The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques including using funicular shell roofs, geodesic domes, A-frame structures, interlocking hollow concrete blocks, soil cement blocks, and rat-trap bond wall construction. It suggests optimizing designs to reduce materials and costs for foundations, walls, doors, windows, and lintels. Foundations can use rubble masonry with bond stones instead of concrete beds. Wall thickness and rat-trap bonding can reduce brick usage. Concrete blocks and soil cement blocks provide savings over burnt bricks. Alternative materials can lower costs for doors, windows, and lintels.
Low cost housing refers to houses that are inexpensive to build. IT doesn't mean that the houses will be inexpensive to live in.
The goal of low-cost housing is to save money while also maintaining buildings quality.
Following Properties Reduces Cost of Construction:
Locally available materials .
Improved skills and technology.
Without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.
This presentation is an overview of Governments role in propagating the different types of Cost Effective technologies on several Government and local levels through various organisations.
Low cost housing refers to houses that are inexpensive to build. IT doesn't mean that the houses will be inexpensive to live in.
The goal of low-cost housing is to save money while also maintaining buildings quality.
Following Properties Reduces Cost of Construction:
Locally available materials .
Improved skills and technology.
Without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.
This presentation is an overview of Governments role in propagating the different types of Cost Effective technologies on several Government and local levels through various organisations.
A study project on Low cost housing. The various construction techniques available for reduction of cost of a building are discussed. A study is also performed on the citizens of Vijayawada and the interpreted results are shown.
Green building rating system equire an integrated design process to create projects that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
A study project on Low cost housing. The various construction techniques available for reduction of cost of a building are discussed. A study is also performed on the citizens of Vijayawada and the interpreted results are shown.
Green building rating system equire an integrated design process to create projects that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure
such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc
Another definition
Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard and use as a buildings and paving material.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. FUNICULAR ROOF
FUNICULAR ROOFS-AN ALTERNATE TO RCC ROOFS
THE FUNICULAR SHELL ROOF IS ONE SUCH COMPRESSION
STRUCTURE, WHICH ENSURES CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES BY UTILISING WASTE MATERIALS EFFECTIVELY AND
OPTIMISING THE USE OF EXPENSIVE STEEL AND CEMENT.
FURTHER, THE ARCH DISTRIBUTES
THE POINT LOAD IN ALL DIRECTION EQUALLY THUS, IS ABLE TO
WITHSTAND IMPACT LOADING AT ANY POINT.
•DIAGONAL G RID OF FUNICULAR SHELL GIVES THE ILLUSION OF
A LARGER SPACE.
•ELIMINATE USE OF HIGH-ENERGY STEEL REINFORCEMENT
USED IN THE CONVENTIONAL RCC ROOF.
•ALLOWS EFFICIENT USE OF WASTE MATERIALS AND PROVIDES
PERSONALITY, COLOUR AND TEXTURE.
• MINIMISES REQUIREMENT OF INTERNAL PLASTERS.
• PROVIDES ROOFING AT A LOWER COST.
3. ! A DOUBLY CURVED STRUCTURE ON EDGE
BEAM ENSURES OPTIMAL UTILISATION OF STEEL
AND CEMENT.
! CAN BE DEMOULDED EVERY 48 HOURS.
! A SIMPLE YET SPLENDID ROOFING SYSTEM
USING NATURAL MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
AS OPPOSED TO THE MONOTONOUS AND
COMPLEX CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM.
! FUNICULAR SHELLS CAN TAKE ANY SHAPE-
SQUARE, RECTANGLE, TRAPEZIUM, TRIANGULAR
OR ANY OTHER SHAPE. THE KNACK LIES IN THE
CASTING OF THE MOULD.
! THE UPPER HALF OF THE EDGE BEAM IS
REQUIRED TO HOLD THE STIRRUPS. IT IS CAST
ALONG WITH THE FUNICULAR SHELL;
THEREFORE, IT CAN ALSO BE A TRIANGULAR
SECTION.
! THE FUNICULAR SHELL CAN CARRY VARIOUS
CONDUITS, TOILET PIPES IN THE AREA ABOVE
THE BRICK -BAT LAYER. THESE CAN RUN ALONG
THE PERIPHERY WHERE THE MAXIMUM DEPTH
IS AVAILABLE.
