The document provides information about the life cycle and rearing process of silkworms. It discusses the identification of ripened worms, different mounting methods to transfer worms to frames for cocoon spinning, factors to maintain ideal environmental conditions during spinning, and harvesting of cocoons. The key stages covered are mounting mature silkworms using various techniques like picking, self-mounting, or shaking shoots; maintaining temperature, humidity, and ventilation during spinning; and harvesting cocoons 5-7 days after the start of spinning.
Insect legs are segmented and consist of 5 segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Legs are modified for different habitats and behaviors, including walking, running, jumping, climbing, digging, grasping, swimming, sticking, basket-like, sucking, and food collecting. The document describes the structure and modifications of each leg type.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
There are different races of Bombyx mori (silkworm) based on their voltinism (number of generations per year) and moulting. Races can be univoltine (1 generation/year), bivoltine (2 generations/year), or multivoltine (more than 2 generations/year). They also differ based on whether their eggs are diapausing (dormant) or non-diapausing. Bivoltine races lay both types of eggs, while univoltine races only lay diapausing eggs and multivoltine only lay non-diapausing eggs. Races also vary in their larval stage duration, cocoon characteristics,
The document provides information about the life cycle and rearing process of silkworms. It discusses the identification of ripened worms, different mounting methods to transfer worms to frames for cocoon spinning, factors to maintain ideal environmental conditions during spinning, and harvesting of cocoons. The key stages covered are mounting mature silkworms using various techniques like picking, self-mounting, or shaking shoots; maintaining temperature, humidity, and ventilation during spinning; and harvesting cocoons 5-7 days after the start of spinning.
Insect legs are segmented and consist of 5 segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Legs are modified for different habitats and behaviors, including walking, running, jumping, climbing, digging, grasping, swimming, sticking, basket-like, sucking, and food collecting. The document describes the structure and modifications of each leg type.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
There are different races of Bombyx mori (silkworm) based on their voltinism (number of generations per year) and moulting. Races can be univoltine (1 generation/year), bivoltine (2 generations/year), or multivoltine (more than 2 generations/year). They also differ based on whether their eggs are diapausing (dormant) or non-diapausing. Bivoltine races lay both types of eggs, while univoltine races only lay diapausing eggs and multivoltine only lay non-diapausing eggs. Races also vary in their larval stage duration, cocoon characteristics,
Sericulture - Post Cocoon Technology / Processing of CocoonsMunesh Sen
The document discusses the post-cocoon processing of different types of silkworm cocoons. It covers steps like sorting, stifling through sun drying or steam, preservation of cocoons, boiling, brushing to find the silk filament, reeling through various methods like charkha or multi-end machines, re-reeling onto larger reels, and finishing to remove defects and produce high quality raw silk skeins and bales. Different techniques are used depending on the type and scale of production.
The document discusses lac cultivation and processing in India. It notes that lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects living on certain tree species. India is a major producer of lac-based shellac. Lac cultivation faces risks from lack of technology, poor brood lac availability/quality, and vulnerability of insects to predators/disease. PRADAN works to improve incomes of lac rearers through training and new cultivation techniques. The document provides details on lac insect hosts, inoculation methods, harvesting, processing, uses, and challenges faced in lac production.
Mulberry is cultivated for the leaves that are the sole food of silkworms. There are over 20 mulberry species but the most useful for silk production are Morus alba, M. serrata, M. indica, and M. latifolia. Mulberry can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. It grows best in temperatures between 24-37°C, with rainfall of 600-2500 mm and humidity of 65-80%. Soil pH should be between 6.5-7.0. Proper planting methods, spacing, manure application, weeding, pruning, and leaf harvesting techniques are required to maximize mulberry leaf yield and quality for silkworm rearing.
This document discusses several major pests that affect cotton crops in India, including the leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Thrips tabaci), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), and mealy bug (Phenacoccus solani). For each pest, it describes key details like appearance, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management using cultural, biological, and chemical controls to minimize pest impacts on cotton crops.
2 (a) chapter morphology and life cycle of silkworms species and their hos...Nayana Parameshwaraiah
This document provides classifications and details about silkworms and their host plants. It discusses 5 classifications of silkworms based on voltinism, moulting, geographical distribution, genetic nature, and host plants. It then provides details about the morphology, life cycle, and host plants of the major silkworm species, including the domesticated mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori, the non-mulberry eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini, the tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta, and the muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis.
