This document discusses high density planting (HDP) of apple trees. HDP involves planting a greater number of trees per unit area to increase fruit production. Key aspects covered include:
- Types of HDP systems ranging from semi-intensive to super-intensive with thousands of trees per hectare.
- Components of successful HDP include use of dwarfing rootstocks, pruning, and crop management practices.
- Advantages are best land and resource use, higher yields, and easier harvesting.
- Training systems discussed include bush, pyramid, espalier, and cordon styles to manage tree canopy in dense orchards.
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
HDP in Fruit Crops (Sanjay Cherty).pptxsanjaychetry2
Accommodation of the maximum possible number of the plants per unit area to get the maximum possible profit per unit of the tree volume without impairing the soil fertility status is called the high-density planting. HDP orchards were first planted in Europe at the end of the 19th century and since then there is a decline in traditional orchards with low densities. The underlying principle of a HDP is to make the best use of vertical and horizontal space per unit time and to harness maximum possible return per unit of inputs which means “planting of more number of plants than optimum through manipulation of tree size”. UHDP or Meadow Orchard System is a new concept of planting which has been developed in guava for the first time in India at CISH, Lucknow. The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of various fruit cultivation using small or dwarf tree with modified canopy. Fertilizer dose, spacing, growth regulation by the training and pruning, use of the mechanical devices etc. may also be tried either singly or coupled with other crop management practices for a successful adoption of this concept. It also promotes rate of photosynthesis that leads to high yield per unit area.
Planting densities:
Low HDP <250 trees/ha
Moderate HDP 250 to 500 trees/ha
High HDP 500 to 1250 trees/ha
Ultra HDP >1250 trees/ha
Super HDP 20,000 trees/ha
Meadow Orchard >70,000 trees/ha
Advantages:
Efficient utilization of inputs (seeds, plants, manures, fertilizers, chemicals, pesticides, machineries, tools, labours etc.) and resources (soil, water, solar radiation etc.).
Higher yield
Higher economic return
Easy canopy management
Convenient farm mechanization
Easy harvest
Improved quality of harvest
Disadvantages:
Higher establishment cost
Professional and scientific approach
Less life spans
Labor intensive
Maintenance of plant architecture becomes a tedious job
Key aspects of High-Density Planting:
Use of dwarfing rootstock and scion cultivars
Clonal rootstock
Training system
Pruning of plants
Use of Growth retardants
Light interception
Planting density
Canopy management
Dwarfing Rootstock
Apple M27, M9, M26, M4, M7, MM106
Mango Vellaikolumbun, Olour
Guava Pusa srijan, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. pumilum
Ber Z. nummularia
Citrus Alemow, Trifoliate orange, Flying dragon
Pear Oregon 211, Oregon 249, Quince C
Plum St. Julien, Pixy
Dwarfing Scion
Apple Red Spur, Starkrimson, Gold Spur, Well, Spur, Oregon Spur, Silver Spur, Red Chief, Mango Amrapalli
Papaya Pusa Nanha
Peach Red Heaven
Sapota PKM 1 and PKM 1
Training and Pruning:
Training and pruning are important orchard operations. It is part and parcel of high-density planting without which HDP cannot be successfully followed. Both the processes form an indispensable operation having direct bearing on growth and vigour of plants besides on yield and quality of fruits. A properly trained and pruned plants sustain heavy crop load and produce bounteous harvest of quality.
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
HDP in Fruit Crops (Sanjay Cherty).pptxsanjaychetry2
Accommodation of the maximum possible number of the plants per unit area to get the maximum possible profit per unit of the tree volume without impairing the soil fertility status is called the high-density planting. HDP orchards were first planted in Europe at the end of the 19th century and since then there is a decline in traditional orchards with low densities. The underlying principle of a HDP is to make the best use of vertical and horizontal space per unit time and to harness maximum possible return per unit of inputs which means “planting of more number of plants than optimum through manipulation of tree size”. UHDP or Meadow Orchard System is a new concept of planting which has been developed in guava for the first time in India at CISH, Lucknow. The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of various fruit cultivation using small or dwarf tree with modified canopy. Fertilizer dose, spacing, growth regulation by the training and pruning, use of the mechanical devices etc. may also be tried either singly or coupled with other crop management practices for a successful adoption of this concept. It also promotes rate of photosynthesis that leads to high yield per unit area.
