The document discusses various low-cost construction techniques for building roofs and structures, including funicular shell roofs, geodesic domes, A-frames, Swaran Singh blocks, interlocking hollow concrete blocks, vene blocks, filler slabs, and techniques proposed by architect Laurie Baker. Key points include using waste materials, optimizing steel and cement usage, withstanding impact loads, minimizing plasters and facilitating fixtures. Geodesic domes employ simple steel plates joined by holes and slots. A-frames are welded for strength. Various blocks use local materials like soil, cement and waste to reduce costs. Baker's designs combine traditional and innovative low-cost methods.
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques to reduce costs compared to conventional construction methods. These include using thinner foundations with rubble masonry, reducing wall thicknesses, employing rat-trap bond for walls, using concrete blocks or soil-cement blocks instead of burnt bricks, and utilizing precast components and alternative materials for doors, windows and shutters. Adopting these techniques could achieve an overall cost savings of 15-25% compared to conventional construction.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Filler slab construction using coconut shellBasil Ipe
The document describes an experimental study on using coconut shells as filler material in bubble deck slabs. A bubble deck slab is a type of slab that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle tension zone, reducing weight. The study aims to determine the load capacity of filler slabs with coconut shells and compare to conventional slabs. Specimens including cubes, cylinders and slabs with and without coconut shell filler were cast and will undergo testing to evaluate load capacity, cracking patterns, and compare performances between the slab types. The results will help analyze if coconut shell filler is a viable, cost-effective alternative to concrete in slabs.
GFRC is a lightweight, durable composite material made of Portland cement, fine aggregate, water, acrylic co-polymer, glass fiber reinforcement and additives. It results in a product with higher tensile strength than normal concrete that can be molded into various shapes, colors and textures. GFRC is approximately 75% lighter than traditional concrete and its internal reinforcement means no additional reinforcements are needed. It is used in construction applications such as buildings, cladding, landscaping, roofing, walls, windows, renovation, floors, foundations, modular buildings, acoustic barriers, bridges, tunnels and water/drainage systems due to its strength, low maintenance properties and moldability.
This document discusses different types of plaster used in construction. It defines plaster as a mixture of lime, gypsum, sand and water that hardens into a smooth solid used to coat walls and ceilings. Ten types of plaster are classified including lime plaster, surki plaster, lime-surki plaster, neeru plaster, mughal plaster, mud plaster, cement plaster, stucco plaster, gypsum plaster and mosaic/terrazzo plaster. For each type, the materials, application process and uses are outlined. Plaster is used to create smooth, finished surfaces and protect against weathering and defects.
Engineered demolition techniques for dilapidated structuresRAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
This document discusses modern demolition techniques for dilapidated structures. It describes various techniques such as hydraulic rock breakers, diamond sawing and drilling, diamond wire sawing, controlled demolition, and hydraulic bursting/splitting. It focuses on wire sawing as an ultimate demolition tool, using a diamond beaded wire rotated at high speeds to cut through steel and concrete. Additional techniques discussed include hand sawing, hydraulic splitters/busters, and the use of handheld machines like electrically operated, battery operated, pneumatic, and hydraulic tools. Case studies on demolition practices in the USA in the 1940s-1950s describe the use of large iron balls and dynamite arranged to implode structures in a contained manner.
Late Shri Sanat Mehta's low cost house at gandhinagar, indiaShirish Avrani
An attempt to bridge the gap between vernacular and modernity.
A low cost house for Late Shri Sanat Mehta ( Ex. Finance Minister of Gujarat ) at Gandhinagar, India, 1994
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques to reduce costs compared to conventional construction methods. These include using thinner foundations with rubble masonry, reducing wall thicknesses, employing rat-trap bond for walls, using concrete blocks or soil-cement blocks instead of burnt bricks, and utilizing precast components and alternative materials for doors, windows and shutters. Adopting these techniques could achieve an overall cost savings of 15-25% compared to conventional construction.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Filler slab construction using coconut shellBasil Ipe
The document describes an experimental study on using coconut shells as filler material in bubble deck slabs. A bubble deck slab is a type of slab that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle tension zone, reducing weight. The study aims to determine the load capacity of filler slabs with coconut shells and compare to conventional slabs. Specimens including cubes, cylinders and slabs with and without coconut shell filler were cast and will undergo testing to evaluate load capacity, cracking patterns, and compare performances between the slab types. The results will help analyze if coconut shell filler is a viable, cost-effective alternative to concrete in slabs.
GFRC is a lightweight, durable composite material made of Portland cement, fine aggregate, water, acrylic co-polymer, glass fiber reinforcement and additives. It results in a product with higher tensile strength than normal concrete that can be molded into various shapes, colors and textures. GFRC is approximately 75% lighter than traditional concrete and its internal reinforcement means no additional reinforcements are needed. It is used in construction applications such as buildings, cladding, landscaping, roofing, walls, windows, renovation, floors, foundations, modular buildings, acoustic barriers, bridges, tunnels and water/drainage systems due to its strength, low maintenance properties and moldability.
This document discusses different types of plaster used in construction. It defines plaster as a mixture of lime, gypsum, sand and water that hardens into a smooth solid used to coat walls and ceilings. Ten types of plaster are classified including lime plaster, surki plaster, lime-surki plaster, neeru plaster, mughal plaster, mud plaster, cement plaster, stucco plaster, gypsum plaster and mosaic/terrazzo plaster. For each type, the materials, application process and uses are outlined. Plaster is used to create smooth, finished surfaces and protect against weathering and defects.
Engineered demolition techniques for dilapidated structuresRAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
This document discusses modern demolition techniques for dilapidated structures. It describes various techniques such as hydraulic rock breakers, diamond sawing and drilling, diamond wire sawing, controlled demolition, and hydraulic bursting/splitting. It focuses on wire sawing as an ultimate demolition tool, using a diamond beaded wire rotated at high speeds to cut through steel and concrete. Additional techniques discussed include hand sawing, hydraulic splitters/busters, and the use of handheld machines like electrically operated, battery operated, pneumatic, and hydraulic tools. Case studies on demolition practices in the USA in the 1940s-1950s describe the use of large iron balls and dynamite arranged to implode structures in a contained manner.
Late Shri Sanat Mehta's low cost house at gandhinagar, indiaShirish Avrani
An attempt to bridge the gap between vernacular and modernity.
A low cost house for Late Shri Sanat Mehta ( Ex. Finance Minister of Gujarat ) at Gandhinagar, India, 1994
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement was invented in France in the 1840s and provides high tensile strength, durability, and versatility due to its composition and thin walls. It can be cast into various shapes using different techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting. Ferrocement has applications in water tanks, boats, roofs, and other prefabricated structures due to its properties and ease of production.
Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is an alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete structures. It consists of high strength glass fibers embedded in a cementitious matrix. GFRC has physical and chemical properties that provide advantages over steel reinforcement, including being lighter weight, stronger in tension and flexure, more durable, and resistant to corrosion. While GFRC has higher initial costs than steel, it requires less maintenance and can extend the lifespan of structures. The document provides details on the production of GFRC and compares its material properties and performance to traditional steel reinforced concrete.
