This document discusses different types of construction, focusing on masonry. It describes masonry as construction using blocks bonded together with a matrix. The main types of masonry discussed are stone masonry, brick masonry, block masonry, reinforced masonry, and composite masonry. Stone masonry uses stone as blocks, discussing the quarrying, dressing, and classifications of stone masonry. Brick masonry describes the manufacturing of bricks and different bonds used. The document also briefly mentions block masonry, reinforced brick masonry, mortars, pointing, and plastering.
Concrete blocks are a versatile building material made from cement, aggregate, water, and admixtures. They are manufactured using automated machinery to mix and form the concrete into standardized block sizes. Concrete blocks are classified based on their density and compressive strength, with denser blocks able to withstand more compression. They are also categorized according to manufacturing tolerances. Concrete blocks provide advantages as a construction material such as durability, fire resistance, and recyclability. Proper safety equipment should be used when cutting concrete blocks.
COVERS ABOUT
BRICKS,COMPARISION B/W BRICKS AND STONES,SIZE,WEIGHT AND COLOUR OF BRICKS,COMPOSITION OF BRICKS,HARMFUL INGREDIENTS FOR BRICKS,MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS:PREPARATION OF CLAY,MOULDING,DRYING,BURNING OF BRICKS,CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS:UNBURNT AND BURNT
BURNT BRICK CLASSIFICATION:FIRST CLASS, SECOND CLASS, THIRD CLASS ,FOURTH CLASS BRICKS
TEST ON BRICKS.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
This document provides instructions for calculating the number of courses, bricks, and total bricks needed for half brick walling projects. It explains that the number of courses for a given height can be determined using a brick dimension table. The number of bricks for a given length is also found using this table. Additionally, it notes that every square meter of half brick walling contains 60 bricks, so the total number of bricks for a wall can be calculated by multiplying the surface area by 60. Three example calculations are provided to demonstrate this process.
This document discusses materials and methods used in brick masonry construction. It defines different types of masonry, including brick masonry, stone masonry, and block masonry. It then covers the manufacturing process of bricks, including the basic ingredients of clay bricks, functions of key ingredients, and harmful ingredients. The rest of the document details brick terminology, types of bonds and joints, tools used in brick masonry, and testing procedures for bricks.
Pouring concrete into formwork describes the process of pouring and finishing a small concrete slab. The key steps are:
1. Construct formwork out of 2x4 boards to contain the wet concrete while it dries.
2. Mix concrete according to measurements and pour it into the formwork, tapping the sides to eliminate air pockets.
3. Screed the wet concrete flat using a straight board, then float and trowel the surface smooth and even.
4. Allow the concrete to cure before removing the formwork after 7 days.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
This document discusses different types of construction, focusing on masonry. It describes masonry as construction using blocks bonded together with a matrix. The main types of masonry discussed are stone masonry, brick masonry, block masonry, reinforced masonry, and composite masonry. Stone masonry uses stone as blocks, discussing the quarrying, dressing, and classifications of stone masonry. Brick masonry describes the manufacturing of bricks and different bonds used. The document also briefly mentions block masonry, reinforced brick masonry, mortars, pointing, and plastering.
Concrete blocks are a versatile building material made from cement, aggregate, water, and admixtures. They are manufactured using automated machinery to mix and form the concrete into standardized block sizes. Concrete blocks are classified based on their density and compressive strength, with denser blocks able to withstand more compression. They are also categorized according to manufacturing tolerances. Concrete blocks provide advantages as a construction material such as durability, fire resistance, and recyclability. Proper safety equipment should be used when cutting concrete blocks.