! FUNICULAR SHELL ROOF FACILITATES THE
INSTALLMENT OF FIXTURES LIKE- CEILING FANS,
LIGHT FIXTURES ETC. A SKYLIGHT CAN BE
INTRODUCED IN THE ROOF. THIS CAN BE
ACHIEVED BY LEAVING A HOLLOW WHILE
CASTING, USING THE INHERENT STRENGTH OF A
RING IN COMPRESSION.
! THE FUNICULAR SHELL ALLOWS AMPLE
FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN
4. GEODESIC DOMES
•THE BASIC TRIANGLE OF AN ICOSAHEDRON IS SUBDIVIDED
INTO SMALLER TRIANGLES AND EACH NODE LIFTED TO MEET
THE SURFACE OF THE SPHERE.
• THE MORE THE SUB-DIVISIONS, THE SMOOTHER THE DOME.
EACH SIDE OF THE SUBDIVIDED TRIANGLE RESULTS IN A CHORD
FACTOR, WHICH IS MULTIPLIED BY THE RADIUS TO GIVE THE
STRAIGHT LENGTH OF EACH MEMBER.
•EVEN THOUGH AN ICOSAHEDRON HAS BEEN TAKEN AS THE
BASIC STARTING CONFIGURATION, ANY POLYHEDRA CAN BE
USED BUT THE NUMBER OF VARIATIONS IN PLATE IS LIKELY TO
INCREASE DEPENDING ON THE POLYHEDRA TAKEN FOR THE
BASIC GEOMETRY.
•THE NUMBER OF VARIATIONS IN THE JOINT PLATES IS EVIDENT.
5. GEODESIC DOMES
! SIMPLE MILD STEEL PLATES ARE USED, WHICH ARE EASY TO
FABRICATE CONSIDERING ONLY A HOLE AND A SLOT HAVE TO
BE MADE IN IT.
! SINCE THE PLATES ARE DEPRESSING THE STRUCTURAL STEEL
NO SUB-STRUCTURE IS REQUIRED TO ACCOMMODATE
ROOFING MATERIAL
! THE TOP OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBER SERVES FOR THE SEAT
OF THE ROOFING MATERIAL.
! A SIMPLE HOLE AND SLOT IN THE PLATES PROVIDE FOR
VARIATIONS IN ANGLES. THE HOLE FIXES THE DISTANCE AND
THE SLOT PROVIDES ADJUSTMENT FOR THE ANGLES.
! BY CURVING THE INNER AND OUTER PLATES AND MOVING
THE SLOT AND THE HOLE BY FEW MILLIMETRES CLOSER
TO THE CENTRE, THE BOLTS ARE MADE TO CONVERGE
TOWARDS THE CENTRE OF THE SPHERE.
! MEMBERS CAN BE DOUBLED IN DEPTH IF REQUIRED.
6. A FRAMES
•ARE WELDED FROM INCEPTION.
THESE MEMBERS ARE MORE RESILIENT
THAN REINFORCED CEMENT
CONCRETE AND HAVE A LARGER
STRENGTH EVEN WITHOUT THE
CONCRETE COMPONENT.
•THIS FORM OF REINFORCEMENT
CONSUMES 30% LESS STEEL.
•THEY PROVIDE FOR A SIMPLE
ASSEMBLY OF BEAMS WITH
CONTINUITY BARS AT JUNCTIONS IN
VARIOUS DIRECTIONS AND REQUIRE
MINIMUM FORMWORK FOR FILLING.
•THEY ARE STABLE WITHOUT
CONCRETE AS CONCRETE IS REDUCED
TO A FILLER MATERIAL.
•THE MEMBERS CAN BE FILLED WITH
CONCRETE AT ANY POINT OF TIME
SUBSEQUENTLY.
7. SWARAN SINGH BLOCK
•TAKE A SIMPLE, MANUALLY
OPERATED BLOCK MAKING MACHINE
AS AVAILABLE WITH MOST OF THE
BUILDING CENTRES
•TAKE A STIFF PVC SHEET OR RED
MUD PLASTIC SHEET CUT TO THE
SIZE OF THE BASE OF THE MOULD.
• COAT IT WITH USED MOBIL OIL TO
PREVENT ADHESION AND
FACILITATE EASY DEMOULDING
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE BLOCK.
•STONE PIECES OF DIFFERENT
COLORS AND ARRANGE THEM IN
PATTERNS AS MAY BE DESIRED FOR
THE PURPOSE OF ARTICULATION OF
MATERIALS.
•PREPARE A 1: 3 MIX OF CEMENT
AND SAND MORTAR. POUR THE
MORTAR EVENLY OVER THE STONE
CHIPS
•THE VIBRATION HELPS
INTEGRATION OF THE STONE
•PIECES WITH THE CEMENT MORTAR
TO FORM AN IMPERMEABLE
DIAPHRAGM..
