discusses high density planting (HDP) of apple trees. HDP involves planting a greater number of trees per unit area to increase fruit production. Key aspects covered include:
- Types of HDP systems ranging from semi-intensive to super-intensive with thousands of trees per hectare.
- Components of successful HDP include use of dwarfing rootstocks, pruning, and crop management practices.
- Advantages are best land and resource use, higher yields, and easier harvesting.
- Training systems discussed include bush, pyramid, espalier, and cordon styles to manage tree canopy in dense orchards.
Role of rootstocks in horticultural crops
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Weed classification Reproduction and dissemination
This document provides information on the classification, reproduction, and dissemination of weeds. It discusses various ways of classifying weeds based on morphology, life cycle, origin, and other factors. It also describes the sexual and asexual reproduction of weeds through seeds and vegetative structures. Finally, it mentions that weed seeds must disseminate to safe locations to germinate and establish as seedlings in order to pass on genetic material to future generations.
Gerbera.pptx
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Canopy management in fruits
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
Layering
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals
This document provides information on the identification and characteristics of various annual flower plants. It begins by defining annuals as plants that complete their life cycle within one growing season. It then provides tables with the botanical name, family, height, color, and uses of over 50 different annual flower varieties. These include calendula, pansies, petunia, zinnia, and sunflower. The document emphasizes the importance of color selection for bedding and describes how different color combinations can create different visual effects.
Coconut breeding
The document discusses coconut breeding and improvement. It describes the classification of coconut varieties into tall and dwarf types based on growth characteristics. Mass selection and hybridization techniques are used for coconut breeding. Important hybrid combinations tried include dwarf x dwarf, tall x dwarf, and tall x tall crosses. Tall x dwarf hybrids exhibit heterosis and possess desirable traits like early bearing and higher productivity.
Plant propagation
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
Floral biology of Okra
This document summarizes the floral biology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Okra is an erect, herbaceous annual plant originating from tropical Asia and Africa that grows 1-2 meters tall. It produces solitary, axillary flowers with yellow petals and crimson spots. The flowers have 5 united stamens, superior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Pollination is primarily by insects, though self-pollination can occur at a rate of 19%. Fertilization takes place within 2-6 hours of pollination.
Propagation methods in plants
1. The document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding.
2. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds which has advantages like producing hardier plants but disadvantages like offspring not being true-to-type.
3. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding allow for true-to-type reproduction and are used when seeds are not viable options.
4. Specific techniques for each method are described including rooting stem cuttings, layering branches in the soil, grafting using approaches like wedge grafting, and b
Plant Propagation
There are two main categories of plant propagation: sexual and asexual. Sexual propagation involves propagating plants from seeds which is simple and cheap but takes a long time to produce fruits. Asexual propagation, such as air layering, budding, and grafting, ensures the desirable traits of the parent plant are retained and that plants bear fruits earlier. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both sexual and asexual propagation methods.
More Related Content
What's hot
Plant propagation
Plant propagation, Plant propagation methods, Types of Plant propagation, Advantages of vegetative propagation, Recommended Propagation Techniques for Fruit Crops
Advances in production technology of cucurbits
1. The document discusses advances in production technology for cucurbit crops such as cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, and sponge gourd. It covers their introduction, nutritional value, commonly grown types, cultivation practices including climate, soil preparation, manure and fertilizer use, and sowing.
2. Harvesting techniques and post-harvest storage conditions are described for different cucurbit crops. Important vegetable varieties are listed along with their traits. Production constraints and the role of plant growth regulators in inducing flowering and increasing yields are also covered.
3. Experimental findings on the effects of seed orientation on bottle gourd germination and yield, and the influence of growth regulators on
Canopy Management in High Density Orchards of Temperate Region
Canopy management practices different type advance training system, Prunning practices , Dwarfing rootstock, PGRs etc
Carrot seed production
Carrots have the botanical name Daucus carota and are native to Europe and southwest Asia. There are two main methods for carrot seed production - root-to-seed and seed-to-seed. The root-to-seed method involves growing mature carrot roots in one season, selecting healthy roots, and transplanting them to grow seeds. Multiple inspections and roguing of plants is required to maintain high quality. Carrots are cross-pollinated and honeybees are effective pollen vectors. Isolation distances of at least 1000m for foundation seeds and 800m for certified seeds must be maintained.