COVERS ABOUT
BRICKS,COMPARISION B/W BRICKS AND STONES,SIZE,WEIGHT AND COLOUR OF BRICKS,COMPOSITION OF BRICKS,HARMFUL INGREDIENTS FOR BRICKS,MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS:PREPARATION OF CLAY,MOULDING,DRYING,BURNING OF BRICKS,CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS:UNBURNT AND BURNT
BURNT BRICK CLASSIFICATION:FIRST CLASS, SECOND CLASS, THIRD CLASS ,FOURTH CLASS BRICKS
TEST ON BRICKS.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
This document provides instructions for calculating the number of courses, bricks, and total bricks needed for half brick walling projects. It explains that the number of courses for a given height can be determined using a brick dimension table. The number of bricks for a given length is also found using this table. Additionally, it notes that every square meter of half brick walling contains 60 bricks, so the total number of bricks for a wall can be calculated by multiplying the surface area by 60. Three example calculations are provided to demonstrate this process.
This document discusses materials and methods used in brick masonry construction. It defines different types of masonry, including brick masonry, stone masonry, and block masonry. It then covers the manufacturing process of bricks, including the basic ingredients of clay bricks, functions of key ingredients, and harmful ingredients. The rest of the document details brick terminology, types of bonds and joints, tools used in brick masonry, and testing procedures for bricks.
Pouring concrete into formwork describes the process of pouring and finishing a small concrete slab. The key steps are:
1. Construct formwork out of 2x4 boards to contain the wet concrete while it dries.
2. Mix concrete according to measurements and pour it into the formwork, tapping the sides to eliminate air pockets.
3. Screed the wet concrete flat using a straight board, then float and trowel the surface smooth and even.
4. Allow the concrete to cure before removing the formwork after 7 days.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
This document provides an overview of brick manufacturing and fly ash utilization. It discusses the constituents of brick earth and fly ash, as well as the manufacturing process which involves preparing clay, molding bricks, drying, and burning. Field testing methods for bricks are outlined. Characteristics of a first class brick and quality testing methods are also described. The document then covers how fly ash is disposed of from power plants and potential applications in construction, including advantages and disadvantages of fly ash use. Fly ash bricks are one highlighted application.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document defines masonry and brick masonry. Masonry is made of small building units like clay, shale, concrete or stone that are set in mortar. Brick masonry consists of bricks laid together with mortar and is a popular building material. Bricks come in various sizes and strengths and are classified based on compressive strength and water absorption. Mortar is used to bind the bricks and is typically made of water, cement or lime, and sand. Various tests are performed on bricks and brick masonry assemblies to test properties like efflorescence, water absorption, compressive strength, and bond strength. Brick masonry provides benefits like low maintenance, fire resistance, insulation, and structural load
This document discusses ferrocement, an appropriate building technique. [1] Ferrocement is a reinforced concrete made of closely spaced wire mesh and cement mortar. [2] It uses cement, sand, water, and thin steel wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the mesh provides tensile strength. [3] Ferrocement is stronger and more flexible than conventional concrete. It can be formed into various shapes and is suitable for developing countries due to its simplicity and labor intensiveness.
THIS WAS THE PROJECT CARRIED OUT BY OUR TEAM AS A FINAL YEAR PROJECT. IN THIS PROJECT STEEL FIBERS WAS INDUCED ALONG WITH CEMENT MATRIX TO INCREASE THE DURABILITY, CRACK RESISTANCE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FERROCEMENT BLOCKS. THESE BLOCKS HAS MORE LATERAL STABILITY THAN ORDINARY BRICKS
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement has properties of both steel and concrete - it is flexible like steel but does not rust. It can be manufactured using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging, and guniting. Ferrocement has advantages of high strength, ductility, impact resistance, and permeability. Its applications include domestic water tanks, gas holders, boat building, manhole covers, roofing, and pressure pipes.
Ferrocement is a composite material made of cement, sand, water and wire mesh. It is thin and lightweight but has high tensile strength. Ferrocement elements are 2-3 cm thick with wire mesh reinforcement. It has applications in water tanks, boats, benches and roofs due to its strength, repair ability and moldability. It can be cast using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging and guniting. Centrifuging and guniting provide better compaction for pressure pipes and prefabricated units.