ABSTRACT
Ferrocement addition in cement mortar or concrete increases the performance of material. The present paper describes the results of testing flat ferrocement panels reinforced with different number of wire mesh layers. The main objective of these experimental tests is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire mesh layers on the flexural strength of flat ferrocement panels and to compare the effect of varying the number of wire mesh layers on the ductility and the ultimate strength of these types of ferrocement structures.
The used number of wire mesh layers is one, two, three and four layers.
The experimental results show that flexural strength of the folded panels increased by 37% and 90% for panels having 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively, copared with that having single layer, while for flat panel the increase in flexural strength compared with panel of plan mortar is 4.5%, 65% and 68% for panels having 1, 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively. The strength capacity of the folded panels, having the particular geometry used in the present study, is in the order of 3.5 to 5 times that of the corresponding flat panels having the same number of wire mesh layers. Both types are also analyzed using finite element method to check the flexural stresses in these panels under self weight and cracking load.
Keywords: Ferrocement, Flat Panel, Mortar, Wire Mesh.
THIS WAS THE PROJECT CARRIED OUT BY OUR TEAM AS A FINAL YEAR PROJECT. IN THIS PROJECT STEEL FIBERS WAS INDUCED ALONG WITH CEMENT MATRIX TO INCREASE THE DURABILITY, CRACK RESISTANCE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FERROCEMENT BLOCKS. THESE BLOCKS HAS MORE LATERAL STABILITY THAN ORDINARY BRICKS
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete material made of closely spaced wire mesh and mortar. It was developed in the 1940s and provides several advantages over traditional reinforced concrete. Ferrocement structures can be constructed with minimal formwork and skilled labor since the wire mesh reinforcement is embedded throughout the thin mortar surface. Common applications include water tanks, boats, housing elements, and agricultural structures due to its lightweight, durability, and flexibility in shaping.
This document provides information on various mud construction techniques, including soil testing methods, stabilization techniques, and specific roofing methods like the Guna vault roof and Nubian dome. Some key points:
- Various field and lab tests are described to determine the composition and properties of soils for construction, including color, texture, biscuit, and sieve tests.
- Stabilization techniques can improve soil properties by adding materials like cement, straw or plant juices.
- The Guna vault roof is made from tapered burnt clay pipes socketed together in arches to form a strong, lightweight roof.
- The Nubian dome technique builds vaults and domes without centering by laying courses almost
Ferrocement is a composite material made of cement, sand, water and wire mesh. It is thin and lightweight but has high tensile strength. Ferrocement elements are 2-3 cm thick with wire mesh reinforcement. It has applications in water tanks, boats, benches and roofs due to its strength, repair ability and moldability. It can be cast using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging and guniting. Centrifuging and guniting provide better compaction for pressure pipes and prefabricated units.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete construction where wire meshes are embedded in cement mortar. It was developed by Italian architect P.L. Nervi in 1940. Ferrocement provides benefits such as low self-weight, lack of need for skilled workers, no formwork requirement, low maintenance costs, and versatility in shapes. Some drawbacks include vulnerability to punctures and corrosion of reinforcing materials. Ferrocement construction is suitable for housing, marine, agricultural, and industrial applications in developing countries due to use of locally available materials, low capital requirements, and less need for heavy machinery. While still developing, ferrocement shows promise as an economical construction material.
This study tested and compared the tensile strength of bamboo, high-yield steel bars, and mild steel bars of various sizes (10mm to 25mm) for use as structural materials in building construction. Tensile strength tests were conducted on steel reinforcement bars and bamboo samples of the same sizes using a universal testing machine based on ASTM D-638 standards. The results showed that high-yield steel bars had the highest tensile strength and breaking force across all sizes tested. Bamboo generally had the lowest tensile strength and breaking force, and in some cases failed to break at all during testing. The study concludes that while bamboo has some structural properties, its low breaking force means it cannot be used as a primary load-
Research paper - BAMBOO AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL IN RCCJaazim Salahudeen
This document discusses using bamboo as reinforcement in concrete structures instead of steel in India. It summarizes that bamboo has high tensile strength, grows quickly, and absorbs more carbon than trees. India has abundant bamboo resources. The document evaluates bamboo's physical properties, preservation methods, costs compared to steel reinforcement, and concludes that bamboo reinforced concrete is significantly cheaper than steel reinforced concrete, making it a viable alternative material for construction.
This document discusses ferrocement, an appropriate building technique. [1] Ferrocement is a reinforced concrete made of closely spaced wire mesh and cement mortar. [2] It uses cement, sand, water, and thin steel wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the mesh provides tensile strength. [3] Ferrocement is stronger and more flexible than conventional concrete. It can be formed into various shapes and is suitable for developing countries due to its simplicity and labor intensiveness.
Experimental investigation on behavior of bamboo reinforced concrete membereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes and compares aerated lightweight concrete types foamed concrete and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). It discusses that foamed concrete is produced through pre-foaming or mixed foaming methods using a foam agent to produce air bubbles. AAC uses aluminium powder as a foaming agent which reacts to produce gas bubbles during curing. The document outlines the raw materials, production processes, properties and advantages of both concrete types including their strength, density, thermal and sound insulation qualities.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement has properties of both steel and concrete - it is flexible like steel but does not rust. It can be manufactured using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging, and guniting. Ferrocement has advantages of high strength, ductility, impact resistance, and permeability. Its applications include domestic water tanks, gas holders, boat building, manhole covers, roofing, and pressure pipes.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
Lightweight concrete has a density not exceeding 1850kg/m3. There are three main types: aerated concrete made through chemical reactions or foaming agents, no fines concrete which omits fine aggregates, and lightweight aggregate concrete using materials like pumice. Aerated concrete is popular in Europe due to its lightness and versatility. It is made through introducing gas into a cement-sand mix using chemicals or foaming agents. Foamed concrete uses foaming agents to create air voids without chemical reactions. Both have advantages like lower density, strength, and cost. They are used in construction for walls, panels, foundations, and other structural and non-structural purposes.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
The document describes ferrocement roofs. Ferrocement roofs consist of ferrocement panels that are joined monolithically without nuts and bolts. They are connected to ferrocement purlins and portals through welding and cement. Ferrocement roofs transfer less heat than metal roofs and provide more storage space below since they do not require steel trusses. Ferrocement roofs are superior to metal roofs as they are jointless, transfer less heat, prevent humidity transfer, require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan. The document provides examples of ferrocement usage and goals of developing sustainable ferrocement construction.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
The document provides information about drafting structural layout and details. It introduces the module and outlines the learning objectives, which are to draft foundation plans and structural floor and roof framing plans. It also includes a pre-assessment test to evaluate students' existing knowledge on structural layout topics like footings, columns, and roof types. The skills assessment rates students' proficiency in drafting foundation plans and structural floors and roof plans.