Canopy types
This document discusses different canopy types and structures for fruit trees, with an emphasis on geometry of planting. It describes several common tree shapes including columnar, pyramidal/conical, vase-shaped, round/oval, spreading/open, and weeping. It then discusses how pruning and training can be used to establish different tree forms to increase yield, enhance fruit quality, and optimize planting density. Several specific fruit tree forms are defined such as bush, standard, pyramidal, spindlebush, cordon, espalier, and fan. Yield and spacing recommendations are provided for different forms of apples, pears, and stone fruits. The document concludes with a discussion of tree shaping strategies for higher density mango orchards
Environmental factors affecting seed development and maturation
The document discusses various climatic and environmental factors that affect seed development and quality in crops. It states that moderate temperatures are required for flowering and pollination to produce good seeds, while high temperatures can cause poor pollen development and seed set. Excessive rainfall, humidity, or winds can damage seeds and cause losses. Nutrition, soil moisture, and plant hormones also influence seed maturation and quality. Proper management practices like weed control are necessary to optimize seed production.
Canopy management through plant growth inhibitors
definition of plant harmones , inhibitors, retardants and their application on fruit canopy management with examples apple mango litchietc.
Advanced production technology of pear
Pyrus communis, known as European pear, is native to central and eastern Europe. Pear is grown under temperate and subtropical conditions in India, primarily in hills of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh. Pears grow best in deep, well-drained, fertile soil with a neutral pH of 6.0-7.5. Common varieties include Bartlett, Conference, and Comice. Pears are propagated through budding, grafting, and rootstocks. Proper training, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting and postharvest handling are required for good production.
Meadow orchrad in_guava
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
Seed control order 1983
The document outlines procedures for seed sampling and analysis in India. It specifies minimum sampling intensities for seeds stored in bulk or bags. For bulk seeds, a minimum of 5 samples are required up to 500 kg, increasing to 10 samples for lots over 20,000 kg. For bagged seeds, every container must be sampled for lots up to 5 bags, every 3 containers for 6-30 bags, and every 5 containers for lots over 30 bags. Samples must be properly sealed, labeled with details, and sent to notified seed testing laboratories within 60 days.
High density planting apple
This document discusses high density planting (HDP) of apple trees. HDP involves planting a greater number of trees per unit area to increase fruit production. Key aspects covered include:
- Types of HDP systems ranging from semi-intensive to super-intensive with thousands of trees per hectare.
- Components of successful HDP include use of dwarfing rootstocks, pruning, and crop management practices.
- Advantages are best land and resource use, higher yields, and easier harvesting.
- Training systems discussed include bush, pyramid, espalier, and cordon styles to manage tree canopy in dense orchards.
Role of rootstocks in horticultural crops
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Weed classification Reproduction and dissemination
This document provides information on the classification, reproduction, and dissemination of weeds. It discusses various ways of classifying weeds based on morphology, life cycle, origin, and other factors. It also describes the sexual and asexual reproduction of weeds through seeds and vegetative structures. Finally, it mentions that weed seeds must disseminate to safe locations to germinate and establish as seedlings in order to pass on genetic material to future generations.
Gerbera.pptx
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Canopy management in fruits
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
Layering
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals
This document provides information on the identification and characteristics of various annual flower plants. It begins by defining annuals as plants that complete their life cycle within one growing season. It then provides tables with the botanical name, family, height, color, and uses of over 50 different annual flower varieties. These include calendula, pansies, petunia, zinnia, and sunflower. The document emphasizes the importance of color selection for bedding and describes how different color combinations can create different visual effects.
Coconut breeding
The document discusses coconut breeding and improvement. It describes the classification of coconut varieties into tall and dwarf types based on growth characteristics. Mass selection and hybridization techniques are used for coconut breeding. Important hybrid combinations tried include dwarf x dwarf, tall x dwarf, and tall x tall crosses. Tall x dwarf hybrids exhibit heterosis and possess desirable traits like early bearing and higher productivity.
Plant propagation
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, division, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including defining key terms and outlining the basic process. The goal of plant propagation is to multiply plants of the same species while maintaining desirable traits.
Floral biology of Okra
This document summarizes the floral biology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Okra is an erect, herbaceous annual plant originating from tropical Asia and Africa that grows 1-2 meters tall. It produces solitary, axillary flowers with yellow petals and crimson spots. The flowers have 5 united stamens, superior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Pollination is primarily by insects, though self-pollination can occur at a rate of 19%. Fertilization takes place within 2-6 hours of pollination.