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement was invented in France in the 1840s and provides high tensile strength, durability, and versatility due to its composition and thin walls. It can be cast into various shapes using different techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting. Ferrocement has applications in water tanks, boats, roofs, and other prefabricated structures due to its properties and ease of production.
- Basic blocks are typically 440mm x 215mm x 75-300mm thick and weigh 9.9-30kg. They are manufactured to compressive strength standards of 2.8-7N/mm2.
- Load bearing blocks are dense and strong, made of cement and aggregates. Non-load bearing blocks are lighter using lightweight aggregates.
- Special blocks include coursing blocks, return blocks, and reveal blocks used at openings to maintain bond and insulation.
Bricks are building materials made from fired clay blocks used in masonry construction. They come in standard sizes like 230mm x 115mm x 75mm. Bricks have advantages like strength, durability, thermal performance, design flexibility, and fire resistance. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay soil, moulding bricks by hand or machine, drying for 7-14 days, and burning in clamps or kilns to harden the bricks.
Engineered demolition techniques for dilapidated structuresRAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
This document discusses modern demolition techniques for dilapidated structures. It describes various techniques such as hydraulic rock breakers, diamond sawing and drilling, diamond wire sawing, controlled demolition, and hydraulic bursting/splitting. It focuses on wire sawing as an ultimate demolition tool, using a diamond beaded wire rotated at high speeds to cut through steel and concrete. Additional techniques discussed include hand sawing, hydraulic splitters/busters, and the use of handheld machines like electrically operated, battery operated, pneumatic, and hydraulic tools. Case studies on demolition practices in the USA in the 1940s-1950s describe the use of large iron balls and dynamite arranged to implode structures in a contained manner.
Cement and concrete are used interchangeably but there are technical distinctions and the meaning of cement has changed since the mid-nineteenth century when ferrocement originated. Ferro- means iron although metal commonly used in ferro-cement is the iron alloy steel. Cement in the nineteenth century and earlier meant mortar[2] or broken stone or tile mixed with lime and water to form a strong mortar.[3] Today cement usually means Portland cement,[4] Mortar is a paste of a binder (usually Portland cement), sand and water; and concrete is a fluid mixture of Portland cement, sand, water and crushed stone aggregate which is poured into formwork (shuttering). Ferro-concrete is the original name of reinforced concrete (armored concrete) known at least since the 1890s and in 1903 it was well described in London's Society of Engineer's Journal[5] but is now widely confused with ferrocement.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
The document discusses various methods for underwater repair of concrete structures. It describes six main methods: 1) Surface spalling repair which involves clearing damaged areas and applying cementitious mortar or epoxy. 2) Large scale repair for significant damage which requires careful material selection and formwork. 3) Preplaced aggregate concrete where aggregate is compacted and grouted in place. 4) Injection techniques using cement or epoxy grouts to fill cracks or voids. 5) Guniting or shotcrete application for large surface repairs. 6) Steel sleeve technique which places a sleeve around damaged piles or columns and fills the space with concrete. Proper preparation and material compatibility are essential for effective underwater concrete structure repairs.
The document discusses different types of masonry materials used in construction including bricks, mortar, grout, concrete blocks, and stone. It provides details on the history and production of bricks, describing common brick types and sizes. It explains that mortar is used to bond masonry units together and grout is used to fill cavities. Different types of bonds used when laying bricks are also outlined. The summary focuses on defining the key masonry components and their uses according to the document.
The document discusses ferrocement, which is a type of reinforced concrete using closely spaced layers of mesh or small rods encapsulated in mortar. Ferrocement consists of a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or fiber-reinforced polymer meshes and steel rods. It has several advantages over reinforced concrete including high strength, stiffness, impact resistance, and ability to withstand large deformations. Ferrocement can be used for applications such as tanks, floors, waterproofing, manhole covers, buildings, pipes, bridges, and strengthening existing concrete structures. It is applied using hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting.
