archi

1. MASNORY WALL
MODULE-II – PART-A
ALTERNATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIAL
V SEM – B.ARCH – ELECTIVE-III A
SJB SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

2. INTRODUCTION
• Masonry is building of structure from individualunits which are often laid in and bound
together by mortar.
• The common materialsof masonry construction are brick, building stone such
as marble, granite, and limestone, stabilizedearth blocks, concrete block, glass block,
and adobe.
• Masonry is generallya highly durable form of construction. However, the materialsused,
the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are
assembled can substantially affect the durabilityof the overallmasonry construction.
• A person who constructs masonry is called a mason.
• Masonry is commonly used for walls and buildings.Brick and concrete block are the most
common types of masonry in use in industrializednations and may be either load-bearing
or non-load-bearing.

3. Alternate material for masonry
CONCRETE BLOCKS
CLAY HOLLOW BLOCKS
CSE BLOCKS

4. CONCRETE BLOCKS
• Concrete block construction has gained importance and has become a valid alternative to
fired clay bricks.
• The essentialingredients of concrete are cement, aggregate (sand,gravel)and water.
• Concrete blocks are produced in a large variety of shapes and sizes. They can be produced
manually or with the help of machines.
• They usually are much larger than ordinary bricks and so are much faster to lay for a wall
of a given size.
• CMU’s can be manufacturedto provide a variety of surface appearances.They can be
colored during manufacturingor stained or painted after installation.

5. TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
SOILD CONCRETE BLOCKS
CELLULAR CONCRETE BLOCKS
HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS

6. SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS
• Solid blocks have no cavities, or- according to US standards- have no voids amounting to
not more than 25% of the gross cross-sectionalarea.
Technical name Solid Concrete Block
Size available ( full block & half block ) 8”X8”X16”, 6”X8”X16”, 4”X8”X16”
8”X8”X8”, 6”X8”X8”, 4”X8”X8”
Mixing Ratio 1 cement: 6-8 Aggregate
Cement used per cum 250-300 kg
Aggregate size Less than 10 mm
Climate suitability All weather condition
Cost per block 50 Rs/ 8” block, 35 Rs/ 6” block, 28 Rs/4” block
Durability Approximately 30 years

7. SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS

8. Advantages of solid blocks
• High compressivestrength, resistance to weathering,impact and abrasion
• Capabilityof being molded into components of any shape and size
• Good fire resistance up to about 400°C
• Rapid construction
• Very good stability
• 60% reduction in cement mortar consumption
• 30% reduction in plastering cost
• Environmentfriendly

9. Cellular CONCRETE BLOCKS
• Cellular blocks are the most common type of concrete blocks, having one or more holes
that are open at both sides. The total void area can amount to 50% of the gross cross-
sectional area.
Technical name Solid Concrete Block
Size available ( full block & half block ) 8”X8”X16”, 6”X8”X16”, 4”X8”X16”
8”X8”X8”, 6”X8”X8”
Mixing Ratio 1 cement: 6-8 Aggregate
Cement used per cum 250-300 kg
Aggregate size Less than 10 mm
Climate suitability All weather condition
Cost per block X Rs/ 8” block, Y Rs/ 6” block, Z Rs/4” block
Durability Approximately 30 years

10. Cellular CONCRETE BLOCKS

11. Advantages of cellular blocks
• Can be made larger than solid blocks
• Are lighter in weight n Construction of walls is easy and quick
• The voids can be filled with steel bars and concrete
• Achieving high earthquake resistance by reinforced masonry.
• The air space providesgood thermal insulation
• The cavities can be used for electrical installationand plumbing.
• 60% reduction in cement mortar consumption
• 30% reduction in plasteringcost
• Environmentfriendly

12. Cellular CONCRETE BLOCKS
• Hollow blocks are the most common type of concrete blocks, having one or more holes
that are open at both sides. The total void area can amount to 50% of the gross cross-
sectional area.
Technical name Solid Concrete Block
Size available ( full block & half block ) 8”X8”X16”, 6”X8”X16”
8”X8”X8”, 6”X8”X8”
Mixing Ratio 1 cement: 6-8 Aggregate
Cement used per cum 250-300 kg
Aggregate size Less than 10 mm
Climate suitability All weather condition
Cost per block X Rs/ 8” block, Y Rs/ 6” block
Durability Approximately 30 years

13. Hollow CONCRETE BLOCKS

14. Advantages of hollow blocks
• Can be made larger than solid blocks
• Are lighter in weight n Construction of walls is easy and quick
• The voids can be filled with steel bars and concrete
• Achieving high earthquake resistance by reinforced masonry.
• The air space providesgood thermal insulation
• The cavities can be used for electrical installationand plumbing.
• 60% reduction in cement mortar consumption
• 30% reduction in plasteringcost
• Environmentfriendly

15. RAWMATERIALS REQUIRED
• OPC- 43 / 53 Grade
• PPC/ SPECIAL cement
CEMENT
• Natural sand, M-sand, Gravel
• Max particle size less than 10 mm
• Suitable aggregates are usually obtained from
natural sources (river beds, gravel pits, volcanic
deposits) or from industrial by-processes
(granulated blast furnace slag, sintered fly ash).
AGGREGATE

16. Design mix
• Suitable proportion of aggregate to
cement must be found by testing
• Common ratio 1:6 to 1:8
CEMENT-
AGG RATIO
• Only drinking quality water should be
used to mix the concrete.
• Recommended ratio is 0.5
CEMENT-
WATER RATIO

17. PRODUCTION CYCLE
BATCHING &
MIXING
• Batch aggregate and cement by weight.
• Dry mix to get homogenous condition, then add water and mix to get concrete.
MOULDING
• Put the mixture into wooden or steel mould boxes or moulding machine.
• Demould immediately after compaction.
CURING &
STORAGE
• Cover the demoulded blocks with plastic for 24 hours.
• Keep the concrete block moist by either submerging in water tank or spraying water regularly for 7
days.
• Keep the blocks away from direct sunlight and keep in a dry area in shade
• Store for 2 weeks before usage.

18. LIMITATION
WHAT
WHY
HOW