This document provides an overview of the process of cocoon harvesting and processing for silk production. It discusses the stages of late age worm rearing and cocoon harvesting. It then details the various steps involved in cocoon processing including selection, stifling/drying, sorting, cooking, brushing, reeling, croisure, rereeling, winding, rewinding, doubling, twisting, degumming, bleaching, dyeing, lacing, skeining and book making. The goal is to transform harvested cocoons into raw silk thread through these processing steps.
This document discusses different types of silks and species of silkworms. It begins by classifying silkworms taxonomically. The main types of silks discussed are Mulberry silk, Tasar silk, Muga silk, and Eri silk. For each type, it provides the scientific name of the silkworm species, its main host plants, and brief descriptions. It also discusses the life cycle of silkworms from eggs to cocoons. The document serves as an overview of major silkworm species and silk types found in India.
This document presents information on quantitative traits in three paragraphs:
1) It introduces quantitative genetics and examples of quantitative traits in plants and humans. Quantitative traits show continuous variation and are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single gene.
2) It compares qualitative and quantitative traits, noting differences in variation, gene effects, analysis methods, and examples like wheat kernel color and human skin color.
3) It provides details on studies of wheat kernel color, human skin color, and human eye color to illustrate inheritance of quantitative traits controlled by multiple factors or polygenes. Genotypic ratios and phenotypic ratios are presented for each example.
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture).
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sericulture and silkworm rearing economics. It discusses the history and process of silk production, including the various types of silkworms used (mulberry, eri, muga, tasar, oak tasar). It also summarizes the life cycle of the mulberry silkworm and requirements for rearing, such as temperature, space, and food (mulberry leaves). The document is intended to inform attendees of the seminar on topics within sericulture.
This document provides an overview of apiculture (beekeeping). It begins with an introduction defining apiculture and beekeeping. It then discusses the four main species of honey bees - Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana, and Apis mellifera. Key details are provided on the morphology, classification, history of beekeeping in India, and differences between queen, worker, and drone bees. The document also covers bee products like honey, beeswax, royal jelly, and pollen. It summarizes beekeeping methods and important activities like combing, swarming, and migration. Common bee diseases and their management are also outlined. Finally, the economic importance of honey is highlighted.
This document discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping. Under the traditional or indigenous method, bees would build combs in wall cavities or wooden boxes, and honey was extracted by killing the bees or smoking them out and squeezing the honeycombs by hand, resulting in impure honey and a weakened bee colony. The modern method uses movable frame hives, queen excluders to separate the brood chamber from honey supers, and centrifugal honey extractors and uncapping knives to harvest honey without harming bees or combs. Appliances and scientific practices allow for better control, productivity, and humane treatment of bee colonies.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
5 chapter morphology and anatomy of sw sps. commercially exploited breeds of swNayana Parameshwaraiah
The document summarizes the external morphology, life cycle stages, and internal anatomy of Bombyx mori (silkworm). It describes the key features of eggs, larvae/caterpillars, pupae, moths, and their digestive, excretory, respiratory, and circulatory systems. The larvae feed exclusively on mulberry leaves and produce different shaped and colored cocoons depending on their race.
This document discusses polyploidy and its applications in plant breeding. It begins by defining polyploidy as having three or more sets of chromosomes, which can occur naturally or through induction. Examples of polyploid plants include wheat, strawberries, and plant endosperm. Polyploidy can originate through somatic doubling during mitosis, non-reduction during meiosis producing unreduced gametes, polyspermy, or endoreplication. Artificial polyploids have been created to study natural allopolyploids or develop new crop species, such as the synthetic allopolyploid Raphanobrassica. Breeding autopolyploids and allopolyploids can bridge
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
This document presents a research study on the financial and institutional analysis of vegetable cooperatives in Dhading district of Nepal. The study aims to analyze the financial performance, organizational efficiency, and member opinions of 9 vegetable cooperatives through quantitative and qualitative methods. Key findings include most cooperatives being in early stages of growth transition, poor market linkages reported, lower profit ratios and higher operating ratios found in financial analysis, and mixed member views on transparency though majority agreed cooperatives benefitted them. The study utilized surveys, interviews, focus groups, financial ratios, and institutional assessments to analyze constraints and performance of the cooperatives.