What's hot (20)
Canopy Management in High Density Orchards of Temperate Region
Canopy Management in High Density Orchards of Temperate Region
Environmental factors affecting seed development and maturation
Environmental factors affecting seed development and maturation
Weed classification Reproduction and dissemination
Weed classification Reproduction and dissemination
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals
Similar to Layering
Propagation methods in plants
1. The document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding.
2. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds which has advantages like producing hardier plants but disadvantages like offspring not being true-to-type.
3. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding allow for true-to-type reproduction and are used when seeds are not viable options.
4. Specific techniques for each method are described including rooting stem cuttings, layering branches in the soil, grafting using approaches like wedge grafting, and b
Plant Propagation
There are two main categories of plant propagation: sexual and asexual. Sexual propagation involves propagating plants from seeds which is simple and cheap but takes a long time to produce fruits. Asexual propagation, such as air layering, budding, and grafting, ensures the desirable traits of the parent plant are retained and that plants bear fruits earlier. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both sexual and asexual propagation methods.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 2 method of plant propagation and planning orchard
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation, including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative structures and cuttings. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds, which allows for variation but offspring may not be true-to-type. Asexual propagation methods discussed include stem cuttings, layering techniques like simple layering and mound layering, and grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
propagation-1_compressed.quick guide .pdf
Propagation short note for quick revision includes quick recap
Plant propagation methodologies
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
Plant propagation methodologies
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propagation
NURSERY MANGEMENT IN FLORICULTURE ppt.pptx
This document discusses nursery management in floriculture. It defines a nursery and explains the importance of nurseries for propagating planting material. It covers site selection, soil preparation, watering, and drainage requirements for establishing a nursery. The document also describes different types of nurseries based on duration and plant produce. It discusses various propagation methods like sexual propagation using seeds and spores, and vegetative propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Finally, it covers harvesting, packaging, storage and marketing of nursery stock.
Germination
Germination is the process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout under the right conditions. There are two main types of germination - epigeal, where the cotyledons are pushed above ground, and hypogeal, where the cotyledons remain underground. Germination requires proper temperature, moisture, oxygen levels, and sometimes light or a period of cold. Seeds can exhibit dormancy due to an underdeveloped embryo, hard seed coat, or other internal and external factors, preventing germination until certain conditions are met.
CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION.pptx
This document discusses the cultivation, collection, and storage of crude drugs from natural origins. It covers various methods of propagating medicinal plants including vegetative propagation, sexual propagation, and micropropagation. It describes how to properly collect, harvest, dry, and store crude drugs to ensure the best quality. Factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants are also discussed such as light, temperature, soil, and water.
Agri-crop Production (Propagation techniques)
plant propagation is the Process of multiplying or increasing the number of the same species and at the same time perpetuating their desirable characteristics
AmodiaGwynn_I._(Lesson_2_-_Asexual_Plant_Propagation).pdf
This document discusses different methods of asexual plant propagation including marcotting, grafting, and inarching. It provides pros and cons of asexual propagation, describing how plants can grow faster but there is no genetic variability. Specific propagation techniques are outlined, including cuttings, division, tissue culture, and layering. Grafting is explained in depth, with different grafting types listed and their advantages discussed such as establishing plantations quickly and renewing old trees. Inarching is described as a grafting method used when plant stems are damaged. The document concludes by listing some common plants grafted like mango, guava, and flowering shrubs.
Forest regeneration
This document provides an introduction to forest regeneration, including natural and artificial regeneration methods. It discusses:
- Natural regeneration can occur through seed dispersal, coppicing from tree stumps, or root suckers. Factors like seed production, dispersal, germination, and establishment influence natural regeneration.
- Artificial regeneration methods include sowing seeds or planting seedlings. Choice of species, site selection, regeneration method (sowing vs. planting), spacing, and work organization are important preliminary considerations.
- Sowing involves scattering seeds over the ground while planting refers to direct placement of seeds or seedlings. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to costs, seedling survival rates, and forest establishment times
ASEXUAL PROPAGATION.pptx
This document discusses various methods of asexual plant propagation including grafting, budding, layering, and taking cuttings. Grafting involves joining plant parts such as the stock and scion to produce a new plant. Budding uses a single detached bud. Layering roots a stem while still attached to the parent plant. Cuttings are stem, leaf, or root portions placed under conditions to form new roots. The document provides details on specific techniques for each method and their advantages such as reproducing desired varieties or combating disease.