•PREPARE ANOTHER MIX OF MUD
WITH 2% CEMENT OR 5% LIME OR
THE COMBINATION OF THE TWO.
THIS MIX FORMS THE MAJOR
PORTION OF THE BODY OF THE
BLOCK. .
8. •TAKE A JUTE PIECE LITTLE
SMALLER THAN THE SIZE OF
THE BASE AND DIP IT IN
CEMENT SLURRY. PLACE
THE JUTE PIECE IN THE
MOULD AND FILL THE REST
OF THE MOULD WITH THE
SAME MIX TO ABOUT 2/3 RD
OF THE MOULD AND ADD
ANOTHER LAYER OF JUTE
DIPPED IN CEMENT SLURRY.
•NOW FILL THE MOULD TO
THE TOP. LOCK THE LID AND
USE THE COMPRESSOR TO
COMPRESS THE BLOCK
•SURFACE OF THE WALL AND
WILL REQUIRE A FLASH
COAT LATER IF AT ALL, ONLY
TO EVEN OUT THE SURFACE.
12. VENE BLOCKS
•THE VENE BLOCK IS ESSENTIALLY AN ADOBE BLOCK MAKING
MECHANISM THAT IS SIMPLE AND
EFFICIENT.
•IT COMPRISES OF A MOULD MADE OF TIMBER. THE MOULD IS USED
TO MAKE THE ADOBE BLOCKS RIGHT WHERE THE WALL IS TO BE
ERECTED, AND RELIES ON A SIMPLE NON-MECHANISED
PROCEDURE.
•THE MOULD IS PLACED WHERE REQUIRED AND THEN EARTH MIXTURE
IS POURED IN AND COMPACTED WITHIN THE MOULD. ONCE THE
MOULD IS FILLED AND ALL THE EARTH WITHIN COMPACTED, THE
MOULD IS LIFTED OUT AND MOVED AHEAD TO MAKE THE NEXT BLOCK.
•THE SAME PROCESS IS REPEATED. THE MOULD ENSURES THAT THE
BLOCKS ARE LAID PRECISELY AND GIVES IT A
CLEANER FINISH THAN THE ROUGH, HAND COMPACTED ADOBE WALLS.
13. •BY INTEGRATING THE RAM LOCHAN TILE INTO THE VENE BLOCK
MAKING PROCESS, PLACING THE TILE INTO THE MOULD BEFORE WE
START COMPACTING THE EARTH, WE PROTECT THE ADOBE WALL
FROM
EROSION.
•THE RAM LOCHAN TILE IS A FABRICATED ON SITE A SIMPLE MOULD.
TO ACCOMMODATE THIS 10 MM TILE TILE, THE SIZE OF THE VENE
BLOCK
MOULD IS INCREASED SLIGHTLY.
• BOTH THE REGULAR AND THE CORNER MOULDS ARE MODIFIED IN
THIS MANNER. THE RAM LOCHAN TILE IS ALSO MODIFIED
TO ALLOW FOR TWO DOVETAIL LOCKS.
•FOR THE CORNERS ONE OF THE DOVETAILS IS MADE SHORTER TO
ALLOW
FOR A CLEAN JOINT.THE LOWER DOVETAIL OF THE TILE ALLOWS FOR A
PRECISE OVERLAPPING OF THE TILES.
•THE RAM LOCHAN TILE IS INSERTED INTO THE VENE
BLOCK MOULD DURING CONSTRUCTION AND IS MADE
TO OVERLAP THE LOWER COURSE BY HALF AN INCH ,
15. COST REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES
1 FOUNDATION
• NORMALLY THE FOUNDATION COST COMES TO ABOUT 10 TO 15% OF THE
TOTAL BUILDING AND USUALLY FOUNDATION DEPTH OF 3 TO 4 FT. IS
ADOPTED FOR SINGLE OR DOUBLE STOREY BUILDING AND ALSO THE
CONCRETE BED OF 6 (15 CMS.) IS USED FOR THE FOUNDATION WHICH″
COULD BE AVOIDED.
• IT IS RECOMMENDED TO ADOPT A FOUNDATION DEPTH OF 2 FT.(0.6M) FOR
NORMAL SOIL LIKE GRAVELY SOIL, RED SOILS ETC.,
• USE THE UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONRY WITH THE BOND STONES AND
GOOD PACKING.
