Clay tiles have been used for roofing since ancient times in places like China and the Indus Valley civilization. They are made by shaping raw clay into tiles, drying them, and firing them to vitrify the clay. Different types of clay tiles include porcelain, non-porcelain, ceramic, and terracotta tiles. Clay tiles are durable, weather resistant roofing materials but are heavy, fragile and more expensive than some alternatives. Stone paving uses various types of stone like bluestone, cobblestone and travertine laid in sand to provide durable, flexible and beautiful paving for walkways, patios and driveways.

1. CLAY TILES
Introduction
FIRST KNOWN CLAY ROOFING TILE CAN BE TRACED ALL THE WAY
BACK TO CHINA AROUND 10000 YEARS BC.
• ALSO WE CAN SEE HOUSE MODELS FROM INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION SHOW THAT HOUSES WERE FLAT ROOFED. AND
HARAPPAN SITES SUCH AS ALAMGIRPUR PROVIDE EVIDENCE
OF ROOF CLAY TILE.
CLAY TILES : THESE ARE STRUCTURAL UNITS MOULDED FROM
CLAYS IN SUITABLE SHAPES AND BURNT TO VITRIFICATION
TEMPERATURES,THESE DIFFER FROM ORDINARY BRICKS IN
• DIMENSIONS
• SHAPE &
• DEGREE OF BURNING

2. process
RAWMATERIALS PREPARATION AND SHAPING
• AFTER EXTRACTION FROM QUARRIES, THE CLAY RAW MATERIAL
IS LAID OUT IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE.
• IT IS STOCKFEILD, THEN CRUSHED TO ATTAIN THE REQUIRED
GRAIN SIZE AND FINALLY STOCKFEILD AGAIN FOR SEVERAL DAYS
OR EVEN MONTHS.
• MOISTURE CONTENT IS CONTROLLED BEFORE PROCESSING ,AT
THIS STAGE IT MAY BE CONSISTENCY FOR FORMING.
• RAW DUST CAN BE ADDED TO INCREASE THE PORORITY OF THE
FINAL PRODUCT.
DRYING AND FIRING
• THE SHAPED CLAY PRODUCT IS FIRST DRIED IN ORDER TO
REDUCE ITS MOISTURE CONTEST AND THEN LOADED INTO
KILNS FOR FIRING.
• HIGH – TEMPERATURE FIRING GIVES THEIR EXCEPTIONAL
PROPERTIES,LONG LIFE SPAN AND DURABILITY.
• DRYING AND FIRING ARE THE MOST ENERGY INTENSIVE STEPS
OF MANUFACTURING

3. MANUFACTURE
1. SELECTION OF SUITABLE CLAY :
• CLAY SHOULD BE COMPLETELY FREE FROM GRIT, PEBBLES AND OTHER
ORGANIC MATTER.
2. PREPARATION OF CLAY :
• IT IS DONE BY MIXING WATER WITH CLAY IN A TANK AND STORING IT
IN DAMP CONDITION.
• THE SOLUTION IS THEN ALLOWED TO STAND QUIETLY IN THE TANK
RESULTING IN THE SETTING AND LEAVING OF COARSE PARTICLES.
• WATER CONTAINING CLAY IN SOLUTION IS RAINED OFF TO OTHER
TANKS WHERE IT IS ALLOWED TO DRY LEAVING CLAY READY FOR
MOULDING.
3. MOULDING :
• IT IS DONE ON THE GROUND SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR THAT
PURPOSE.
• THE MOULDEN SPRINKLE ASHES OVER THE CLAY, START TO MOULD
ACCORDING TO REQUIRED SIZE OF TILES ON THE SMOOTH AND
LEVELLED SURFACE.

4. 4. DRYING AND SHAPING.
• TWO DAYS AFTER MOULDING, THE TILES ARE GIVEN PROPER SHAPE AND THEN THEY ARE PLACED ON
THEIR EDGES AND DRIED FOR 2 MORE DAYS.
5. BURNING.
• BURNT TO MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 2200 DEGREE F FOR ABOUT 3 HOURS. THIS IS REPEATED FOR
SECOND TIME.
6. COOLING.
• AFTER BURNING, COOLING IS DONE IN 3 TO 5 DAYS.