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement was invented in France in the 1840s and provides high tensile strength, durability, and versatility due to its composition and thin walls. It can be cast into various shapes using different techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting. Ferrocement has applications in water tanks, boats, roofs, and other prefabricated structures due to its properties and ease of production.
Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is an alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete structures. It consists of high strength glass fibers embedded in a cementitious matrix. GFRC has physical and chemical properties that provide advantages over steel reinforcement, including being lighter weight, stronger in tension and flexure, more durable, and resistant to corrosion. While GFRC has higher initial costs than steel, it requires less maintenance and can extend the lifespan of structures. The document provides details on the production of GFRC and compares its material properties and performance to traditional steel reinforced concrete.
ABSTRACT
Ferrocement addition in cement mortar or concrete increases the performance of material. The present paper describes the results of testing flat ferrocement panels reinforced with different number of wire mesh layers. The main objective of these experimental tests is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire mesh layers on the flexural strength of flat ferrocement panels and to compare the effect of varying the number of wire mesh layers on the ductility and the ultimate strength of these types of ferrocement structures.
The used number of wire mesh layers is one, two, three and four layers.
The experimental results show that flexural strength of the folded panels increased by 37% and 90% for panels having 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively, copared with that having single layer, while for flat panel the increase in flexural strength compared with panel of plan mortar is 4.5%, 65% and 68% for panels having 1, 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively. The strength capacity of the folded panels, having the particular geometry used in the present study, is in the order of 3.5 to 5 times that of the corresponding flat panels having the same number of wire mesh layers. Both types are also analyzed using finite element method to check the flexural stresses in these panels under self weight and cracking load.
Keywords: Ferrocement, Flat Panel, Mortar, Wire Mesh.
THIS WAS THE PROJECT CARRIED OUT BY OUR TEAM AS A FINAL YEAR PROJECT. IN THIS PROJECT STEEL FIBERS WAS INDUCED ALONG WITH CEMENT MATRIX TO INCREASE THE DURABILITY, CRACK RESISTANCE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FERROCEMENT BLOCKS. THESE BLOCKS HAS MORE LATERAL STABILITY THAN ORDINARY BRICKS
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete material made of closely spaced wire mesh and mortar. It was developed in the 1940s and provides several advantages over traditional reinforced concrete. Ferrocement structures can be constructed with minimal formwork and skilled labor since the wire mesh reinforcement is embedded throughout the thin mortar surface. Common applications include water tanks, boats, housing elements, and agricultural structures due to its lightweight, durability, and flexibility in shaping.
This document provides information on various mud construction techniques, including soil testing methods, stabilization techniques, and specific roofing methods like the Guna vault roof and Nubian dome. Some key points:
- Various field and lab tests are described to determine the composition and properties of soils for construction, including color, texture, biscuit, and sieve tests.
- Stabilization techniques can improve soil properties by adding materials like cement, straw or plant juices.
- The Guna vault roof is made from tapered burnt clay pipes socketed together in arches to form a strong, lightweight roof.
- The Nubian dome technique builds vaults and domes without centering by laying courses almost
Ferrocement is a composite material made of cement, sand, water and wire mesh. It is thin and lightweight but has high tensile strength. Ferrocement elements are 2-3 cm thick with wire mesh reinforcement. It has applications in water tanks, boats, benches and roofs due to its strength, repair ability and moldability. It can be cast using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging and guniting. Centrifuging and guniting provide better compaction for pressure pipes and prefabricated units.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete construction where wire meshes are embedded in cement mortar. It was developed by Italian architect P.L. Nervi in 1940. Ferrocement provides benefits such as low self-weight, lack of need for skilled workers, no formwork requirement, low maintenance costs, and versatility in shapes. Some drawbacks include vulnerability to punctures and corrosion of reinforcing materials. Ferrocement construction is suitable for housing, marine, agricultural, and industrial applications in developing countries due to use of locally available materials, low capital requirements, and less need for heavy machinery. While still developing, ferrocement shows promise as an economical construction material.
This study tested and compared the tensile strength of bamboo, high-yield steel bars, and mild steel bars of various sizes (10mm to 25mm) for use as structural materials in building construction. Tensile strength tests were conducted on steel reinforcement bars and bamboo samples of the same sizes using a universal testing machine based on ASTM D-638 standards. The results showed that high-yield steel bars had the highest tensile strength and breaking force across all sizes tested. Bamboo generally had the lowest tensile strength and breaking force, and in some cases failed to break at all during testing. The study concludes that while bamboo has some structural properties, its low breaking force means it cannot be used as a primary load-
Research paper - BAMBOO AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL IN RCCJaazim Salahudeen
This document discusses using bamboo as reinforcement in concrete structures instead of steel in India. It summarizes that bamboo has high tensile strength, grows quickly, and absorbs more carbon than trees. India has abundant bamboo resources. The document evaluates bamboo's physical properties, preservation methods, costs compared to steel reinforcement, and concludes that bamboo reinforced concrete is significantly cheaper than steel reinforced concrete, making it a viable alternative material for construction.
This document discusses ferrocement, an appropriate building technique. [1] Ferrocement is a reinforced concrete made of closely spaced wire mesh and cement mortar. [2] It uses cement, sand, water, and thin steel wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the mesh provides tensile strength. [3] Ferrocement is stronger and more flexible than conventional concrete. It can be formed into various shapes and is suitable for developing countries due to its simplicity and labor intensiveness.
Experimental investigation on behavior of bamboo reinforced concrete membereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes and compares aerated lightweight concrete types foamed concrete and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). It discusses that foamed concrete is produced through pre-foaming or mixed foaming methods using a foam agent to produce air bubbles. AAC uses aluminium powder as a foaming agent which reacts to produce gas bubbles during curing. The document outlines the raw materials, production processes, properties and advantages of both concrete types including their strength, density, thermal and sound insulation qualities.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement has properties of both steel and concrete - it is flexible like steel but does not rust. It can be manufactured using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging, and guniting. Ferrocement has advantages of high strength, ductility, impact resistance, and permeability. Its applications include domestic water tanks, gas holders, boat building, manhole covers, roofing, and pressure pipes.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
Lightweight concrete has a density not exceeding 1850kg/m3. There are three main types: aerated concrete made through chemical reactions or foaming agents, no fines concrete which omits fine aggregates, and lightweight aggregate concrete using materials like pumice. Aerated concrete is popular in Europe due to its lightness and versatility. It is made through introducing gas into a cement-sand mix using chemicals or foaming agents. Foamed concrete uses foaming agents to create air voids without chemical reactions. Both have advantages like lower density, strength, and cost. They are used in construction for walls, panels, foundations, and other structural and non-structural purposes.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
The document describes ferrocement roofs. Ferrocement roofs consist of ferrocement panels that are joined monolithically without nuts and bolts. They are connected to ferrocement purlins and portals through welding and cement. Ferrocement roofs transfer less heat than metal roofs and provide more storage space below since they do not require steel trusses. Ferrocement roofs are superior to metal roofs as they are jointless, transfer less heat, prevent humidity transfer, require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan. The document provides examples of ferrocement usage and goals of developing sustainable ferrocement construction.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
The document provides information about drafting structural layout and details. It introduces the module and outlines the learning objectives, which are to draft foundation plans and structural floor and roof framing plans. It also includes a pre-assessment test to evaluate students' existing knowledge on structural layout topics like footings, columns, and roof types. The skills assessment rates students' proficiency in drafting foundation plans and structural floors and roof plans.