• SIMILARLY THE FOUNDATION WIDTH IS RATIONALIZED TO 2 FT.(0.6M).
• TO AVOID CRACKS FORMATION IN FOUNDATION THE MASONRY SHALL BE
THOROUGHLY PACKED WITH CEMENT MORTAR OF 1:8 BOULDERS AND
BOND STONES AT REGULAR INTERVALS.
• IT IS FURTHER SUGGESTED TO ADOPT ARCH FOUNDATION IN ORDINARY
SOIL FOR EFFECTING REDUCTION IN CONSTRUCTION COST UP TO 40%.
• THIS KIND OF FOUNDATION WILL HELP IN BRIDGING THE LOOSE POCKETS
OF SOIL WHICH OCCURS ALONG THE FOUNDATION.
• IN THE CASE OF BLACK COTTON AND OTHER SOFT SOILS IT IS RECOMMEND
TO USE UNDER REAM PILE FOUNDATION WHICH SAVES ABOUT 20 TO 25%
IN COST OVER THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION.
18. 2 WALLING
•WALL THICKNESS OF 6 TO 9 IS RECOMMENDED FOR ADOPTION IN″
THE CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS ALL-ROUND THE BUILDING AND 41/2 ”
FOR INSIDE WALLS.
• IT IS SUGGESTED TO USE BURNT BRICKS WHICH ARE IMMERSED IN
WATER FOR 24 HOURS AND THEN SHALL BE USED FOR THE WALLS
3 RAT – TRAP BOND WALL
•IT IS A CAVITY WALL CONSTRUCTION WITH ADDED ADVANTAGE OF
THERMAL COMFORT AND REDUCTION IN THE QUANTITY OF BRICKS
REQUIRED FOR MASONRY WORK.
•BY ADOPTING THIS METHOD OF BONDING OF BRICK MASONRY
COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL ENGLISH OR FLEMISH BOND MASONRY, IT
IS POSSIBLE TO REDUCE IN THE MATERIAL COST OF BRICKS BY 25% AND
ABOUT 10TO 15% IN THE MASONRY COST.
•BY ADOPTING RAT-TRAP BOND METHOD ONE CAN CREATE
AESTHETICALLY PLEASING WALL SURFACE AND PLASTERING CAN BE
AVOIDED.
20. • 4 CONCRETE BLOCK WALLING
• IN VIEW OF HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY BURNT BRICK IT IS
SUGGESTED TO USE CONCRETE BLOCK (BLOCK HOLLOW AND SOLID)
WHICH CONSUMES ABOUT ONLY 1/3 OF THE ENERGY OF THE BURNT
BRICKS IN ITS PRODUCTION.
• BY USING CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY THE WALL THICKNESS CAN BE
REDUCED FROM 20 CMS TO 15 CMS.
• CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY SAVES MORTAR CONSUMPTION,
SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION OF WALL RESULTING IN HIGHER OUTPUT OF
LABOUR, PLASTERING CAN BE AVOIDED THEREBY AN OVERALL
SAVING OF 10 TO 25% CAN BE ACHIEVED.
21. 5 SOIL CEMENT BLOCK TECHNOLOGY
•IT IS AN ENERGY EFFICIENT METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION WHERE SOIL
MIXED WITH 5% AND ABOVE CEMENT AND PRESSED IN HAND
OPERATED MACHINE AND CURED WELL AND THEN USED IN THE
MASONRY.
•THIS MASONRY DOESN’T REQUIRE PLASTERING ON BOTH SIDES OF
THE WALL.
•THE OVERALL ECONOMY THAT COULD BE ACHIEVED WITH THE SOIL
CEMENT TECHNOLOGY IS ABOUT 15 TO 20%
22. •6 DOORS AND WINDOWS
•IT IS SUGGESTED NOT TO USE WOOD FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS
AND IN ITS PLACE CONCRETE OR STEEL SECTION FRAMES SHALL BE
USED FOR ACHIEVING SAVING IN COST UP TO 30 TO 40%.
•SIMILIARLY FOR SHUTTERS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE BLOCK
BOARDS, FIBRE OR WOODEN PRACTICAL BOARDS ETC., SHALL BE USED
FOR REDUCING THE COST BY ABOUT 25%.
•BY ADOPTING BRICK JELLY WORK AND PRECAST COMPONENTS
EFFECTIVE VENTILATION COULD BE PROVIDED TO THE BUILDING AND
ALSO THE CONSTRUCTION COST COULD BE SAVED UP TO 50% OVER
THE WINDOW COMPONENTS.