5. TYPES
• CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GRADES : PORCELAIN. NON –
PORCELAIN. CERAMIC. TERRACOTTA.
• EACH CLASSIFICATION IS DIFFERENTIATED BY LENGTH OF
TIME AND THE TILE IS FIRED DURING THE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
1.PORCELAIN.
• COMMONLY USED TO COVER FLOORS AND WALLS, WITH
A WATER ABSORPTION RATE OF LESS THAN 0.5%
• IT IS SIMILAR TO CERAMIC AND IT IS FACT CONSIDERED
• A TYPE OF CERAMIC
• IT HAS 50% FELDSPAR
2.NON – PORCELAIN.
• THESE ARE USUALLY MADE FROM RED AND WHITE CLAY.
• THEY ARE SOFTEN THAN PORCELAIN TILES.
• THEY ARE NOT DURABLE AND WATER RESISTANT

6. 3.CERAMIC.
• CERAMIC TILES ARE MIXTURE OF CLAYS AND OTHER NATURAL
MATERIALS.
• MATERIALS, SUCH AS SAND, QUARTZ AND WATER.
• THEY ARE EASY TO FIT, EASY TO CLEAN, EASY TO MAINTAIN.
4.TERRACOTTA.
• IT IS A CLAY-BASED UNGLAZED OR GLAZED CERAMIC.
• IT IS MADE FROM FIRED RED-BROWN CLAY.
• IT IS NOT NATURALLY WATERPROOF

7. TOOLS

8. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• CLAY ROOF TILES AREEASILY CUSTOMISABLE.
• CLAY ROOF TILES ARE LONG LASTING.
• CLAY ROOF TILES ARE WEATHER AND FIRE
RESISTANT.
• ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY .
• LOW RESISTANCE AND EASY TO REPAIR .
• VERSATILE.
USESS OF TILES.
• THEY ARE USED FOR SMALL BUILDINGS OF LOW
COST.
• THEY ARE USED TO IMPROVE THE AESTHETIC
APPEARANCE OF A BUILDING.
• THEY ARE WIDELY USED FOR BUDHA TEMPLES IN
CHINA OR NORTHERN INDIA . THESE TILES ARE
ONE O THE MAIN ATTRACTIONS OF THAT TEMPLES
• CLAY ROOF TILES ARE HEAVIES THEN OTHER
ALTERNATIVES.
• CLAY ROOF TILES DO NOT STANDUP WELL STRONG
WINDS.
• CAN BE FRAGILE.
• HAVE TO BE CARFULLY INSTALLED.
• ARE PRICIER THAN OTHER OPTION.

9. BRANDS OF CLAY TILES
BRANDS
• CLAY ONDUVILLA ROOFING TILES.
• CLAY WALL BRICK TILES .
• PLAIN TERRACOTTA WEATHERING CLAY TILES.
• CLAY BRICK TILES ( 9” X3” ).
• CEILING TILE ( 12X 9 inch ).
• CLAY TILES.
• CLAY HEXAGON FLOOR TILES
RUPEES
RS 60/sqft
RS 40/sqft
RS 15/piece
RS 20/piece
RS 26.25/piece
RS 7/piece onwards
RS 56/piece

10. SAFETY MEASURES :
• WEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AT ALL TIMES WHILE WORKING IN THE LAY MIXING ROOM AND BE
EXCEPTIONALLY CAREFUL IN CLEANING UP AFTER MIXING.
• USE THE DUST COLLECTOR AT TIMES.
• WEARE A DUST MASL AT ALL TIMES.
• USED SPRAY BOTH FILTERS FOR CERTAIN GLAZES MAY HAVE TO BE TREATED AS TOXIC WASTE.
• MAKE SURE THAT THE EXHAUST OF THE SPRAY BOOTH IS VENTED SO THAT IT DOES NOT POLLUTE SOMEBODY
ELSES BREATHING AIR.CONSULT DEOE CODES FOR INSTALLATION GUIDELINES.

11. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• ECONOICAL ( RAW MATERIALS IS EASILY AVAILABLE)
• HARD AND DURABLE .
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS GOOD .
• DIFFERENT ORIENTATION AND SIZE GIVE DIFFERENT
SURFACE TEXTURES.
• LOW MAINTANCE .
• DEMOLISHING OF BRICK STRUCTURES IS VERY EASY.
• REUSABLE AND RECYCLABLE.
• HIGH FIRE RESISTANCE.
• PRODUCE LESS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DURING
MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
• TIME CONSUMING CONSTRUCTION.
• CANNOT BE USED IN HIGH SEISMIC ZONES.
• VERY LESS TENSILE STRENGTH.
• ROUGH SURFACE OF BRICKS MAY CAUSE MOLD
GROWTH IF NOT PROPERLY CLEANED.
• CLEANING BRICK SURFACES IS A HARD JOB.
• SINCE BRICKS ABSORB WATER EASILY, THEREFORE,
IT CAN CAUSES FLUORESCENCE WHEN NOT
EXPOSED TO AIR.