This presentation gives in depth details about Doing AAC Blockwork with thin mortar adhesive.
It covers all aspect of blockwork activity start from panning till completion.
it also contains the common mistakes made by mason labour during execution of work.
This document provides information on block work systems (IBS) used in construction, including:
1. It describes the manufacturing process of block work systems which involves mixing, molding, curing, and cubing of concrete blocks.
2. The advantages of block work systems are that they are durable, can be constructed entirely on-site, have professionals that are easy to find locally, and have a high thermal mass for insulation.
3. The disadvantages include limited insulation capability compared to other materials, slower construction speeds, risk of settlement cracks, inability to construct during severe weather, and potential for dampness if cavities are not sealed properly.
4. A case study of a secondary school in
The document provides information about concrete structures presented by Group 1. It discusses different types of concrete like plain cement concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, and ferroconcrete. It explains the uses of different grades of concrete for various structures. It also describes framed and shelled concrete structures and their construction processes. Various precast and insitu concrete components are mentioned.
This document provides an overview of brick manufacturing and fly ash utilization. It discusses the constituents of brick earth and fly ash, as well as the manufacturing process which involves preparing clay, molding bricks, drying, and burning. Field testing methods for bricks are outlined. Characteristics of a first class brick and quality testing methods are also described. The document then covers how fly ash is disposed of from power plants and potential applications in construction, including advantages and disadvantages of fly ash use. Fly ash bricks are one highlighted application.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document defines masonry and brick masonry. Masonry is made of small building units like clay, shale, concrete or stone that are set in mortar. Brick masonry consists of bricks laid together with mortar and is a popular building material. Bricks come in various sizes and strengths and are classified based on compressive strength and water absorption. Mortar is used to bind the bricks and is typically made of water, cement or lime, and sand. Various tests are performed on bricks and brick masonry assemblies to test properties like efflorescence, water absorption, compressive strength, and bond strength. Brick masonry provides benefits like low maintenance, fire resistance, insulation, and structural load
This document discusses ferrocement, an appropriate building technique. [1] Ferrocement is a reinforced concrete made of closely spaced wire mesh and cement mortar. [2] It uses cement, sand, water, and thin steel wire mesh. The mortar provides mass while the mesh provides tensile strength. [3] Ferrocement is stronger and more flexible than conventional concrete. It can be formed into various shapes and is suitable for developing countries due to its simplicity and labor intensiveness.
THIS WAS THE PROJECT CARRIED OUT BY OUR TEAM AS A FINAL YEAR PROJECT. IN THIS PROJECT STEEL FIBERS WAS INDUCED ALONG WITH CEMENT MATRIX TO INCREASE THE DURABILITY, CRACK RESISTANCE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FERROCEMENT BLOCKS. THESE BLOCKS HAS MORE LATERAL STABILITY THAN ORDINARY BRICKS
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement has properties of both steel and concrete - it is flexible like steel but does not rust. It can be manufactured using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging, and guniting. Ferrocement has advantages of high strength, ductility, impact resistance, and permeability. Its applications include domestic water tanks, gas holders, boat building, manhole covers, roofing, and pressure pipes.
Ferrocement is a composite material made of cement, sand, water and wire mesh. It is thin and lightweight but has high tensile strength. Ferrocement elements are 2-3 cm thick with wire mesh reinforcement. It has applications in water tanks, boats, benches and roofs due to its strength, repair ability and moldability. It can be cast using various techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized process, centrifuging and guniting. Centrifuging and guniting provide better compaction for pressure pipes and prefabricated units.
Ferrocement is a type of thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced wire mesh. It has a higher ratio of steel to cement than conventional concrete. Ferrocement was invented in France in the 1840s and provides high tensile strength, durability, and versatility due to its composition and thin walls. It can be cast into various shapes using different techniques like hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting. Ferrocement has applications in water tanks, boats, roofs, and other prefabricated structures due to its properties and ease of production.
