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3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Production technology for higher production in papaya, cultivation of papaya, hybrid papaya propagation in an open field, how to papaya cultivation in India, high production growing papaya, different varieties of papaya ,red lady papaya,Pusa delicious, pusa nanha,co-1,pusa gaint,sex forms,
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
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Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Production technology for higher production in papaya, cultivation of papaya, hybrid papaya propagation in an open field, how to papaya cultivation in India, high production growing papaya, different varieties of papaya ,red lady papaya,Pusa delicious, pusa nanha,co-1,pusa gaint,sex forms,
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on January 26, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Study In Respect Of Origin- Distribution Of Species-wild Relatives And Forms Breeding Objectives-major Breeding Procedures For Development Of Varieties In Finger Millet
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Coconut breeding
1. PAWAN NAGAR
M.Sc. (Horti.) Fruit science
REG. NO: 04-2690-2015
Course No: FSC-506
Course Title: Breeding of Fruit crops
2.
3. The coconut palm (cocos nucifera L.) is a member of
the palm family Arecaceae and the only species in the
genus Cocos.
The English name coconut, comes from the Spanish
and Portuguese word coco, which means “monkey
face”. Nucifera means “nut bearing”.
It is a perennial tree crop widely cultivated in the
humid tropics occuring in coastal areas between the
latitudes 26°N and 26° S of the equator and at altitudes
up to 1200 m.
4. It belong to the lower group of flowering plants called
Monocotyledons.
The coconut is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall, with
pinnate leaves 4-6 m long, pinnae 60-90 cm long; old
leaves break away cleanly leaving the trunk smooth.
The palm, eulogized as “Kalpavriksha”, “Tree of
heaven”, “Tree of life” or “Nature’s supermarket”, is
considered as nature’s valuable gift to the mankind due
to its innumerable uses to millions of people.
The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropical
world for decoration as well as for its many culinary
and non-culinary uses.
5. Kingdom: Palm
Class: Liliopsida
Subclass: Arecidae
Order : Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Genus: Cocos L.
Specimen: Cocos nucifera L.
6. The origin of coconut is a matter of controversy. There
are several views on the place of origin and evidences
are also shown to prove the various versions on the
origin. Most of the authorities claim it to be a native to
south Asia.
Recently Gunn et al. (2011) proposed two geographical
origins of coconut cultivation such as island South east
Asia and southern margins of the Indian subcontinent.
7. The characteristics of the wild coconut fruit particularly
the trait such as high content of husk and low
proportion of shell, kernel and nut water made the
whole nut light, highly water resistant and enabled its
dispersal to different continents and countries through
marine currents.
The coconut palm is grown in the tropical region
between latitudes 26°N and 26°S
Though it is a sea-side plant, it is grows in interior
areas also, far away from the sea.
8. The main coconut growing areas are located in Asia,
Oceania, West Indies, Central and South America and
West and East Africa.
In India, the coconut palm is grown in an area of around
1.935 million hectares.
Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka account for about
88% of the area, while Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West
Bengal, Maharashtra, Goa, Diu and Daman Assam,
Pondicherry, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and
Lakshadweep account for the remaining 12% of the
coconut growing area in the country.
9. Coconut has been classified into ‘Dwarf’ and ‘Tall’
varieties based on tree habit.
The ‘Tall’ coconuts are grow faster than ‘Dwarfs’.
Many Tall are grown for the production of copra for oil
extraction and coir for fiber; while actively cultivated,
these varieties lack the obvious domestication traits of
the self pollinating Dwarfs.
10. The widely accepted classification groups cultivars into two groups –
Tall and Dwarfs on the basis of a few important characters like stature,
growth characteristics of the palm, precious nature in flowering and nut
and copra characters.
11. Sometimes referred to as var. typica (Nar.)
Tall palm are widely planted both for household and
commercial use and grow to a height of 20-30m.
They are slow maturing and flower 6-10 years after planting,
long lived with economic life if about 60-70 years.
They are normally cross-pollinating and therefore, considered
to be heterozygous.
Tall varieties are produce copra of good quantity and quality,
and have fairly high oil content as compared to dwarf cultivar.