Cement boards are composed of cement, reinforcing fibers, cellulose, and mica formed into thick sheets. They are durable, resistant to termites and rot, and require little maintenance once installed. Cement boards are installed with corrosion resistant fasteners and filled joints, and are being increasingly used in prefabricated homes in Nepal due to benefits like earthquake resistance, fire resistance, and reduced construction time and costs.
Low cost houisng and alternate building materialsNaresh Yadav
This document summarizes a presentation on using prefabricated and alternate building materials for low-cost housing. Some key points:
- Prefabricated components like precast concrete planks, panels, and lintels can reduce construction costs by eliminating shuttering and scaffolding. Standardizing components increases speed and productivity.
- Alternate materials like fly ash bricks, hollow concrete blocks, and lime can also reduce costs when used for walls. Larger wall blocks use less mortar.
- A demonstration housing project in Bangalore used materials like solid concrete blocks, RCC slabs, and precast doors to build 252 units for Rs. 60,000 each. Overall costs were reduced by 30-50
Cost Effective Construction Techniques By Stephen RaymentStephen Rayment UK
Stephen Rayment is the co-founder of Systech International, a company that focuses on providing cost effective construction techniques. Some secrets that Rayment emphasizes to reduce costs include developing strong supplier relationships, ensuring workers have the proper capabilities for tasks, planning future construction directions, and prioritizing customer service to meet needs. By focusing on these areas, Rayment has helped Systech International establish a reputation for delivering high quality construction projects on budget.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of the construction industry and proposes more sustainable alternatives. It notes that the construction industry accounts for significant global resource use and pollution. Specifically:
- It uses over one-sixth of global freshwater withdrawals and one-quarter of wood harvest. Cement production alone contributes 5% of man-made CO2 emissions.
- Construction and demolition waste makes up 10-40% of solid waste in most countries.
- Many building materials emit VOCs that contribute to greenhouse gases and global warming.
To address these issues, the document recommends more sustainable materials like hollow interlocking compressed stabilized earth blocks, which use local soil and less energy and resources compared to conventional bricks. These
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques including using funicular shell roofs, geodesic domes, A-frame structures, interlocking hollow concrete blocks, soil cement blocks, and rat-trap bond wall construction. It suggests optimizing designs to reduce materials and costs for foundations, walls, doors, windows, and lintels. Foundations can use rubble masonry with bond stones instead of concrete beds. Wall thickness and rat-trap bonding can reduce brick usage. Concrete blocks and soil cement blocks provide savings over burnt bricks. Alternative materials can lower costs for doors, windows, and lintels.
This document discusses various low-cost construction techniques including:
1. Funicular roofs that use diagonal grids to distribute loads without steel reinforcement.
2. Geodesic domes made of simple steel plates connected by bolts with varied angles.
3. A-frames that are prefabricated steel frames requiring minimal formwork.
4. Low-cost blocks like Swaran Singh blocks made with local materials, and veneer blocks made with an on-site mold.
This document provides information on cement tiles, including their composition, production process, uses, installation, and maintenance. Cement tiles are made from a mixture of cement, sand, color pigment, and marble powder that is poured into molds and compressed under high pressure. They are durable, customizable in color and design, and more environmentally friendly than other tile options like ceramic. The document outlines best practices for laying cement tiles on walls and floors, including using a cement mortar adhesive and grout and sealing the tiles before grouting. Regular cleaning and resealing of exterior tiles is recommended for maintenance.
This document provides information on metal roofing, including the different types of materials used, advantages and disadvantages, and specifications for metal roof trusses. It discusses various metal options for roofing like corrugated steel, copper, aluminum, and stone-coated steel. It also outlines inputs required when specifying metal roof trusses to manufacturers, such as truss type, location, and open category.
This document provides information on various low cost building components that can be used for construction. It discusses precast solid cement concrete blocks, precast concrete stone masonry blocks, hollow and solid lightweight concrete masonry units, precast reinforced concrete door and window frames, ferrocement roofing channels, and other components. These alternative materials provide benefits like reduced cost, improved strength and durability, thermal efficiency, and environmental sustainability compared to traditional building materials.
clay tiles brick paving stone paving.pptxMEGHANA S
Clay tiles have been used for roofing since ancient times in places like China and the Indus Valley civilization. They are made by shaping raw clay into tiles, drying them, and firing them to vitrify the clay. Different types of clay tiles include porcelain, non-porcelain, ceramic, and terracotta tiles. Clay tiles are durable, weather resistant roofing materials but are heavy, fragile and more expensive than some alternatives. Stone paving uses various types of stone like bluestone, cobblestone and travertine laid in sand to provide durable, flexible and beautiful paving for walkways, patios and driveways.
The presentation compares wood and laminate wall finishes. Wood pros include showing the natural beauty of hardwood and providing insulation. Cons are that wood panels can rot if not water resistant and require regular maintenance. Laminate is more durable but not as natural-looking as wood. Proper installation of both requires tools like a caulk gun, adhesive, and saw. The document provides tips for installing wood planks and laminates on walls.
A study project on Low cost housing. The various construction techniques available for reduction of cost of a building are discussed. A study is also performed on the citizens of Vijayawada and the interpreted results are shown.
1) The document provides an overview of various low-cost construction techniques developed by HUDCO, including mud block structures, wattle and daub units, rat trap bond brick construction, brick panel houses, bamboo houses, and ferrocement channel units.
2) Key features of each technique are described, such as using locally available materials like mud, bamboo, and brick in innovative ways to reduce costs. Construction processes for foundations, walls, roofs, and more are outlined for several techniques.
3) The techniques aim to provide affordable housing solutions using sustainable materials and methods. Descriptions emphasize using locally sourced materials, minimizing energy and resource usage, and promoting livelihoods.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
The document discusses compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB). It describes CSEBs as building materials made from a mix of soil, stabilizer, and water that is compressed and dried. The document then discusses the history and development of CSEBs. It notes the various benefits of CSEBs, including being a local material, limiting deforestation, cost efficiency, and social acceptance. Some limitations are also outlined. The document focuses on the raw materials used for CSEBs, particularly different types of soil - black cotton soil, gravely soil, sandy soil, silty soil, and clayey soil - and their characteristics.
A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure
such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc
Another definition
Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard and use as a buildings and paving material.