12. BRICK PAVING
• BRICK PAVING,ALSO COMMONLY KNOWN AS
BLOCK PAVING, IS USED FOR MAKING DIFFERENT
TYPES OF DECORATIVE PAVEMENTS.
• BRICK PAVER IS GENERAL USED AS AN IDEAL
MATERIAL FOR COMMERCIAL AS WELL AS
RESIDENTIAL PAVING IN PERTH.
• THEY CAN WITHSTAND BOTH HOT AND COLD
TEMPERATURES,SNOW AND RAIN,AND FOOT
TRAFFIC.
• TYPICAL AREAS OF USE WOULD BE FOR
DRIVEWAYS,PAVEMENT, PATIOS, TOWN CENTRES,
PEDESTRIAN PRECINCTS AND MORE COMMONLY
IN ROAD SURFACE.
• BRICK PAVER ,KNOWN FOR ITS CLASSIC LOOK,BRICK
IS EXTREMELY STRONG,DURABLE AND WILL LAST A
LONG TIME.

13. TOOLS materials
• 3-LB. HAMMER
• EDGING SPADE
• HAND TAMPER
• HEARING PROTECTION
• KNEE PADS
• LEATHER GLOVES
• LEVEL
• MASON'S CHISEL
• RUBBER MALLET
• SAFETY GLASSES
• SPADE
• UTILITY KNIFE
• WHEELBARROW
• BRICK
• LIME OR CEMENT MORTOR.
• BASE CONCRETE GENERALLY 75mm THICK OF
RATIO OF 1:4:8 AND LEAN CEMENT CONCRETE
1:5:10

14. GARDEN KITCHEN FOOTPATH
PATHWAY SITOUT CORRIDOR

15. BRICK PAVING PATTERNS

17. LAYING
• The BRICKS SHALL BE LAID ON THE EDGE ON 12mm MORTAR BED IN PLAIN OR DIAGONAL
HERRING BONE PATTERN.
• EACH BRICK SHOULD BE PROPERLY ADDED AND SET HOME BY GENTLY TAPPING WITH WOODEN
TROWEL HANDLE OR MALLET.
• ITS INSIDE FACE APPLIED WITH MORTAR, BEFORE THE NEXT BRICK IS LAID AND PRESSED AGAINST
IT.
• ON COMPETATION OF A PORTION OF FLOORING THE JOINTS SHOULD BE FILLED WITH MORTAR .
• THE SURFACE OF THE FLOORING DURING LAYING SHOULD BR FREQUENTLY CHECKED WITH A
STRAIGHT EDGE.
CURING
• BRICK WORK BE PROCTED FROM RAIN BY SUITABLE COVERING WHEN THE MORTAR IS STILL
GREEN. BRICKWORK SHALL BE KEPT CONSTANTLY MOIST ON ALL FACE FOR PERIOD OF 7 DAYS

18. ADVANTAGE OF BRICK PAVING
• SLIP RESISTANCE SURFACE - IT NATURALLY HAS A SLIP RESISTANCE SURFACE WHICH HELPS TO
DECREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF ACCIDENTS NEAR WET AREAS. IT HAS A TEXTURED SURFACE WITH
ABRASIVE CHARACTERISTICS. SWIMMING POOL, OUTDOOR AREAS, PATHWAYS AND OTHER WET
PLACES MUST USE BRICK PAVEMENT IN ORDER TO ENSURE A HIGH LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY.
• COLOUR STRENGTH - IT HAS AN ABILITY TO RETAIN ITS COLOR CONSISTENTLY THROUGHOUT A
LONG PERIOD OF TIME. THE MATERIAL DOESN’T GET ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
OF THE SUN.
• STRENGTH AND DURABILITY - BRICK PAVER IS USED FOR DIFFERENT LANDSCAPING PROJECTS SUCH
AS VEHICLE DRIVEWAYS, MUNICIPAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AND PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS
BECAUSE IT IS DURABLE AND HARD IN NATURE. IT HAS THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND VERY HIGH
LOADING LEVELS.
• ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY - BRICK PAVER IS MADE USING NATURAL CLAY MATERIAL, WHICH
AUTOMATICALLY TURNS THE PRODUCT INTO AN ECO-FRIENDLY OPTION. THE ADVANTAGES OF
USING AN ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCT AS PAVING MATERIAL IS THAT IT CAN RETAIN ALL ITS NATURAL
PROPERTIES INCLUDING FINISHES AND COLORS FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME, WHICH MEANS AN
INVESTMENT THAT CAN ADD VALUE TO YOUR PROPERTY.