- Basic blocks are typically 440mm x 215mm x 75-300mm thick and weigh 9.9-30kg. They are manufactured to compressive strength standards of 2.8-7N/mm2.
- Load bearing blocks are dense and strong, made of cement and aggregates. Non-load bearing blocks are lighter using lightweight aggregates.
- Special blocks include coursing blocks, return blocks, and reveal blocks used at openings to maintain bond and insulation.
Bricks are building materials made from fired clay blocks used in masonry construction. They come in standard sizes like 230mm x 115mm x 75mm. Bricks have advantages like strength, durability, thermal performance, design flexibility, and fire resistance. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay soil, moulding bricks by hand or machine, drying for 7-14 days, and burning in clamps or kilns to harden the bricks.
Engineered demolition techniques for dilapidated structuresRAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
This document discusses modern demolition techniques for dilapidated structures. It describes various techniques such as hydraulic rock breakers, diamond sawing and drilling, diamond wire sawing, controlled demolition, and hydraulic bursting/splitting. It focuses on wire sawing as an ultimate demolition tool, using a diamond beaded wire rotated at high speeds to cut through steel and concrete. Additional techniques discussed include hand sawing, hydraulic splitters/busters, and the use of handheld machines like electrically operated, battery operated, pneumatic, and hydraulic tools. Case studies on demolition practices in the USA in the 1940s-1950s describe the use of large iron balls and dynamite arranged to implode structures in a contained manner.
Cement and concrete are used interchangeably but there are technical distinctions and the meaning of cement has changed since the mid-nineteenth century when ferrocement originated. Ferro- means iron although metal commonly used in ferro-cement is the iron alloy steel. Cement in the nineteenth century and earlier meant mortar[2] or broken stone or tile mixed with lime and water to form a strong mortar.[3] Today cement usually means Portland cement,[4] Mortar is a paste of a binder (usually Portland cement), sand and water; and concrete is a fluid mixture of Portland cement, sand, water and crushed stone aggregate which is poured into formwork (shuttering). Ferro-concrete is the original name of reinforced concrete (armored concrete) known at least since the 1890s and in 1903 it was well described in London's Society of Engineer's Journal[5] but is now widely confused with ferrocement.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
The document discusses various methods for underwater repair of concrete structures. It describes six main methods: 1) Surface spalling repair which involves clearing damaged areas and applying cementitious mortar or epoxy. 2) Large scale repair for significant damage which requires careful material selection and formwork. 3) Preplaced aggregate concrete where aggregate is compacted and grouted in place. 4) Injection techniques using cement or epoxy grouts to fill cracks or voids. 5) Guniting or shotcrete application for large surface repairs. 6) Steel sleeve technique which places a sleeve around damaged piles or columns and fills the space with concrete. Proper preparation and material compatibility are essential for effective underwater concrete structure repairs.
The document discusses different types of masonry materials used in construction including bricks, mortar, grout, concrete blocks, and stone. It provides details on the history and production of bricks, describing common brick types and sizes. It explains that mortar is used to bond masonry units together and grout is used to fill cavities. Different types of bonds used when laying bricks are also outlined. The summary focuses on defining the key masonry components and their uses according to the document.
The document discusses ferrocement, which is a type of reinforced concrete using closely spaced layers of mesh or small rods encapsulated in mortar. Ferrocement consists of a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or fiber-reinforced polymer meshes and steel rods. It has several advantages over reinforced concrete including high strength, stiffness, impact resistance, and ability to withstand large deformations. Ferrocement can be used for applications such as tanks, floors, waterproofing, manhole covers, buildings, pipes, bridges, and strengthening existing concrete structures. It is applied using hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting.
This presentation gives in depth details about Doing AAC Blockwork with thin mortar adhesive.
It covers all aspect of blockwork activity start from panning till completion.
it also contains the common mistakes made by mason labour during execution of work.