This document provides information on structural light weight concrete. It defines light weight concrete as a special concrete that weighs less than conventional concrete due to using light weight coarse aggregates. These aggregates can be natural materials like pumice or artificial materials like clay that have been fired to develop a porous structure. Light weight concrete has densities between 1440-1840 kg/m3 compared to 2240-2400 kg/m3 for normal concrete. It is used to reduce the dead load of structures, allowing smaller structural elements like columns and footings. Light weight concrete also provides better strength-to-weight and fire resistance properties than normal concrete.
Introduction to Civil Engineering Materials..pptxWakarusaCo
The document provides an introduction to different types of stones used in civil engineering materials. It describes the geological, physical, and chemical classification of stones. The key classifications include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in the geological classification. It also discusses important properties of stones such as strength, hardness, porosity, and abrasion resistance. Various tests conducted on stones are outlined, including crushing strength, abrasion, and impact tests, to determine properties relevant for construction applications.
This document discusses bunker storage of grains. It describes different types of bunkers including round bales, plywood, open bin rings, wood, cement, steel, and earthen bunkers. It covers design considerations for bunkers such as site selection, dimensions, drainage, underliners, ventilation and aeration systems. Temperature and moisture relationships inside bunkers over time are also discussed. In conclusion, bunker storage is recommended where harvest coincides with dry seasons, and protection from animals and punctures is needed.
MASNORY WALLS sem 5 materials of bu.pptxNehaAlbert
The document discusses different types of masonry blocks used in construction including concrete blocks, clay hollow blocks, and CSE blocks. It describes the production process of solid, cellular, and hollow concrete blocks and provides details on their composition, sizes, strengths, insulation properties, and advantages. Concrete blocks are a viable alternative to clay bricks that allow faster construction and provide durability, stability, thermal insulation, and opportunities for reinforcement.
The document discusses different types of bricks used in masonry construction. It describes several classifications of bricks based on their manufacturing method and material composition. Common burnt clay bricks are the most traditionally used type of brick. They are formed from clay and fired in a kiln. Concrete bricks are an alternative and are composed of cement, sand, and aggregates. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks are a relatively new building material made of fly ash, cement, and air, and provide benefits over traditional clay bricks like lower weight, improved insulation, and reduced environmental impact.
COVERS ABOUT
BRICKS,COMPARISION B/W BRICKS AND STONES,SIZE,WEIGHT AND COLOUR OF BRICKS,COMPOSITION OF BRICKS,HARMFUL INGREDIENTS FOR BRICKS,MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS:PREPARATION OF CLAY,MOULDING,DRYING,BURNING OF BRICKS,CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS:UNBURNT AND BURNT
BURNT BRICK CLASSIFICATION:FIRST CLASS, SECOND CLASS, THIRD CLASS ,FOURTH CLASS BRICKS
TEST ON BRICKS.
Similar to Lauriebaker1 120825045417-phpapp02 (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. FUNICULAR ROOF
FUNICULAR ROOFS-AN ALTERNATE TO RCC ROOFS
THE FUNICULAR SHELL ROOF IS ONE SUCH COMPRESSION
STRUCTURE, WHICH ENSURES CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES BY UTILISING WASTE MATERIALS EFFECTIVELY AND
OPTIMISING THE USE OF EXPENSIVE STEEL AND CEMENT.
FURTHER, THE ARCH DISTRIBUTES
THE POINT LOAD IN ALL DIRECTION EQUALLY THUS, IS ABLE TO
WITHSTAND IMPACT LOADING AT ANY POINT.
•DIAGONAL G RID OF FUNICULAR SHELL GIVES THE ILLUSION OF
A LARGER SPACE.
•ELIMINATE USE OF HIGH-ENERGY STEEL REINFORCEMENT
USED IN THE CONVENTIONAL RCC ROOF.
•ALLOWS EFFICIENT USE OF WASTE MATERIALS AND PROVIDES
PERSONALITY, COLOUR AND TEXTURE.
• MINIMISES REQUIREMENT OF INTERNAL PLASTERS.
• PROVIDES ROOFING AT A LOWER COST.
3. ! A DOUBLY CURVED STRUCTURE ON EDGE
BEAM ENSURES OPTIMAL UTILISATION OF STEEL
AND CEMENT.
! CAN BE DEMOULDED EVERY 48 HOURS.
! A SIMPLE YET SPLENDID ROOFING SYSTEM
USING NATURAL MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
AS OPPOSED TO THE MONOTONOUS AND
COMPLEX CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM.
! FUNICULAR SHELLS CAN TAKE ANY SHAPE-
SQUARE, RECTANGLE, TRAPEZIUM, TRIANGULAR
OR ANY OTHER SHAPE. THE KNACK LIES IN THE
CASTING OF THE MOULD.
! THE UPPER HALF OF THE EDGE BEAM IS
REQUIRED TO HOLD THE STIRRUPS. IT IS CAST
ALONG WITH THE FUNICULAR SHELL;
THEREFORE, IT CAN ALSO BE A TRIANGULAR
SECTION.
! THE FUNICULAR SHELL CAN CARRY VARIOUS
CONDUITS, TOILET PIPES IN THE AREA ABOVE
THE BRICK -BAT LAYER. THESE CAN RUN ALONG
THE PERIPHERY WHERE THE MAXIMUM DEPTH
IS AVAILABLE.
! FUNICULAR SHELL ROOF FACILITATES THE
INSTALLMENT OF FIXTURES LIKE- CEILING FANS,
LIGHT FIXTURES ETC. A SKYLIGHT CAN BE
INTRODUCED IN THE ROOF. THIS CAN BE
ACHIEVED BY LEAVING A HOLLOW WHILE
CASTING, USING THE INHERENT STRENGTH OF A
RING IN COMPRESSION.
! THE FUNICULAR SHELL ALLOWS AMPLE
FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN
4. GEODESIC DOMES
•THE BASIC TRIANGLE OF AN ICOSAHEDRON IS SUBDIVIDED
INTO SMALLER TRIANGLES AND EACH NODE LIFTED TO MEET
THE SURFACE OF THE SPHERE.
• THE MORE THE SUB-DIVISIONS, THE SMOOTHER THE DOME.
EACH SIDE OF THE SUBDIVIDED TRIANGLE RESULTS IN A CHORD
FACTOR, WHICH IS MULTIPLIED BY THE RADIUS TO GIVE THE
STRAIGHT LENGTH OF EACH MEMBER.
•EVEN THOUGH AN ICOSAHEDRON HAS BEEN TAKEN AS THE
BASIC STARTING CONFIGURATION, ANY POLYHEDRA CAN BE
USED BUT THE NUMBER OF VARIATIONS IN PLATE IS LIKELY TO
INCREASE DEPENDING ON THE POLYHEDRA TAKEN FOR THE
BASIC GEOMETRY.
•THE NUMBER OF VARIATIONS IN THE JOINT PLATES IS EVIDENT.