Seed and different methods of sowing
This document discusses seed characteristics, germination, sowing methods, and crop density and geometry. It provides definitions and details on:
1. The key parts and functions of seeds. Good quality seeds are genetically pure, free from impurities, have high germination rates, and are healthy.
2. The two main types of germination - epigeal and hypogeal. Methods of sowing seeds including broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting.
3. How crop density and geometry influence plant growth and yields. Crop geometry refers to the shape of space for individual plants, such as square, rectangular, or triangular patterns. Crop density and geometry impact light interception, root growth
Layering and grafting
Layering and grafting are vegetative propagation techniques for native plants. Layering involves bending stems to the ground to form roots while still attached to the mother plant, providing advantages like less maintenance than cuttings. Grafting joins parts from two plants so they grow as one, allowing benefits like changing varieties or taking advantage of particular rootstocks. Both techniques can help propagate native species when resources are limited.
Natural Regeneration of few tree species
An increasingly industrialized global economy, rapid population growth, land degradation, land use pattern and role of various human activities have led to dramatically increased the pressure on the natural resources such as the available land for sustaining the livelihoods, and with over exploitation and extraction of the natural resources the ecosystems are becoming unsustainable and fragile since last century. The forest and tree cover of India is 78.92 million ha, accounting
for 24.01 per cent of the geographical area. But due to biotic disturbances such as over-grazing, deforestation, shifting cultivation and etc. also effect on regeneration of tree species inside and out side of the forest area.
Asextual production ppt
Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce without the involvement of gametes or sex. In asexual reproduction, offspring are genetically identical to the parent. In plants, asexual reproduction occurs through various vegetative propagation methods like budding, binary fission, spore formation, and the growth of vegetative plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, and bulbs. Common examples of vegetative propagation include the growth of potatoes from eyes, ginger from rhizomes, and mint from horizontal stems. Cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture are also artificial methods used in vegetative plant propagation. Asexual reproduction allows for faster reproduction and the preservation of desirable traits, but also makes organisms more vulnerable to diseases.
Cultivation methods.pptx.pdf#pharmacogno
The document discusses cultivation and propagation of crude drugs. It describes the advantages of cultivating medicinal plants which include ensuring quality, purity and regular supply. Cultivation also allows application of modern technologies and leads to industrialization. The document also mentions the disadvantages of high costs and losses due to ecological factors. It then covers methods of propagation including asexual vegetative methods like cutting, layering and grafting, and sexual propagation through seeds. Pretreatments to improve seed germination are also outlined.
How do organisms reproduce part 1 (Asexual Reproduction)
The document discusses various modes of reproduction in organisms. It explains that reproduction allows for the survival and increase of species by producing new individuals. It describes asexual reproduction methods like binary fission, budding, regeneration, fragmentation, and spore formation which involve a single parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents. The document also discusses the importance of variation during reproduction for species survival and evolution.
Similar to Layering (20)
B.sc. agri i po h unit 2 method of plant propagation and planning orchard
B.sc. agri i po h unit 2 method of plant propagation and planning orchard
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
AmodiaGwynn_I._(Lesson_2_-_Asexual_Plant_Propagation).pdf
AmodiaGwynn_I._(Lesson_2_-_Asexual_Plant_Propagation).pdf
How do organisms reproduce part 1 (Asexual Reproduction)
How do organisms reproduce part 1 (Asexual Reproduction)
More from Prashant Bhandari
Prashant presentation
This document presents a research study on the financial and institutional analysis of vegetable cooperatives in Dhading district of Nepal. The study aims to analyze the financial performance, organizational efficiency, and member opinions of 9 vegetable cooperatives through quantitative and qualitative methods. Key findings include most cooperatives being in early stages of growth transition, poor market linkages reported, lower profit ratios and higher operating ratios found in financial analysis, and mixed member views on transparency though majority agreed cooperatives benefitted them. The study utilized surveys, interviews, focus groups, financial ratios, and institutional assessments to analyze constraints and performance of the cooperatives.