Sericulture - Post Cocoon Technology / Processing of CocoonsMunesh Sen
The document discusses the post-cocoon processing of different types of silkworm cocoons. It covers steps like sorting, stifling through sun drying or steam, preservation of cocoons, boiling, brushing to find the silk filament, reeling through various methods like charkha or multi-end machines, re-reeling onto larger reels, and finishing to remove defects and produce high quality raw silk skeins and bales. Different techniques are used depending on the type and scale of production.
The document discusses lac cultivation and processing in India. It notes that lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects living on certain tree species. India is a major producer of lac-based shellac. Lac cultivation faces risks from lack of technology, poor brood lac availability/quality, and vulnerability of insects to predators/disease. PRADAN works to improve incomes of lac rearers through training and new cultivation techniques. The document provides details on lac insect hosts, inoculation methods, harvesting, processing, uses, and challenges faced in lac production.
Mulberry is cultivated for the leaves that are the sole food of silkworms. There are over 20 mulberry species but the most useful for silk production are Morus alba, M. serrata, M. indica, and M. latifolia. Mulberry can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. It grows best in temperatures between 24-37°C, with rainfall of 600-2500 mm and humidity of 65-80%. Soil pH should be between 6.5-7.0. Proper planting methods, spacing, manure application, weeding, pruning, and leaf harvesting techniques are required to maximize mulberry leaf yield and quality for silkworm rearing.
This document discusses several major pests that affect cotton crops in India, including the leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Thrips tabaci), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), and mealy bug (Phenacoccus solani). For each pest, it describes key details like appearance, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management using cultural, biological, and chemical controls to minimize pest impacts on cotton crops.
2 (a) chapter morphology and life cycle of silkworms species and their hos...Nayana Parameshwaraiah
This document provides classifications and details about silkworms and their host plants. It discusses 5 classifications of silkworms based on voltinism, moulting, geographical distribution, genetic nature, and host plants. It then provides details about the morphology, life cycle, and host plants of the major silkworm species, including the domesticated mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori, the non-mulberry eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini, the tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta, and the muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis.
This document provides an overview of the process of cocoon harvesting and processing for silk production. It discusses the stages of late age worm rearing and cocoon harvesting. It then details the various steps involved in cocoon processing including selection, stifling/drying, sorting, cooking, brushing, reeling, croisure, rereeling, winding, rewinding, doubling, twisting, degumming, bleaching, dyeing, lacing, skeining and book making. The goal is to transform harvested cocoons into raw silk thread through these processing steps.
This document discusses different types of silks and species of silkworms. It begins by classifying silkworms taxonomically. The main types of silks discussed are Mulberry silk, Tasar silk, Muga silk, and Eri silk. For each type, it provides the scientific name of the silkworm species, its main host plants, and brief descriptions. It also discusses the life cycle of silkworms from eggs to cocoons. The document serves as an overview of major silkworm species and silk types found in India.
This document presents information on quantitative traits in three paragraphs:
1) It introduces quantitative genetics and examples of quantitative traits in plants and humans. Quantitative traits show continuous variation and are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single gene.
2) It compares qualitative and quantitative traits, noting differences in variation, gene effects, analysis methods, and examples like wheat kernel color and human skin color.
3) It provides details on studies of wheat kernel color, human skin color, and human eye color to illustrate inheritance of quantitative traits controlled by multiple factors or polygenes. Genotypic ratios and phenotypic ratios are presented for each example.
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture).
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sericulture and silkworm rearing economics. It discusses the history and process of silk production, including the various types of silkworms used (mulberry, eri, muga, tasar, oak tasar). It also summarizes the life cycle of the mulberry silkworm and requirements for rearing, such as temperature, space, and food (mulberry leaves). The document is intended to inform attendees of the seminar on topics within sericulture.
This document provides an overview of apiculture (beekeeping). It begins with an introduction defining apiculture and beekeeping. It then discusses the four main species of honey bees - Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis cerana, and Apis mellifera. Key details are provided on the morphology, classification, history of beekeeping in India, and differences between queen, worker, and drone bees. The document also covers bee products like honey, beeswax, royal jelly, and pollen. It summarizes beekeeping methods and important activities like combing, swarming, and migration. Common bee diseases and their management are also outlined. Finally, the economic importance of honey is highlighted.