This document provides information on block work systems (IBS) used in construction, including:
1. It describes the manufacturing process of block work systems which involves mixing, molding, curing, and cubing of concrete blocks.
2. The advantages of block work systems are that they are durable, can be constructed entirely on-site, have professionals that are easy to find locally, and have a high thermal mass for insulation.
3. The disadvantages include limited insulation capability compared to other materials, slower construction speeds, risk of settlement cracks, inability to construct during severe weather, and potential for dampness if cavities are not sealed properly.
4. A case study of a secondary school in
The document provides information about concrete structures presented by Group 1. It discusses different types of concrete like plain cement concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, and ferroconcrete. It explains the uses of different grades of concrete for various structures. It also describes framed and shelled concrete structures and their construction processes. Various precast and insitu concrete components are mentioned.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. There are different types of formwork materials including timber, steel, and glass reinforced plastic. Proper formwork design and construction helps ensure safety, cost-effectiveness and quality of the finished concrete surface. Common causes of formwork failure include inadequate bracing, vibration, unstable soil or improper stripping. Safety precautions like secure fixing and inspections are important to prevent accidents. Permanent formwork is part of the permanent structure and remains in place for the life of the building, offering advantages like reduced construction time and costs.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable concrete that can spread into place and fill formwork without any mechanical consolidation. SCC was developed in Japan in the 1980s to overcome issues with inadequate consolidation of traditional vibrated concrete. SCC uses special admixtures and optimized aggregate gradation to achieve excellent flowability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. While SCC has higher material costs, it provides benefits of easier placement, improved quality, reduced labor requirements, and faster construction.
This document discusses various low-cost construction techniques including:
1. Funicular roofs that use diagonal grids to distribute loads without steel reinforcement.
2. Geodesic domes made of simple steel plates connected by bolts with varied angles.
3. A-frames that are prefabricated steel frames requiring minimal formwork.
4. Low-cost blocks like Swaran Singh blocks made with local materials, and veneer blocks made with an on-site mold.
Unit 5 maintenance and repair methods for rcc mrsAbhay Abhale
The document discusses various maintenance and repair methods for reinforced concrete cracks (RCC). It describes common locations of cracks in RCC columns, beams, slabs, and footings. These include diagonal, splitting, horizontal, and corrosion cracks in columns; shear and bending cracks in beams; and shrinkage cracks in slabs. It also lists causes of cracks like design/construction errors, chemical/mechanical damage, and dampness. Methods to repair cracks include epoxy injection, grouting, stitching, rebaring, and shotcrete. Mud phuska and lime concrete are techniques to repair dampness in roof slabs by providing insulation and waterproofing.
Building Materials & Construction Module-2Abhilash B L
The document provides information about building materials and construction. It discusses foundations, including preliminary soil investigation methods like test pits, probing, and boring. It describes different types of foundations like spread, combined, strap, and pile. It also covers masonry, defining terms and discussing brick and stone masonry as well as various bonds in brickwork. The requirements of a good foundation are listed as distributing loads evenly, providing stability, minimizing differential settlement, and being protected from soil movement.
New materials and technologies used in NISM MumbaiDr K M SONI
This document discusses new materials and technologies used in the construction of the National Institute of Securities Markets (NISM) in Mumbai, India. It describes the location of NISM and its facilities, then provides details on the use of glass fibre reinforced concrete panels, post-tensioned slabs, autoclaved aerated concrete blocks, acoustic ceilings and panelling, furniture, stamped concrete, expanded polystyrene foam blocks, floorings, glass, acoustic panels, aluminium louvers, and service trenches in the construction of NISM.
This document provides a summary of a summer training presentation on building construction. It includes an introduction, contents listing the topics covered, and sections on site planning, building materials, reinforced concrete, excavation, foundations, retaining walls, construction of walls and columns, concrete manufacturing, curing concrete, plastering, slump and cube tests, and conclusions. The presentation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Rajasthan Technical University.