Planting densities:
Low HDP <250 trees/ha
Moderate HDP 250 to 500 trees/ha
High HDP 500 to 1250 trees/ha
Ultra HDP >1250 trees/ha
Super HDP 20,000 trees/ha
Meadow Orchard >70,000 trees/ha
Advantages:
Efficient utilization of inputs (seeds, plants, manures, fertilizers, chemicals, pesticides, machineries, tools, labours etc.) and resources (soil, water, solar radiation etc.).
Higher yield
Higher economic return
Easy canopy management
Convenient farm mechanization
Easy harvest
Improved quality of harvest
Disadvantages:
Higher establishment cost
Professional and scientific approach
Less life spans
Labor intensive
Maintenance of plant architecture becomes a tedious job
Key aspects of High-Density Planting:
Use of dwarfing rootstock and scion cultivars
Clonal rootstock
Training system
Pruning of plants
Use of Growth retardants
Light interception
Planting density
Canopy management
Dwarfing Rootstock
Apple M27, M9, M26, M4, M7, MM106
Mango Vellaikolumbun, Olour
Guava Pusa srijan, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. pumilum
Ber Z. nummularia
Citrus Alemow, Trifoliate orange, Flying dragon
Pear Oregon 211, Oregon 249, Quince C
Plum St. Julien, Pixy
Dwarfing Scion
Apple Red Spur, Starkrimson, Gold Spur, Well, Spur, Oregon Spur, Silver Spur, Red Chief, Mango Amrapalli
Papaya Pusa Nanha
Peach Red Heaven
Sapota PKM 1 and PKM 1
Training and Pruning:
Training and pruning are important orchard operations. It is part and parcel of high-density planting without which HDP cannot be successfully followed. Both the processes form an indispensable operation having direct bearing on growth and vigour of plants besides on yield and quality of fruits. A properly trained and pruned plants sustain heavy crop load and produce bounteous harvest of quality.
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting ...AmanDohre
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting And Fruit Quality In Guava, Grapes, Pomegranate, Ber, Apple, Pear And Peach.
Canopy development and management significantly influence growth, flowering, fruiting, and fruit quality in guava, grapes, pomegranate, ber, apple, pear, and peach. Proper canopy management practices such as pruning, thinning, and trellising promote optimal light penetration, air circulation, and nutrient distribution within the canopy. This enhances photosynthesis, leading to improved vegetative growth, increased flower formation, and enhanced fruit set. Well-managed canopies also facilitate better fruit development, coloration, and sugar accumulation, resulting in superior fruit quality. Tailored canopy management approaches specific to each fruit crop ensure optimal growth, productivity, and fruit characteristics, ultimately maximizing yield and market value.
Canopy management and high density plantations systems in apple for higher profitability. Different systems are described to elucidate their potential and feasibility under different conditions. Comparative economic analysis of canopy management systems is given for their motivative adoption. Role of rootstock and varieties for obtaining higher and quality returns under different canopy management systems is described.
Increase the yield while conserving space with Gilby's High Density Tree Growing program. This pertains to Dwarf Apple Trees from Gilby's Orchard in Aitkin, MN.
CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCIONAmanDohre
CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCION
Canopy classification and management through rootstock and scion selection play pivotal roles in optimizing fruit production. Canopies are categorized based on their architecture, density, and growth habits, aiding in tailored management approaches. Rootstock and scion interactions influence canopy development, with rootstocks impacting vigor, size, and adaptability, while scions dictate fruit characteristics. Through strategic rootstock and scion pairing, canopy vigor, fruit quality, and yield can be regulated. This method allows for customized canopy management, including canopy shaping, pruning, and thinning, optimizing light exposure, airflow, and resource allocation. The synergy between rootstock and scion ensures efficient canopy management, enhancing overall orchard productivity.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPSAmanDohre
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPS
Different canopy types have varying effects on the production and quality of fruit crops. Open canopies, characterized by sparse foliage and ample light penetration, promote fruit ripening, coloration, and sugar accumulation, enhancing fruit quality attributes such as taste and appearance. However, they may be prone to sunburn and require careful irrigation management to prevent water stress. Dense canopies, with thick foliage cover, provide shade and protection against sunburn but may inhibit fruit ripening and reduce fruit quality due to limited light penetration and air circulation. Balanced canopies, achieved through proper pruning and canopy management, optimize light exposure and airflow, ensuring optimal fruit production and quality.