19. BRANDS AND SIZE
• KARAN SOIL RED BRICKS ( 9X4X3 inch) RS 8/PIECE.
• RED CLAY BRICK RS 7/PIECES.
• UTTAM ENTERPRISE RECTANGLE RED CLAY BRICKS RS 5.2/PIECE.
• TERRACOTTA HOLES CLAY BRICK (9X2.75X4.5 )inch RS 27/ PIECE.
• CHAMBER BRICKS RS 7/PIECE.
BRANDS RUPEES

20. STONE PAVING
• PAVING STONE HAVE BEEN USED FOR OVER 4000 YEARS.
• STONE LIKE CANTERA STONE, LIMESTONE, FLAGSTONE,
BLUESTONE, AND SLATE ARE USED.
• THEY ARE IMPERMEABLE BLOCKS, AND ARE COMMONLY
SET IN SAND.
• THEY ARE NOT USUALLY INTERLOCKING AND HOLD
TOGETHER WELL AND ARE DURABLE AND CAN WITHSTAND
MUCH TRAFFIC, WEAR AND SURFACE PRESSURE, WHILE
REMAINING A BIT FLEXIBLE.
• THEY ARE NOT ONE TO CRACKING AND CAN BE EASILY
REPLACED IF NECESSARY.
• THIS TYPE OF PAVERS IS USED WIDELY IN BUILDING AND
LANDSCAPING AS IT IS HIGHLY PRIZED FOR BEAUTY,
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY.

21. TYPES
• STONE PAVERS ARE STONES THAT ARE USED TO BUILD FLAT, EASILY ACCESSIBLE SURFACES
FOR WALKWAYS, PATIOS, DRIVEWAYS, AND POOL DECKS. UNLIKE CONCRETE PAVERS AND MOST
BRICK PAVERS, THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF STONE PAVERS. ALMOST ANY TYPE OF ROCK CAN BE
MADE INTO ONE. THE MOST COMMON ONES ARE:
• BLUESTONE
• COBBLESTONE
• TRAVERTINE (A FAVORITE BUILDING MATERIAL OF THE ROMANS)
BLUESTONE COBBLESTONE TRAVERTINE

22. TOOLS
BLADE STUDS SHOVELS GARDEN HOSES
LANDSCAPING RAKES PLATE COMPACTORS PUSH BROOMS

24. SECTIONS

25. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• BEAUTY OF NATURE BY GOING FOR
SANDSTONE FLOORING
• SANDSTONE TILES IS THAT ITS
DURABLE.
• UNIQUE PIECES ARE FORMED FROM
NATURE.
• WALK UPON THE STONE WITHOUT
HURTING YOUR FEET
• NATURAL AND ECO-FRIENDLY.
• THE WATER ABSORPTION IS VERY
HIGH THAN OTHER MATERIALS.
• TOO MUCH POLISH WILL LEAD TO
SLIPPERY SURFACE.
• THE SURFACE WILL GET SCRATCHES
AND DENTS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME.
• SANDSTONE TILES ARE THAT ITS SOFT
COMPARED TO GRANITE.

26. USE OF STONE PAVERS
• BEAUTY: THEY ARE VERY AESTHETICALLY PLEASING. THE
NATURAL COLOR AND TEXTURE VARIATIONS USUALLY FOUND
IN THESE PRODUCTS ADD NATURAL BEAUTY.
• DURABILITY: THEY ARE ONE OF THE MOST DURABLE
MATERIALS AVAILABLE. PEOPLE HAVE BEEN USING STONE
PAVERS FOR THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS OF YEARS. SOME
ROMAN ROADS PAVED WITH THIS MATERIAL CAN STILL BE
SEEN TODAY.
• DESIGN: WITH MANY DIFFERENT STONE PAVERS ON THE
MARKET, THERE ARE NUMEROUS DESIGN OPTIONS. STONE
PAVERS COME IN A VARIETY OF SIZES, COLORS, SHAPES, AND
TEXTURES, AND CAN BE INSTALLED IN A NUMBER OF
DIFFERENT PATTERNS, PROVIDING MANY OPTIONS FOR YOUR
PROJECT.

27. BRANDS OF STONE PAVING
BRANDS RUPEES
• DRIVEWAY STONE PAVING RS 21/SQUARE FEET
• SANDSTONE PAVING SLABS RS 45/SQUARE FEET
• COBBLE STONE FOR PATHWAY RS 55/SQUARE FEET
• GREY STONE PAVER RS 65/SQUARE FEET
• STONE STEPS (5-10mm ) RS 100/SQUARE FEET
• PAVING STONE RS 95/SQUARE FEET
• GRAY STONE FOR DECK RS 180/SQUARE FEET
• WHITE PEBBLE FOR PAVEMENT RS 2,000/METRIC TON
• RECTANGULAR SANDSTONE RS 900/SQUARE FEET
• MULTI COLOR PAVING STONES RS 3,200/TON