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques including using funicular shell roofs, geodesic domes, A-frame structures, interlocking hollow concrete blocks, soil cement blocks, and rat-trap bond wall construction. It suggests optimizing designs to reduce materials and costs for foundations, walls, doors, windows, and lintels. Foundations can use rubble masonry with bond stones instead of concrete beds. Wall thickness and rat-trap bonding can reduce brick usage. Concrete blocks and soil cement blocks provide savings over burnt bricks. Alternative materials can lower costs for doors, windows, and lintels.
This document provides information on blockwork systems and two case studies that utilized blockwork in construction. It begins with an overview of the blockwork process, including the manufacturing, installation, advantages, and disadvantages. It then details two case studies: The Z Residence in Bukit Jalil used interlocking blocks, while One City in USJ 25 used autoclaved aerated concrete blocks. Both case studies describe the project specifics and block manufacturing processes. The document concludes with characteristics and limitations of the blockwork systems used in the two developments.
This document provides details about a 3,750 TPD (tonnes per day) cement plant project in Dabok, Rajasthan, India. The key components discussed include the blending silo, preheater, rotary kiln, and cooling tower. Construction updates are provided for each component. The blending silo construction involves building the concrete shell and inverted cone interior. The preheater is being constructed using jump formwork and has reached a height of 46 meters. Foundation work is underway for the cooling tower and kiln.
Building Materials & Construction Module - 3Abhilash B L
This document contains information about building materials and construction topics including lintels, arches, floors, and roofs. It defines a lintel as a horizontal member placed across an opening to support the structure above. It classifies lintels and describes their functions. It describes the elements of an arch including the intrados, extrados, voussoirs, and more. It discusses the stability of arches and how to prevent failure. It lists the requirements of good floors and roofs. It provides details about different flooring materials like concrete, mosaic, slate, marble, and tiles. It describes different types of roofs, elements of pitched roofs, and truss roofs including king post and queen post trusses
Box Pushing Technique was adopted to form abutments and construction of RCC road slab in between the abutments to construct the Underpass below running railway tracks.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly fluid concrete that can spread and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. It was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve issues with vibration and ensure durable concrete structures. SCC spreads easily and fills forms completely, even around dense reinforcement. This eliminates the need for vibration and ensures uniform consolidation, but it requires precise material proportions and testing. While allowing for complex designs and construction time savings, SCC is also more expensive than traditional concrete due to material and testing costs. It therefore provides benefits for certain applications but cannot be used universally.
1) Aerocon bricks are an autoclaved cellular concrete building material that comes in three sizes: infill, jumbo, and thermal blocks.
2) Aerocon bricks provide advantages like easy installation, strength and durability. They can replace a significant amount of concrete and other materials.
3) The production process of Aerocon bricks involves grinding raw materials, dosing and mixing, foaming, demolding and cutting to form blocks. Fly ash is a key raw material and the process conserves water compared to clay bricks.
This document outlines the construction processes and materials used in pavement construction, including: granular sub-base courses like GSB and WBM; cemented bases; tack coats; seal coats; asphaltic concrete; and pavement quality concrete. It describes steps for preparing the subgrade, spreading and compacting granular materials, and applying binding materials. Cement stabilization techniques are also discussed. The purpose and application of prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats between pavement layers is explained. Pavement quality concrete is defined as concrete for highways and runways using larger aggregates per IRC specifications, placed over a dry lean concrete sub-base.