The Tall cultivars commonly grown in India are the West
Coast Tall(WCT), Tiptur Tall (TPT), and East Coast Tall
(ECT).
12. They are sometimes referred to as var. nana (Griff).
These are believed to be mutants from tall types with short
stature, 8-10 m when 20 years old.
They begin bearing about the third year at less than 1 meter
height. They have a short productive life of 30-40 years.
They are normally self-pollinating and therefore, considered
to be homozygous.
The nuts are smaller and copra soft, leathery and low in oil
content.
It generally grown for tender nut and hybrid production.
The common Dwarfs available in India are Chowghat
Orange Dwarf (COD), Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD),
Kenthali (KTOD) and Gangabondam (GBGD).
15. CPCRI : Central Plantation Crops Research
Institute
TNAU : Tamil Nadu agricultural university.
KKV : Konkan Krishi Vidhyapeeth (MH).
AAU : Assam Agricultural University
KKU : Kerala Agricultural University
BCKVV: Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidhyalaya
(WB)
DBSKKV : Dr. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN
KRISHI VIDHYAPEETH (MH)
ANGRAU : Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural
University. (AP)
IGKV : Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya
(Chhattisgarh)
16. Coconut is monoecious plant with numerous male and
female flowers on each spadix which borne in the axil
of each leaf of a bearing palm.
Flowering start at 6-12 years of age.
Inflorescence length is about 1-2 m with central axis
and about 40 laterals branches called spikelets.
Each spikelets bear 200-300 male flowers at the top
and 1 or 2 female flowers at the base.
There are six stamens in male flower, female flowers
are 2-3 cm in diameter having a large ovary with three
locules and a stigma with three nectary glands.
17. In tall variety female flowers do not become receptive
until all male flowers in same spadix have shed their
pollens.
In dwarf and hybrid varieties interval between two
phases i.e. pollen dehiscence and stigma receptivity are
less thereby increasing the chances of self pollination.
Due to the fact that maturation of inflorescence is a
progressive process, pollen discharge and anthesis is
continued for about 18-20 days.
Generally, dwarf palms are considered as autogamous
and tall palms as allogamous but hybrids and dwarf
types exhibits both the types of pollination.
18. Pollination in coconut is carried out by wind and
insects (bees are major pollinating agent).
The fruit consist of exocarp ( outer skin), mesocarp
(fibrous layer) and endocarp which is ovoid shell along
with 3 ridge and seed (one) situated at calyx with a thin
brown testa attached to the edible endosperm.
19. INTRODUCTION
SELECTION
HYBRIDIZATION
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOL
Coconut breeding was started for the first time in the
world in 1916, at coconut research station Neleshwar of
Kerala.
20. The different cultivars of coconut from Ceylon, Indo-
China, New Guenea, Java, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines,
Fiji, Laccadives etc. were introduced in India by Madras
Agriculture Department.
The Cochin Department of Agriculture had also introduced
cultivars from Malaysia, sea Island, and Philippines and
recently cultivars from Solomon Islands, Borneo,
Seychelles, Panama, East Africa, West Indies, etc.
Important varieties introduced from different countries are
Java, New Guenea, Cochinchines, Philippines, Laccadiv
Ordinary, Laccadiv Micro and West coast Tall.
21. Mass selection can be used as effective methods in
improvement of coconut. In this method superior
mother palms are selected.
The success of this method depends on the ability of
breeder and heritability of traits under consideration.
22. Coconut palm are being selected on the basis of following
characters.
a)Yield
It should be regular bearer.
Annual yield should not be less than 80 per palm.
Copra content should be about 150g per nut.
b) Age of the plant
It is advisable to select palm which have reached full bearing
stage and giving higher yield for conservatively four years.
Selection of very old tree should be avoided.
Seed nut should be collected from established seed garden
23. c) Nature and disposition of leaves
A mother palm should have at least 30 fully opened
leaves on the crown.
The leaves should have short and strong petiole with
wide leaf base firmly attached to the stem.
Tree having a drooping or upright position of leaves are
generally avoided due to their poor yielding capacity.
Female flower distribution per spike determines the
yield potential of tree.