Improvement in flowering & fruiting in fruit plants.pptxParshant Bakshi
Flowering and fruiting are critical stages in the life cycle of fruit-bearing plants, as they are directly related to the production of fruits, which are the primary reproductive structures of these plants.
In this presentation different methods used for improving flowering and fruiting in fruit crops are discussed
Integrating Climate-Resilient Practices for Sustainable Development of Hortic...Parshant Bakshi
Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate change will create new, or alter current, climate related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these risks. It is the use of climate smart technologies for cropping in inappropriate climate to counteract the problems.
Through the adoption of inventive methodologies and the facilitation of knowledge sharing, the worldwide horticulture sector can mitigate climate-related uncertainties and plays an important role in ensuring food security and the well-being of rural communities.
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Plant propagation is the art & science of multiplying plants by sexual or asexual means and preserving their unique qualities Or the method of production of more than one plant from the mother plant or the tissue over a specific time period.
Methods
a. Sexual methods : Propagation by seeds
b. Asexual methods /Vegetative
Cuttings
Layering
Grafting
Budding
Tissue culture; micropropagation
Improvement in Quality of Horticultural Produce.pptxParshant Bakshi
Fruits and vegetables consumption is essential to a healthy diet, reducing the risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. They are known as Protective food as due to good source of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and fiber. The parts of fruits that are usually not consumed, such as peel, seeds, and pomaces, are also rich in these compounds. Strategies to transform and include them in the food chain should be considered a global approach to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Moreover, new products, processes, and distribution conditions should contribute to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, improving the quality of products, and minimizing energy and water consumption, as well as losses and waste. Fresh produce can be microbiologically contaminated throughout the supply chain, from production, processing, transporting, storage, and sale sites to our kitchen benches. Although consumers demand minimally processed or “fresh-like” food products, adequate processing must be ensured to guarantee product safety.
In order to improve the quality of horticultural products, there are certain post harvest treatments given to the horticultural commodities. These treatments include:
Coating
Degreening
Hot water treatments
Vapour heat treatment
Curing
Packaging
Organic Conference-A Holistic Approach Towards Sustainable Fruit ProductionParshant Bakshi
Organic farming system primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, so as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal, farm wastes & aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (bio-fertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution free environment. This presentation is helpful for students, researchers working on organic production of fruit crops
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This presentation is about the production of quality planting material of fruit crops by Hi-tech methods. Hi-tech nursery needs special attention for plant material production in polyhouse, greenhouse, insect proof house. Layout and establishment of hi-tech nursery are discussed in this presentation.
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In three days International workshop and regional expert consultation on mountain agriculture Development and food security and nutrition governance held at Beijing, China from 30th October, 2018 to 1st November, 2018, I represented India and delivered expert lecture on Mountain Agriculture in India. This is my presentation which I delivered in Beijing, China
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Oral Presentation on Maturity indices for harvesting of low chilling peach cultivars at National Conference of Horticulture Society of India held at CITH, Srinagar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
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Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
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- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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High density planting apple
1. High Density Planting in AppleHigh Density Planting in Apple
Dr. Parshant Bakshi
Associate Professor, Fruit Science-SKUAST - J
2. High Density planting in appleHigh Density planting in apple
High density planting (HDP) means to increase
the plant population per unit area for increasing
the production of fruit crops.
To overcome low productivity and
Long gestation period for early returns.
3. Types of High Density plantingTypes of High Density planting
Semi-intensive: 500-1,000 trees/ha,
Intensive system: 1,000 to 10,000 trees/ha
Super-intensive system: 10,000 to 1,00,000 per ha.
4. Use of dwarf scion varieties;
Adopting dwarfing rootstocks and inter-stocks;
Efficient training and pruning,
Use of plant growth regulating chemicals; and
Suitable crop management practices.
Components of HDPComponents of HDP
5. Best Utilization of land and resources;
Quality production of fruit crops;
Increase in yield per unit area,
Easy for intercultural, plant protection and
harvesting
Obtain export quality of the harvest.