5. GEODESIC DOMES
! SIMPLE MILD STEEL PLATES ARE USED, WHICH ARE EASY TO
FABRICATE CONSIDERING ONLY A HOLE AND A SLOT HAVE TO
BE MADE IN IT.
! SINCE THE PLATES ARE DEPRESSING THE STRUCTURAL STEEL
NO SUB-STRUCTURE IS REQUIRED TO ACCOMMODATE
ROOFING MATERIAL
! THE TOP OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBER SERVES FOR THE SEAT
OF THE ROOFING MATERIAL.
! A SIMPLE HOLE AND SLOT IN THE PLATES PROVIDE FOR
VARIATIONS IN ANGLES. THE HOLE FIXES THE DISTANCE AND
THE SLOT PROVIDES ADJUSTMENT FOR THE ANGLES.
! BY CURVING THE INNER AND OUTER PLATES AND MOVING
THE SLOT AND THE HOLE BY FEW MILLIMETRES CLOSER
TO THE CENTRE, THE BOLTS ARE MADE TO CONVERGE
TOWARDS THE CENTRE OF THE SPHERE.
! MEMBERS CAN BE DOUBLED IN DEPTH IF REQUIRED.
6. A FRAMES
•ARE WELDED FROM INCEPTION.
THESE MEMBERS ARE MORE RESILIENT
THAN REINFORCED CEMENT
CONCRETE AND HAVE A LARGER
STRENGTH EVEN WITHOUT THE
CONCRETE COMPONENT.
•THIS FORM OF REINFORCEMENT
CONSUMES 30% LESS STEEL.
•THEY PROVIDE FOR A SIMPLE
ASSEMBLY OF BEAMS WITH
CONTINUITY BARS AT JUNCTIONS IN
VARIOUS DIRECTIONS AND REQUIRE
MINIMUM FORMWORK FOR FILLING.
•THEY ARE STABLE WITHOUT
CONCRETE AS CONCRETE IS REDUCED
TO A FILLER MATERIAL.
•THE MEMBERS CAN BE FILLED WITH
CONCRETE AT ANY POINT OF TIME
SUBSEQUENTLY.
7. SWARAN SINGH BLOCK
•TAKE A SIMPLE, MANUALLY
OPERATED BLOCK MAKING MACHINE
AS AVAILABLE WITH MOST OF THE
BUILDING CENTRES
•TAKE A STIFF PVC SHEET OR RED
MUD PLASTIC SHEET CUT TO THE
SIZE OF THE BASE OF THE MOULD.
• COAT IT WITH USED MOBIL OIL TO
PREVENT ADHESION AND
FACILITATE EASY DEMOULDING
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE BLOCK.
•STONE PIECES OF DIFFERENT
COLORS AND ARRANGE THEM IN
PATTERNS AS MAY BE DESIRED FOR
THE PURPOSE OF ARTICULATION OF
MATERIALS.
•PREPARE A 1: 3 MIX OF CEMENT
AND SAND MORTAR. POUR THE
MORTAR EVENLY OVER THE STONE
CHIPS
•THE VIBRATION HELPS
INTEGRATION OF THE STONE
•PIECES WITH THE CEMENT MORTAR
TO FORM AN IMPERMEABLE
DIAPHRAGM..
•PREPARE ANOTHER MIX OF MUD
WITH 2% CEMENT OR 5% LIME OR
THE COMBINATION OF THE TWO.
THIS MIX FORMS THE MAJOR
PORTION OF THE BODY OF THE
BLOCK. .
8. •TAKE A JUTE PIECE LITTLE
SMALLER THAN THE SIZE OF
THE BASE AND DIP IT IN
CEMENT SLURRY. PLACE
THE JUTE PIECE IN THE
MOULD AND FILL THE REST
OF THE MOULD WITH THE
SAME MIX TO ABOUT 2/3 RD
OF THE MOULD AND ADD
ANOTHER LAYER OF JUTE
DIPPED IN CEMENT SLURRY.
•NOW FILL THE MOULD TO
THE TOP. LOCK THE LID AND
USE THE COMPRESSOR TO
COMPRESS THE BLOCK
•SURFACE OF THE WALL AND
WILL REQUIRE A FLASH
COAT LATER IF AT ALL, ONLY
TO EVEN OUT THE SURFACE.
12. VENE BLOCKS
•THE VENE BLOCK IS ESSENTIALLY AN ADOBE BLOCK MAKING
MECHANISM THAT IS SIMPLE AND
EFFICIENT.
•IT COMPRISES OF A MOULD MADE OF TIMBER. THE MOULD IS USED
TO MAKE THE ADOBE BLOCKS RIGHT WHERE THE WALL IS TO BE
ERECTED, AND RELIES ON A SIMPLE NON-MECHANISED
PROCEDURE.
•THE MOULD IS PLACED WHERE REQUIRED AND THEN EARTH MIXTURE
IS POURED IN AND COMPACTED WITHIN THE MOULD. ONCE THE
MOULD IS FILLED AND ALL THE EARTH WITHIN COMPACTED, THE
MOULD IS LIFTED OUT AND MOVED AHEAD TO MAKE THE NEXT BLOCK.
•THE SAME PROCESS IS REPEATED. THE MOULD ENSURES THAT THE
BLOCKS ARE LAID PRECISELY AND GIVES IT A
CLEANER FINISH THAN THE ROUGH, HAND COMPACTED ADOBE WALLS.
13. •BY INTEGRATING THE RAM LOCHAN TILE INTO THE VENE BLOCK
MAKING PROCESS, PLACING THE TILE INTO THE MOULD BEFORE WE
START COMPACTING THE EARTH, WE PROTECT THE ADOBE WALL
FROM
EROSION.
•THE RAM LOCHAN TILE IS A FABRICATED ON SITE A SIMPLE MOULD.
TO ACCOMMODATE THIS 10 MM TILE TILE, THE SIZE OF THE VENE
BLOCK
MOULD IS INCREASED SLIGHTLY.
• BOTH THE REGULAR AND THE CORNER MOULDS ARE MODIFIED IN
THIS MANNER. THE RAM LOCHAN TILE IS ALSO MODIFIED
TO ALLOW FOR TWO DOVETAIL LOCKS.
•FOR THE CORNERS ONE OF THE DOVETAILS IS MADE SHORTER TO
ALLOW
FOR A CLEAN JOINT.THE LOWER DOVETAIL OF THE TILE ALLOWS FOR A
PRECISE OVERLAPPING OF THE TILES.
•THE RAM LOCHAN TILE IS INSERTED INTO THE VENE
BLOCK MOULD DURING CONSTRUCTION AND IS MADE
TO OVERLAP THE LOWER COURSE BY HALF AN INCH ,
15. COST REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES
1 FOUNDATION
• NORMALLY THE FOUNDATION COST COMES TO ABOUT 10 TO
15% OF THE TOTAL BUILDING AND USUALLY FOUNDATION
DEPTH OF 3 TO 4 FT. IS ADOPTED FOR SINGLE OR DOUBLE
STOREY BUILDING AND ALSO THE CONCRETE BED OF 6 (15″
CMS.) IS USED FOR THE FOUNDATION WHICH COULD BE
AVOIDED.
