This slide was used to teaching TSEE (technical class 10) at Bishaltar https://www.linkedin.com/in/prashantbhandari-pmamp/

2. Preparation of seedbed
• A seedbed/seedling bed is the local soil
environment in which seeds are planted.
• Seedbed is used to increase chances of
germination
• Soil of seedbed needs to be loose, smooth and
without large clumps. Large clumps, uneven
depth would make plant depth random.
• Loose soil provides aeration and space for root
growth
• Seedbed preparation is done by secondary tillage
through use of harrow and cultivators.

3. Steps in seedbed preparation:
1. Removal of debris: e.g. Insect eggs, disease
spores, stones etc. are removed
2. Leveling: it is done for achieving even drainage
3. Breaking up the soil: Compacted soil broken up
by digging followed by disking.
4. Soil improvement: Compost, decomposed
organic matter are added
5. Fertilizing: If soil is deficient in any nutrients it
can be added manually.

4. Seedbed treatment
• For raising healthy seedlings, soil must be treated
for making it pathogen and pest free.
• Methods of treatment:
1. Soil solarization: most suited in jeth-asar
2. Formalin solution treatment
3. Application of fungicide: e.g. Captan, Thiram
4. Use of insecticides: e.g. Chloropyriphos @
2ml/liter of water
5. Fumigation: use of methyl bromide

5. Sowing
• The sowing method is determined by crop to be sown.
Methods of sowing are:
1. Broadcasting:
• Scattering of seeds by hand all over the prepared field.
• Quickest and cheapest method
• Seed requirement is more
2. Line sowing/Drilling
• Dropping of seeds into soil with the help of implements like seed drill and
seeds covered by wooden plank
• Seeds are placed at proper and uniform depth
3. Dibbling
• It is placing of seeds by making +
• Row and plant spacing is maintained
• Laborious and time consuming process

6. 4. Transplanting
• It is raising of seedlings on a nursery beds and
transplanting of seedlings in field.
5. Planting
• It is placing of vegetative parts of crops. Eg.
Tubers of potato
6. Putting seeds behind the plough
• It is dropping of seeds behind the plough in
furrow with the help of manual labour by hand.

7. Care and Maintenance of seedling
Following management practices are appropriate for care and
maintenance of seedling:
1. Mulching:
• maintains soil moisture and temperature
• Suppress weeds
• Protects from direct sun light
2. Watering:
• Light irrigation is preferred
• Excess water should be drained
3. Thinning:
• Weak, unhealthy seedlings should be removed
• Thinning balances light and air available to plants

8. 4. Weed control:
• Use of pre-emergence herbicide
5. Protection against diseases
• Damping off is the most serious disease of nursery
• Treated seeds should be used for damping off
6. Hardening of seedlings:
• Hardening is the treatment which makes plant strong
and withstand unfavorable environment like high
temperature, drought
• Hardening is done by holding watering to plant 4-5
days before transplanting.

9. Packaging and management
• Packaging is the system in which young plants
are kept till they are transplanted.
• They have to be packed in such a way that
they do not lose their turgidity and are able to
establish themselves on new site.
• Proper handling, use of proper material as
cover, etc. fall under good management