Market promotion workshop pmamap prashantbhandari
A presenattion made during Market promotion workshop organised by PMAMP , Vegetable Zone Dhading (in nepali)
Hanging basket
This slide was used to teaching TSEE (technical class 10) at Bishaltar.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/prashantbhandari-pmamp/
Preparation of seed bed
This slide was used to teaching TSEE (technical class 10) at Bishaltar
https://www.linkedin.com/in/prashantbhandari-pmamp/
Types of hives
This slide was used to teaching TSEE (technical class 10) at Bishaltar
https://www.linkedin.com/in/prashantbhandari-pmamp/
Characteristics of cocoon
This slide was used to teaching TSEE (technical class 10) at Bishaltar
https://www.linkedin.com/in/prashantbhandari-pmamp/
Selection of hive and baiting
The document summarizes the process of honeybee hive selection and baiting. When a honeybee hive becomes overcrowded, it will split into two groups with the mother queen and half the bees leaving to establish a new colony, usually in the spring. Scout bees will search for a new location based on factors like storage space, defendability, ventilation, and dryness. To attract a swarm, beekeepers set up empty bait hives with wax or propolis scents and keep them shaded, using old equipment that appears defendable to the bees.
SUCCESS FACTORS FOR CATTLE & GOAT ENTREPRENEURS IN CHITWAN
Research proposal presentation made by Mr. Prashant Bhandari. This was made for research grant for a completion of thesis at Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal
PRECISION AGRICULTURE PRESENTATION IN NEPALI(प्रेसिजन कृषि)
This presenatation was given by Mr. PRASHANT BHANDARI to a group of farmers in Dhading, Nepal. The content has been set accordingly. Use wisely.
hydroponics slide in nepali (हाईड्रोपोनिक्स)
This presentation was given by Mr. PRASHANT BHANDARI to a group of farmers in Dhading, Nepal. The depth of content thus has been set accordingly. Use wisely.
Drip Irrigation in Nepali(थोपा सिचाइ)
This presentation was given by Mr. Prashant Bhandari, to a group of farmers in Dhading, Nepal. So, the depth of the content has been kept accordingly. use wisely
More from Prashant Bhandari (11)
SUCCESS FACTORS FOR CATTLE & GOAT ENTREPRENEURS IN CHITWAN
SUCCESS FACTORS FOR CATTLE & GOAT ENTREPRENEURS IN CHITWAN
PRECISION AGRICULTURE PRESENTATION IN NEPALI(प्रेसिजन कृषि)
PRECISION AGRICULTURE PRESENTATION IN NEPALI(प्रेसिजन कृषि)
Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Recently uploaded (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Layering
- 2. • Layering is the development of roots on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant. • The rooted stem is then detached to become a new plant growing on its own roots. Thus, rooted stem is known as layer.
- 3. A. Ground layering 1. Tip layering : Black berry 2.Simple layering: Guava, Pomegranate, crotons etc., 3. Mound layering : Goose berry, apple etc. 4. Compound layering : Grape, Honey suckle etc., 5. Trench layering : Etiolation method eg. Cherry B. Air layering (Gootee (or) marcotage) : Litchi, guava, crotons etc.
- 4. Advantages of layering 1) It is easy to perform 2) Plants which cannot be easily rooted by stem cuttings may be made to root through layering. 3) Desired size of plants that is big or small can be obtained. i.e. bigger plants could be obtained 4) Parent plant supplies new individual with water and food until it makes its own food and hormone
- 5. Disadvantage 1) Number of layers which can be produced from a mother plant is low as compared to cuttings. i.e. difficult to produce large number of plants at once 2) Technical skill is required for success 3) Limited to plant which form growing points easily
- 6. Grafting and Budding • Budding is an art of inserting a bud on the root stock in such a way that both will unite and continue to grow as a single individual plant. • Grafting is an art of inserting a part of one plant into another plant by exposing the actively growing tissue so that they will unite and continue their growth as one plant. • Scion: It is the upper part of the graft and from which stem and branches will grow into a plant. • Root stock: It is the lower part of the graft and this forms the root system of the grafted plant. Root stock is also called as stock or under stock.
- 7. Merits: 1. Propagation- large number of plants can be obtained quickly, only method to preserve seedless hybrid 2. Increased resistance to pests and soil diseases 3. Genetic improvement: creates a new plant with superior desirable characters 4. Physiological improvement: eg. Root vigour 5. Suitable for green houses 6. Increased productivity: as it increases tolerance to adverse factors
- 8. Demerits 1. Costs are increased 2. Graft Incompatibility: a bad execution of graft can affect development of plant 3. Technical skill is required