• IT IS RECOMMENDED TO ADOPT A FOUNDATION DEPTH OF 2
FT.(0.6M) FOR NORMAL SOIL LIKE GRAVELY SOIL, RED SOILS
ETC.,
• USE THE UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONRY WITH THE BOND
STONES AND GOOD PACKING.
• SIMILARLY THE FOUNDATION WIDTH IS RATIONALIZED TO 2 FT.
(0.6M).
• TO AVOID CRACKS FORMATION IN FOUNDATION THE
MASONRY SHALL BE THOROUGHLY PACKED WITH CEMENT
MORTAR OF 1:8 BOULDERS AND BOND STONES AT REGULAR
INTERVALS.
• IT IS FURTHER SUGGESTED TO ADOPT ARCH FOUNDATION IN
ORDINARY SOIL FOR EFFECTING REDUCTION IN
CONSTRUCTION COST UP TO 40%.
• THIS KIND OF FOUNDATION WILL HELP IN BRIDGING THE
LOOSE POCKETS OF SOIL WHICH OCCURS ALONG THE
FOUNDATION.
• IN THE CASE OF BLACK COTTON AND OTHER SOFT SOILS IT IS
RECOMMEND TO USE UNDER REAM PILE FOUNDATION WHICH
SAVES ABOUT 20 TO 25% IN COST OVER THE CONVENTIONAL
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION.
18. 2 WALLING
•WALL THICKNESS OF 6 TO 9 IS RECOMMENDED FOR ADOPTION IN″
THE CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS ALL-ROUND THE BUILDING AND 41/2 ”
FOR INSIDE WALLS.
• IT IS SUGGESTED TO USE BURNT BRICKS WHICH ARE IMMERSED IN
WATER FOR 24 HOURS AND THEN SHALL BE USED FOR THE WALLS
3 RAT – TRAP BOND WALL
•IT IS A CAVITY WALL CONSTRUCTION WITH ADDED ADVANTAGE OF
THERMAL COMFORT AND REDUCTION IN THE QUANTITY OF BRICKS
REQUIRED FOR MASONRY WORK.
•BY ADOPTING THIS METHOD OF BONDING OF BRICK MASONRY
COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL ENGLISH OR FLEMISH BOND MASONRY, IT
IS POSSIBLE TO REDUCE IN THE MATERIAL COST OF BRICKS BY 25% AND
ABOUT 10TO 15% IN THE MASONRY COST.
•BY ADOPTING RAT-TRAP BOND METHOD ONE CAN CREATE
AESTHETICALLY PLEASING WALL SURFACE AND PLASTERING CAN BE
AVOIDED.
20. • 4 CONCRETE BLOCK WALLING
• IN VIEW OF HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY BURNT BRICK IT IS
SUGGESTED TO USE CONCRETE BLOCK (BLOCK HOLLOW AND SOLID)
WHICH CONSUMES ABOUT ONLY 1/3 OF THE ENERGY OF THE
BURNT BRICKS IN ITS PRODUCTION.
• BY USING CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY THE WALL THICKNESS CAN
BE REDUCED FROM 20 CMS TO 15 CMS.
• CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY SAVES MORTAR CONSUMPTION,
SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION OF WALL RESULTING IN HIGHER OUTPUT
OF LABOUR, PLASTERING CAN BE AVOIDED THEREBY AN OVERALL
SAVING OF 10 TO 25% CAN BE ACHIEVED.
21. 5 SOIL CEMENT BLOCK TECHNOLOGY
•IT IS AN ENERGY EFFICIENT METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION WHERE SOIL
MIXED WITH 5% AND ABOVE CEMENT AND PRESSED IN HAND
OPERATED MACHINE AND CURED WELL AND THEN USED IN THE
MASONRY.
•THIS MASONRY DOESN’T REQUIRE PLASTERING ON BOTH SIDES OF
THE WALL.
•THE OVERALL ECONOMY THAT COULD BE ACHIEVED WITH THE SOIL
CEMENT TECHNOLOGY IS ABOUT 15 TO 20%
22. •6 DOORS AND WINDOWS
•IT IS SUGGESTED NOT TO USE WOOD FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS
AND IN ITS PLACE CONCRETE OR STEEL SECTION FRAMES SHALL BE
USED FOR ACHIEVING SAVING IN COST UP TO 30 TO 40%.
•SIMILIARLY FOR SHUTTERS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE BLOCK
BOARDS, FIBRE OR WOODEN PRACTICAL BOARDS ETC., SHALL BE USED
FOR REDUCING THE COST BY ABOUT 25%.
•BY ADOPTING BRICK JELLY WORK AND PRECAST COMPONENTS
EFFECTIVE VENTILATION COULD BE PROVIDED TO THE BUILDING AND
ALSO THE CONSTRUCTION COST COULD BE SAVED UP TO 50% OVER
THE WINDOW COMPONENTS.
•ALUMINIUM, IRON, CONCRETE FRAMES CAN BE USED
•7 LINTELS AND CHAJJAS
•THE TRADITIONAL R.C.C. LINTELS WHICH ARE COSTLY CAN BE
REPLACED BY BRICK ARCHES FOR SMALL SPANS AND SAVE
CONSTRUCTION COST UP TO 30 TO 40% OVER THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION.
• BY ADOPTING ARCHES OF DIFFERENT SHAPES A GOOD
ARCHITECTURAL PLEASING APPEARANCE CAN BE GIVEN TO THE
EXTERNAL WALL SURFACES OF THE BRICK MASONRY.
23. LAURIE BAKER
LAURIE BAKER, AN ARCHITECT FROM
BIRMINGHAM, NOW SETTLED IN
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, HAS
EFFECTIVELY COMBINED TRADITIONAL
TECHNIQUES WITH INDIGENOUS
INNOVATIONS AND HAS MANAGED TO
BRING DOWN THE COST OF
CONSTRUCTION BY HALF.
HIS TECHNIQUES NOT ONLY USE CHEAPER
MATERIALS BUT ALSO ELIMINATE
REDUNDANT DETAILS FROM THE DESIGN.
CONCRETE IS RARELY USED. MANGALORE
TILES ARE USED FOR THE ROOF WHICH
MAKES IT LIGHT AND INEXPENSIVE.
24. • HIS APPROACH AND SIMPLE PRINCIPLES TO LOW COST
HOUSING ARE GANDHIAN, WHICH CAN BE ADOPTED BY
EVERY BUILDER. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MAINSTAY OF
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HIS HOUSES.
• PLANNING OF SPACE– LESSER WALLS, MULTIPLE USES OF
SPACE, SHORT SPANS OF ROOF, AGGLOMERATION OF
BUILDING SERVICES, FLEXIBILITY IN GROWTH.