•ALUMINIUM, IRON, CONCRETE FRAMES CAN BE USED
•7 LINTELS AND CHAJJAS
•THE TRADITIONAL R.C.C. LINTELS WHICH ARE COSTLY CAN BE
REPLACED BY BRICK ARCHES FOR SMALL SPANS AND SAVE
CONSTRUCTION COST UP TO 30 TO 40% OVER THE TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION.
• BY ADOPTING ARCHES OF DIFFERENT SHAPES A GOOD
ARCHITECTURAL PLEASING APPEARANCE CAN BE GIVEN TO THE
EXTERNAL WALL SURFACES OF THE BRICK MASONRY.
23. LAURIE BAKER
• LAURIE BAKER, AN ARCHITECT FROM
BIRMINGHAM, NOW SETTLED IN
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, HAS
EFFECTIVELY COMBINED TRADITIONAL
TECHNIQUES WITH INDIGENOUS
INNOVATIONS AND HAS MANAGED TO
BRING DOWN THE COST OF
CONSTRUCTION BY HALF.
•
• HIS TECHNIQUES NOT ONLY USE
CHEAPER MATERIALS BUT ALSO
ELIMINATE REDUNDANT DETAILS FROM
THE DESIGN.
• CONCRETE IS RARELY USED.
MANGALORE TILES ARE USED FOR THE
ROOF WHICH MAKES IT LIGHT AND
INEXPENSIVE.
24. • HIS APPROACH AND SIMPLE PRINCIPLES TO LOW COST
HOUSING ARE GANDHIAN, WHICH CAN BE ADOPTED BY
EVERY BUILDER. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MAINSTAY OF
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HIS HOUSES.
• PLANNING OF SPACE– LESSER WALLS, MULTIPLE USES OF
SPACE, SHORT SPANS OF ROOF, AGGLOMERATION OF
BUILDING SERVICES, FLEXIBILITY IN GROWTH.
• LOCAL BUILDING MATERIAL– BRICKS, TILES, LIME, SURKHI,
TIMBER, THATCH, STONE, PALM, MUD.
• BRICKS AND JALIS – PLAY OF LIGHT AND SHADE,
UNIDIRECTIONAL VISION.
• UNPLASTERED WALLS.
• LINTELS AND ARCHES.
• ATTENTION TO DETAILS.
25. • BAKER’S WORKS INCLUDE, PRIVATE RESIDENCES,
SOME INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS, LIKE ‘CENTER FOR
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES’, KERALA. HE IS VERY ACTIVE
IN THE WORKS OF ALL THE BUILDING CENTERS
WORKING IN KERALA AS WELL AS IN THE OTHER
PARTS OF COUNTRY. RATHER IT WAS HIS INITIAL
EFFORT TO PROMOTE THE LOW COST HOUSING IN
INDIA, WHERE HOUSING IS A BIG PROBLEM.
• HIS TECHNIQUES NOT ONLY USE CHEAPER
MATERIALS BUT ALSO ELIMINATE UNNECESSARY
DETAILS FROM THE DESIGN. CONCRETE IS SPARINGLY
USED. MANGALORE TILES ARE USED FOR THE ROOF
WHICH MAKES IT LIGHT AND INEXPENSIVE.
• HIS PROJECTS FOR LOW COST BUILDINGS INCLUDE
1. CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES –
TRIVANDRUM
2. 'THE HAMLET', LAURIE BAKER'S HOME
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,
26. CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES - TRIVANDRUM -1975
• LESLIE BAKER’S
‘MASTERPIECE,’ THE CENTRE
FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IN KERALA, IS A 10 ACRE
CAMPUS AT A COST OF RS15
LAKHS, DEMONSTRATED THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF HIS PLAN.
• THE INSTITUTE INCLUDES
A RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
A GRADUATE SCHOOL
DEDICATED TO UTILIZING THE
STUDY OF ECONOMICS TO
HELP THE POOR.
27. MAIN FEATURES OF THIS BUILDING:
• HE DESIGNED THE BUILDINGS AT
THE CENTRE TO PRACTICALLY COOL
THEM.
• HE RENDERS JALIS, A PERFORATED
WOODEN SCREEN FOUND IN
TRADITIONAL INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE, IN BRICK;
• THE OPEN GRILLWORK ALLOWS
COOL BREEZES TO WAFT INTO THE
INTERIOR WHILE FILTERING HARSH,
DIRECT SUNLIGHT.