Advantages of HDPAdvantages of HDP
6. HDP in AppleHDP in Apple
There are 4 categories of HDP in apple
Low (less than 250 plants/ha),
Moderate (250 to 500 plants/ha),
High (500 to 1,250 plants/ha) and
Ultra-high (more than 1,250 plants/ha) density.
Super high-density plantings or meadow orcharding
(20,000 to 70,000 plants/ha)
7. Commonly used Rootstocks for HDPCommonly used Rootstocks for HDP
Dwarfing/semi-dwarfing : M9, M26, M4, M7 and MM106
Meadow orchards: M27
Spur types: MM106 and MM109 for and M7 and
Non-spur types: MM111
For J&K: MM106
8. Starkrimson
Red Spur
Gold Spur
Well Spur
Oregon Spur
Silver Spur
Red Chief
Bright ‘N’ Early
Royal Gala
Red Fuji
Promising spur varieties
9. Spindle bush
Dwarf pyramid
Espalier
Cordon
Palmette and
Noored Holland Spindle bush
Training systems
10. Training System for Canopy Management
in HDP
Bush system
Pyramid System
Espalier System
Cordon System
11. • 500 1000 trees/acre‐
• Dwarfing rootstocks
• Narrow pyramid shape with dominant central leader
• Max height of about 10’
• Few cuts made during the first few years 45
Vertical Axis in Apple
Vertical Axis: Planting Year
Ideal tree has 4 branches evenly spaced and central leader
• Remove any branches within 18” of soil surface
• Remove branches that are at a narrow angle or unevenly spaced
around the leader
• Poorly branched tree (B) head leader and remove branches
12. Vertical Axis
In early July, any branches that are at less than a 60-degree
angle from the central leader should be spread or tied down to
this angle. Wire or plastic tree spreaders and other products are
available commercially.
When using cement weights, the branch initially should be
weighted at slightly less than a 60-degree angle, since the branch
angle will increase with time.
Upright sprouts that were not spread during July should be
removed later in the growing season or during dormancy. Tree
weights can be removed from limbs any time after late August.
13. Vertical Axis: 2nd Year
In early spring of the second
growing season, remove vigorous
shoots that compete with the
central leader.
In the dormant season after the
third year, prune the lower
branches of adjacent trees that have
grown together.
Vertical Axis: 3rd Year
14. • 1000 1500 trees/acre‐
• Dwarfing root stock
• Early fruiting 2nd and 3rd leaf‐
• No permanent wood! All scaffolds are renewed by complete
removal when they become too big
• Upper branches bent below horizontal to devigorate 54
Tall Spindle in Apple
• Pinch side shoots in upper ¼ of leader when shoots are 4 5” long‐
Re pinch when regrowth is 4 5” long‐ ‐
• Tie leader to support system
• Train lower branches to below horizontal
Encourage flower production
Tall Spindle: First SummerTall Spindle: First Summer
15. Remove:
Branches competing with leader
Narrow angled branches
Large scaffolds( 2/3 dia. of leader)
Large branches=large trees
Side branches longer than 2”
Tall Spindle: 2nd Year
Bend top
Limit height by cutting back to weak fruitful side branch
Remove:
Branches larger than ¾” diameter
Shorten older, pendant branches to a weak side branch or spur
Tall Spindle: Year 3 5‐
16. First of all satisfy the fundamental requirement of rational
utilization of light. This condition is indispensable to achieve and
maintain a balanced relation between the various parts of the canopy
and to optimise tree productivity as well as fruit quality.
The fundamental aim of any orchard system should be that of
optimising photosynthetic efficiency and shifting assimilate
partitioning to the growing fruits, as a function of the growth and
production characteristics of the species or cultivar utilized.
The theoretical concepts concerning light interception and
distribution in canopies of different sizes have been widely applied in
management of HDP in apple with a density of 3000-3500 or more
trees/ha.
Choice and Utilization of Training Systems for HDPChoice and Utilization of Training Systems for HDP
17. To meet the challenge of high productivity, optimization of
growth parameters and minimization of the unproductive
components of trees without sacrificing the overall health of
the tree and quality of the product are required.
The control of excessive vegetative growth in the tree for
increased productivity is the major principle of high density
orcharding.