Generally every leaf axil should be one inflorescence
with several spike.
There should be 12 bunches on the crown.
24. d) Size and shape of nut
Size is variable factor and which varies from variety to
variety .
Generally, these shapes are common in coconut i.e.
oblong, round and elliptical.
Vigour of seedlings depend upon the size of the husked
nut, thickness of kernel and size of embryo present in
kernel.
Palm producing barren nuts, irregular bearing should be
avoided for selection as mother palm.
25. Process of identifying male transmitters can be speeded
up by the use of dwarf palm as female since they are
largely self pollinated and are reasonably homogenous.
The following cross combination have been attempted
in coconut:
Dwarf × Dwarf
Tall × Dwarf
Dwarf × Tall
Tall × Tall
26. Dwarf × Dwarf
The crosses between D×D have not given satisfactory
results with respect to yield potential traits.
Tall × Dwarf (T×D)
The hybrid possess desirable traits such as precocity in
bearing, higher productivity than the parents.
The important dwarf variety used as male parents are
Dwarf Orange, Dwarf Green, Gangabondam and
Malayan Dwarf yellow.
It is reported that all the hybrid of Tall × Dwarf green,
Tall × Dwarf orange and Tall × Gangabondam
exhibited heterosis in the weight of nut, kernal content
and nut water.
27. Among the male parents Dwarf Orange and
Gangabondam proved to be the best for production of
economic hybrids with West Coast Tall.
In comparative trails involving West Coast Tall and LO
as female parents and COD and Gangabondam as male
parents the superior performance of LO × COD and CO
× GB.
COD and Gangabondam are the desirable pollen
parents and WCT and LO are desirable female parents.
29. Dwarf × Tall
These hybrids have been found to be of higher
production potential than T×D hybrids.
The COD × WCT hybrids was found to have better
nutrient utilization ability and responded well to lower
levels of applied fertilizers
Example : Chandra Sankara (COD × WCT).
Tall × Tall
The poor yield in tall combination may be due to the
poor combining ability of other parents.
Thus emphasis need to select promising tall parents
based on combining ability traits.
30. Embryo Culture and Tissue Culture
Embryo culture has become an important tool for safe
germplasm exchange as it reduce the cost of transportation
and would meet the phytosanitory regulations.
It is useful for producing plantlets from special coconut
types such as Mohacha Naral, Thairu thengai etc. where
the endosperm is soft and jelly like and does not germinate
under normal conditions.
Development of tissue culture techniques aimed at rapid
multiplication of elite planting material can greatly save
time, space, and resources.
31. Molecular Biology
DNA based markers possess the significantly increase
the efficiency of coconut breeding programmes.
Various molecular markers viz, RAPD, RFLP and SSR
used for studying the genetic diversity in coconut
germplasm.
At presently, work on characterization of conserved
coconut germplasm through SSR analysis, work on
identification if markers associated with economically
important traits as well as with dwarfness and for
selection of hybrid seedling in the nursery are in
progress.
32. Linkage Mapping and QTL Identifiction
The first genome map for coconut was developed for
an East African Tall × Laguna Tall F1 population based
on ISTR markers.
Three hundred and eighty two markers have been
placed in the map resulting in 16 linkage groups and
leading to the identification of six QTLs for early
germination.
Genetic correlation have been established between
early germination and early floering, and early
germination and high yield.
Thus, this has become the first report of the opportunity
for marker assisted selection in coconut.
33. Generation of new mapping populations including
coconut root (wilt) phytoplasma-resistant material is
being focused in india.
34.
35.
36. Development of superior varieties for high yield, tender
nut quality, and inflorescence sap (neera) etc.
Development of short statured varieties to overcome
the shortage of experienced climbers in many parts of
country.
Application of molecular markers to aid in breeding
programmes aiming for biotic and abiotic stresses and
identification of hybrid seedling in coconut nurseries.
37. Shukla Anil kumar, Shukla Arun Kumar, Vasishtha
B.B., Fruit Breeding Approaches and Achievements.
Shingh H.P., Thomas George V., Krishnakumar V.,
palms.
www.pinterest.com