• LOCAL BUILDING MATERIAL– BRICKS, TILES, LIME,
SURKHI, TIMBER, THATCH, STONE, PALM, MUD.
• BRICKS AND JALIS – PLAY OF LIGHT AND SHADE,
UNIDIRECTIONAL VISION.
• UNPLASTERED WALLS.
• LINTELS AND ARCHES.
• ATTENTION TO DETAILS.
25. • BAKER’S WORKS INCLUDE, PRIVATE RESIDENCES,
SOME INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS, LIKE ‘CENTER FOR
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES’, KERALA. HE IS VERY ACTIVE
IN THE WORKS OF ALL THE BUILDING CENTERS
WORKING IN KERALA AS WELL AS IN THE OTHER
PARTS OF COUNTRY. RATHER IT WAS HIS INITIAL
EFFORT TO PROMOTE THE LOW COST HOUSING IN
INDIA, WHERE HOUSING IS A BIG PROBLEM.
• HIS TECHNIQUES NOT ONLY USE CHEAPER
MATERIALS BUT ALSO ELIMINATE UNNECESSARY
DETAILS FROM THE DESIGN. CONCRETE IS SPARINGLY
USED. MANGALORE TILES ARE USED FOR THE ROOF
WHICH MAKES IT LIGHT AND INEXPENSIVE.
• HIS PROJECTS FOR LOW COST BUILDINGS INCLUDE
1. CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES –
TRIVANDRUM
2. 'THE HAMLET', LAURIE BAKER'S HOME
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,
26. CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES - TRIVANDRUM -1975
• LESLIE BAKER’S
‘MASTERPIECE,’ THE CENTRE
FOR DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES IN KERALA, IS A 10
ACRE CAMPUS AT A COST OF
RS15 LAKHS,
DEMONSTRATED THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF HIS PLAN.
• THE INSTITUTE INCLUDES
A RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
A GRADUATE SCHOOL
DEDICATED TO UTILIZING
THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS
TO HELP THE POOR.
27. MAIN FEATURES OF THIS BUILDING:
• HE DESIGNED THE BUILDINGS AT
THE CENTRE TO PRACTICALLY
COOL THEM.
• HE RENDERS JALIS, A PERFORATED
WOODEN SCREEN FOUND IN
TRADITIONAL INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE, IN BRICK;
• THE OPEN GRILLWORK ALLOWS
COOL BREEZES TO WAFT INTO THE
INTERIOR WHILE FILTERING
HARSH, DIRECT SUNLIGHT.
• SOME BUILDINGS INCLUDE A
SERIES OF SMALL COURTYARDS
CONTAINING SHALLOW POOLS IN
THE CENTER, WHOSE
EVAPORATION HELPS COOL THE
AIR.
• PAYING CLOSE ATTENTION TO THE
EXISTING SITE AS HE BEGAN TO
DESIGN THE PROJECT, BAKER LEFT
AS MANY COCONUT PALM TREES
IN PLACE AS POSSIBLE TO CAST
COOLING SHADE ONTO THE
CAMPUS.
28. • THE COMPUTER CENTRE AT THE
CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES,
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. HERE
BAKER EVOLVED AN
INNOVATIVE SYSTEM OF
CURVED DOUBLE WALLS TO
SAVE ON COST AND TO
CONSERVE THE ENERGY .
• IN EVALUATING THE CAMPUS
FOR THE CENTRE, BAKER
PLANNED ROADS ALONG THE
LOWER, WHILE FOOTPATHS
WERE ROUTED ALONG
NATURALLY OCCURRING
ELEVATED AREAS; FOLLOWING
THE NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY
HELPS TO LIMIT EROSION AND
DESPOILMENT OF THE
ENVIRONMENT.
29. • BRICKWALLS WERE LEFT
UNPLASTERED AND BRICK
CORBELLING WAS USED
RATHER THAN MORE
EXPENSIVE CONCRETE
LINTELS.
• WITH HIS MASTERY OVER HIS
MEDIUM, BAKER CREATES A
VARIETY OF TEXTURES AND
PATTERNS BY SIMPLE
MANIPULATION OF THE WAY
IN WHICH BRICKS ARE
PLACED IN THE WALL.
• THE ARCHITECTURE OF THIS
ACADEMIC COMPLEX WAS
CONCEIVED AS A
DEMONSTRATION OF
ECONOMICALLY
RESPONSIBLE BUILDING
PRACTICES.
30. BAKER’S HOUSE “THE HAMLET”
• BAKER’S OWN RESIDENCE IS
CALLED ‘THE HAMLET’. IT
HAS BEEN BUILT IN
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,
BUILT ON A STEEPLY SLOPING
AND ROCKY HILLSIDE THAT
HARDLY HAD ANY
VEGETATION WHEN BAKER
STARTED CONSTRUCTING.
• BAKER HAS TRULY ADOPTED
HIS MOTTO TO “MAKE LOW-
COSTERY A HABIT AND A
WAY OF LIFE” BY REUSING
EVERYTHING, FROM BRICK
TO GLASS BOTTLES, AS
BUILDING MATERIALS.
• KEY FEATURES OF HIS HOUSE
ARE:
ALL THE WALLS ARE MADE OF
MUD BRICKS.
TIMBER SALVAGED FROM AN OLD
BOAT JETTY.
31. • ONE OF THE OTHER
SIGNATURE ELEMENTS OF HIS
DESIGN INCLUDES THE USE
OF CIRCULAR WALLS, WHICH
USE FAR LESS BRICK THAN
RECTANGULAR WALLS.
• IN ADDITION, WHEN HE DOES
USE CONCRETE FOR A ROOF,
HE EMBEDS CHIPPED OR
BROKEN TERRA COTTA
ROOFING TILES INTO THE
MIXTURE.
• THESE TILES, WHICH
NORMALLY WOULD BE
THROWN AWAY,
CONTRIBUTE TO THE
STRENGTH OF THE ROOF,
ALLOW LESS OF THE
EXPENSIVE CONCRETE TO BE
USED, AND REDUCE THE
STRUCTURAL LOAD OF THE
BUILDING.
• HE USED BROKEN TILES FOR
THE OUTER PAVED AREA OF
HIS GARDEN.
32. • HE MADE AN EXTENSIVE USE
OF TIMBER IN HIS HOUSE, LIKE
IN THE LIVING ROOM OF
HOUSE, THE DETAILING IN
WOOD AND MUD BRICKS ARE
WONDERFUL.
• THE LIVING ROOM, AN
INTEGRATION OF NEW
BUILDING AND SALVAGED
TIMBER FROM TRADITIONAL
BUILDINGS THAT WERE BEING
DEMOLISHED.
• BAKER'S INNOVATIVE USE OF
DISCARDED BOTTLES, INSET IN
THE WALLS GIVING A VERY
GOOD EFFECT OF LIGHT AND
CREATING AN ILLUSION OF
STAINED GLASS.