Therefore, controlling tree size by dwarfing rootstocks in
high density orchards is one of the methods of increasing
production.
18. The training begins when the tree is first planted and continuesThe training begins when the tree is first planted and continues
throughout its productive life.throughout its productive life.
Proper tree forms, branch angle and limb spacing in themselvesProper tree forms, branch angle and limb spacing in themselves
aid in growth control.aid in growth control.
Once the tree is mature, excessive growth can be regularlyOnce the tree is mature, excessive growth can be regularly
removed by pruning to provide a short term or immediate benefit.removed by pruning to provide a short term or immediate benefit.
Using growth regulators to reduce vegetative growth.Using growth regulators to reduce vegetative growth.
Gibberellins inhibitor reduce branch elongation in olive.Gibberellins inhibitor reduce branch elongation in olive.
Growth inhibition may be followed by increased fruit-set.Growth inhibition may be followed by increased fruit-set.
19. Tatura trellis, V planting system and Vertical Axe, are commonly
used in super intensive peach planting systems. The high density of
trees per hectare, canopy opening allow easy maintenance works.
Tatura trellis, V planting system and Vertical Axe, are commonly
used in super intensive peach planting systems. The high density of
trees per hectare, canopy opening allow easy maintenance works.
Tatura trellisTatura trellis
22. Selecting Rootstocks for High Density Systems
Must be dwarfing rootstocks
With vigorous scion cultivars
Dwarfing clone of M.9 or B.9 rootstock and/or greater
planting distances.
B.9 is a highly productive dwarfing stock that is similar in size
to weak clones of M.9. (20-30% the size of seedling)
With weak scion cultivars
vigorous clone of M.9 rootstock should be used and/or closer
planting distances.
M.26 a highly productive dwarfing stock that produces a tree
about 40% the size of seedling. M.26 remains very popular
since in does well at intermediate densities.
23. Reduction of vegetative shoot growth in orchard trees has been
obtained with different compounds such as chloromequat cloride,
paclobutrazol, uniconazol etc.
The general target for growth retardant compounds in many fruit
trees species is to alter assimilate partitioning in favour of
reproductive parts (flowers and fruits) at the expense of vegetative
shoot growth by acting on endogenous gibberellin biosynthesis.
Such compounds make it possible to reduce vegetative growth
while at the same time also improving tree productivity and fruit
quality.
Reduction of vegetative shoot growth in orchard trees has been
obtained with different compounds such as chloromequat cloride,
paclobutrazol, uniconazol etc.
The general target for growth retardant compounds in many fruit
trees species is to alter assimilate partitioning in favour of
reproductive parts (flowers and fruits) at the expense of vegetative
shoot growth by acting on endogenous gibberellin biosynthesis.
Such compounds make it possible to reduce vegetative growth
while at the same time also improving tree productivity and fruit
quality.
Use of Bioregulators in HDPUse of Bioregulators in HDP
24. Interesting results have been obtained in peach withInteresting results have been obtained in peach with
paclobutrazol: this compound not only allows significantpaclobutrazol: this compound not only allows significant
reduction of shoot growth but also has positive influence overreduction of shoot growth but also has positive influence over
some qualitative characteristics of the fruit, such as greater size,some qualitative characteristics of the fruit, such as greater size,
better colour and soluble solids content.better colour and soluble solids content.
The retardants (Alar 2000 ppm, Ethrel 1000 ppm and aThe retardants (Alar 2000 ppm, Ethrel 1000 ppm and a
mixture of Alar 1000 ppm with Ethrel 500 ppm) greatly reducedmixture of Alar 1000 ppm with Ethrel 500 ppm) greatly reduced
the vegetative growth of Golden Delicious, Starkspur Goldenthe vegetative growth of Golden Delicious, Starkspur Golden
Delicious and James Grieve.Delicious and James Grieve.
Diaminozide (Alar) and paclobutrazol (Cultar) were appliedDiaminozide (Alar) and paclobutrazol (Cultar) were applied
at different timings and concentrations. Instead of de-headingat different timings and concentrations. Instead of de-heading
the trees every two years, as in the original meadow orchardthe trees every two years, as in the original meadow orchard
system, shoot growth and cropping were controlled by growthsystem, shoot growth and cropping were controlled by growth
retardants and light winter pruning.retardants and light winter pruning.