• SOME BUILDINGS INCLUDE A SERIES
OF SMALL COURTYARDS
CONTAINING SHALLOW POOLS IN
THE CENTER, WHOSE EVAPORATION
HELPS COOL THE AIR.
• PAYING CLOSE ATTENTION TO THE
EXISTING SITE AS HE BEGAN TO
DESIGN THE PROJECT, BAKER LEFT
AS MANY COCONUT PALM TREES IN
PLACE AS POSSIBLE TO CAST
COOLING SHADE ONTO THE
CAMPUS.
28. • THE COMPUTER CENTRE AT THE
CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES,
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. HERE
BAKER EVOLVED AN
INNOVATIVE SYSTEM OF
CURVED DOUBLE WALLS TO
SAVE ON COST AND TO
CONSERVE THE ENERGY .
• IN EVALUATING THE CAMPUS
FOR THE CENTRE, BAKER
PLANNED ROADS ALONG THE
LOWER, WHILE FOOTPATHS
WERE ROUTED ALONG
NATURALLY OCCURRING
ELEVATED AREAS; FOLLOWING
THE NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY
HELPS TO LIMIT EROSION AND
DESPOILMENT OF THE
ENVIRONMENT.
29. • BRICKWALLS WERE LEFT
UNPLASTERED AND BRICK
CORBELLING WAS USED
RATHER THAN MORE
EXPENSIVE CONCRETE LINTELS.
• WITH HIS MASTERY OVER HIS
MEDIUM, BAKER CREATES A
VARIETY OF TEXTURES AND
PATTERNS BY SIMPLE
MANIPULATION OF THE WAY
IN WHICH BRICKS ARE PLACED
IN THE WALL.
• THE ARCHITECTURE OF THIS
ACADEMIC COMPLEX WAS
CONCEIVED AS A
DEMONSTRATION OF
ECONOMICALLY RESPONSIBLE
BUILDING PRACTICES.
30. BAKER’S HOUSE “THE HAMLET”
• BAKER’S OWN RESIDENCE IS
CALLED ‘THE HAMLET’. IT HAS
BEEN BUILT IN
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,
BUILT ON A STEEPLY SLOPING
AND ROCKY HILLSIDE THAT
HARDLY HAD ANY VEGETATION
WHEN BAKER STARTED
CONSTRUCTING.
• BAKER HAS TRULY ADOPTED
HIS MOTTO TO “MAKE LOW-
COSTERY A HABIT AND A WAY
OF LIFE” BY REUSING
EVERYTHING, FROM BRICK TO
GLASS BOTTLES, AS BUILDING
MATERIALS.
• KEY FEATURES OF HIS HOUSE
ARE:
ALL THE WALLS ARE MADE OF
MUD BRICKS.
TIMBER SALVAGED FROM AN OLD
BOAT JETTY.
31. • ONE OF THE OTHER SIGNATURE
ELEMENTS OF HIS DESIGN
INCLUDES THE USE OF
CIRCULAR WALLS, WHICH USE
FAR LESS BRICK THAN
RECTANGULAR WALLS.
• IN ADDITION, WHEN HE DOES
USE CONCRETE FOR A ROOF, HE
EMBEDS CHIPPED OR BROKEN
TERRA COTTA ROOFING TILES
INTO THE MIXTURE.
• THESE TILES, WHICH NORMALLY
WOULD BE THROWN AWAY,
CONTRIBUTE TO THE STRENGTH
OF THE ROOF, ALLOW LESS OF
THE EXPENSIVE CONCRETE TO
BE USED, AND REDUCE THE
STRUCTURAL LOAD OF THE
BUILDING.
• HE USED BROKEN TILES FOR
THE OUTER PAVED AREA OF HIS
GARDEN.
32. • HE MADE AN EXTENSIVE USE OF
TIMBER IN HIS HOUSE, LIKE IN
THE LIVING ROOM OF HOUSE,
THE DETAILING IN WOOD AND
MUD BRICKS ARE WONDERFUL.
• THE LIVING ROOM, AN
INTEGRATION OF NEW
BUILDING AND SALVAGED
TIMBER FROM TRADITIONAL
BUILDINGS THAT WERE BEING
DEMOLISHED.
• BAKER'S INNOVATIVE USE OF
DISCARDED BOTTLES, INSET IN
THE WALLS GIVING A VERY
GOOD EFFECT OF LIGHT AND
CREATING AN ILLUSION OF
STAINED GLASS.