This document discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping. Under the traditional or indigenous method, bees would build combs in wall cavities or wooden boxes, and honey was extracted by killing the bees or smoking them out and squeezing the honeycombs by hand, resulting in impure honey and a weakened bee colony. The modern method uses movable frame hives, queen excluders to separate the brood chamber from honey supers, and centrifugal honey extractors and uncapping knives to harvest honey without harming bees or combs. Appliances and scientific practices allow for better control, productivity, and humane treatment of bee colonies.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
5 chapter morphology and anatomy of sw sps. commercially exploited breeds of swNayana Parameshwaraiah
The document summarizes the external morphology, life cycle stages, and internal anatomy of Bombyx mori (silkworm). It describes the key features of eggs, larvae/caterpillars, pupae, moths, and their digestive, excretory, respiratory, and circulatory systems. The larvae feed exclusively on mulberry leaves and produce different shaped and colored cocoons depending on their race.
This document discusses polyploidy and its applications in plant breeding. It begins by defining polyploidy as having three or more sets of chromosomes, which can occur naturally or through induction. Examples of polyploid plants include wheat, strawberries, and plant endosperm. Polyploidy can originate through somatic doubling during mitosis, non-reduction during meiosis producing unreduced gametes, polyspermy, or endoreplication. Artificial polyploids have been created to study natural allopolyploids or develop new crop species, such as the synthetic allopolyploid Raphanobrassica. Breeding autopolyploids and allopolyploids can bridge
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
This document presents a research study on the financial and institutional analysis of vegetable cooperatives in Dhading district of Nepal. The study aims to analyze the financial performance, organizational efficiency, and member opinions of 9 vegetable cooperatives through quantitative and qualitative methods. Key findings include most cooperatives being in early stages of growth transition, poor market linkages reported, lower profit ratios and higher operating ratios found in financial analysis, and mixed member views on transparency though majority agreed cooperatives benefitted them. The study utilized surveys, interviews, focus groups, financial ratios, and institutional assessments to analyze constraints and performance of the cooperatives.
The document summarizes the process of honeybee hive selection and baiting. When a honeybee hive becomes overcrowded, it will split into two groups with the mother queen and half the bees leaving to establish a new colony, usually in the spring. Scout bees will search for a new location based on factors like storage space, defendability, ventilation, and dryness. To attract a swarm, beekeepers set up empty bait hives with wax or propolis scents and keep them shaded, using old equipment that appears defendable to the bees.
SUCCESS FACTORS FOR CATTLE & GOAT ENTREPRENEURS IN CHITWANPrashant Bhandari
Research proposal presentation made by Mr. Prashant Bhandari. This was made for research grant for a completion of thesis at Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal
This presentation was given by Mr. PRASHANT BHANDARI to a group of farmers in Dhading, Nepal. The depth of content thus has been set accordingly. Use wisely.
This presentation was given by Mr. Prashant Bhandari, to a group of farmers in Dhading, Nepal. So, the depth of the content has been kept accordingly. use wisely
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Characteristics of cocoon
1.
2. Structuring your answer
• Understand the question and what exactly it is
asking
• Define any term in the question before getting
into body of the answer. (if applicable)
• Present your answer in points (unless told
otherwise)
• Points should be self explanatory or otherwise
add a line or two clear things.
• Draw neat labeled figures/diagrams ( as far as
applicable)
3. • A cocoon is a natural silk composite with a non-
woven structure made of continuous silk fibers. (
joined together by sericin bonding matrix.)
• Cocoon is formed from secretion from silk
gland/salivary gland of silkworm. The larva
moves the head from side to side very rapidly
about 65 times/minute and throw out secretions
from silk gland in the form of thread. This clear,
viscous fluid secretion on exposure to air gets
hardened into fine silk fibre.
4. Characteristics of cocoon is discussed
In the points below:
A. Physical properties
1. Color: Yellow, brown, green or grey.
2. Length: The filament forming a cocoon is 700-1100
meters long
3. Specific gravity: 1.25 to 1.34
4. It is made up of two protein:
inner core: fibroin
outer core: sericin
@ inner-fibre---outer—seri
5. Non-conductor of electricity: It is why it can be used
as an insulator. Hence suitable for both summer &
winter.
5. 4. Moisture retention: 11-35%.
5. strength is high, is elastic fiber.
6. Density is low: thus light and comfortable
clothing made from it.
7. Luster: Bright
8. Effect of heat: can withstand 140-170 C
6. B. Chemical properties
1. With acid: Decomposed by strong acids into
amino acids. Dilute acid cause no effect.
2. With alkali: Only affected by very strong
alkali.
3. With organic solvent: insoluble