This document discusses Vastu Shastra, an ancient Hindu system of architecture and design. It begins by outlining some key principles of Vastu Shastra, such as the importance of providing thermal, acoustic, and visual comfort. It then discusses various types of mandalas (geometric grids) used in layouts. Myths about Vastu Shastra are debunked by providing logical explanations. Applications of Vastu Shastra principles to both residential and commercial projects are described. Potential issues from ignoring Vastu Shastra like geopathic stress and reduced Schumann waves are mentioned. The document advocates balancing the five elements and returning to more sustainable, climate-responsive, and energy-
This document outlines the key electrical, HVAC, firefighting, water, and sanitation services for a commercial building located in Centra Mall. It describes the components and specifications of the transformer room, voltage control room, LT room, isolator room, IT room, chiller plant room, air handling units, pump room, fire exits and hydrants, water tanks, and drainage system. The building services were designed and installed by Spectral Service Consultants to meet the needs of the 36,000 square foot commercial building.
This document provides an overview of biomimicry and bionic architecture. It discusses how biomimicry takes design cues from nature by imitating natural biological methods, mechanisms, and principles. The document outlines three levels of biomimicry - imitation of natural production methods, mechanisms in nature, and principles based on social behavior. It also discusses modeling and pattern detection in nature. The document provides examples of biomimicry approaches like design inspired by biology and new technologies adapted from nature. It categorizes biomimicry sources as organisms, behaviors, and ecosystems. Finally, it presents a case study of the floating terminal in Seoul designed to restore the natural environment.
Ecology and Environment- A Comprehensive RelationshipManav Mahajan
This document discusses ecology and the environment. It defines ecology as the relationship between organisms and their physical surroundings. The environment includes the physical world of abiotic and biotic factors, the social world of human activities and relations, and the built world of human constructions. Ecology and the environment are interrelated, as changes in environmental factors can affect entire ecosystems. Organisms and ecosystems are dependent on various physical environmental factors like radiation, temperature, water, gravity, pressure, wind, and soil conditions.
Frank L. Wright : Falling waters and key projectsManav Mahajan
1. Fallingwater or Kaufmann Residence is Frank Lloyd Wright's house built in 1935 over a waterfall in rural Pennsylvania.
2. Wright designed the house with horizontal and vertical lines and spaces that bring the natural surroundings inside. Notable features include cantilevered balconies and a staircase leading to the waterfall.
3. The house uses local stone and wood in its intrinsic construction, with furnishings in a triadic color scheme and monochromatic brown walls, ceilings and floors. However, the bold concrete design experienced deflection issues from the beginning.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
4. BRICK- THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING UNIT
WHY DOES A WALLING MATERIAL
REQUIRE A CRUSHING STRENGTH OF 150
KG/SQ.CM?
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON A
WALL IS LESS THAN 0.5 KG/SQ.CM
SOIL BEARING CAPACITY IS LESS
THAN 2 KG/SQ.CM
5. BRICK- THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING UNIT
WHAT IS THE CRITERIA FOR AN APPROPRIATE WALLING MATERIAL?
CRUSHING OF THE BRICK IS A DIRECT CONSEQUENCE OF IT’S
SURFACE REQUIREMENTS
•NON-ERODABLE IMPERMEABLE DIAPHRAGM
•LEAN BACK-UP MATERIAL WITH APPROPRIATE LOAD BEARING
CAPACITY
•LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
•COLOUR AND TEXTURE
6. NON-ERODABLE IMPERMEABLE DIAPHRAGM
WATER FLOODED TO
FACILITATE CURING OF
MUD MORTAR USED
FOR APPLICATION OF
CLADDING.
ROPE WITH STONES
HANGING ON EITHER SIDE
TO ENSURE THAT THE
CLADDING MATERIAL
STAYS IN PLACE.
CLADDING MATERIAL
APPLIED
SIMULTANEOUSLY
WITH LAYING OF
RUBBLE MASONRY.
SECTION SHOWING TRADITIONAL METHODS
APPLICATION OF CLADDING
TODAY, CLADDING IS DONE AFTER COMPLETION OF MASONRY WORK.
DUE TO IMPROPER CURING OF MORTAR, CLADDING IS OFTEN FOUND TO DE-LINK FROM
THE WALL.
HORIZONTAL STONE
SLAB.
VERTICAL CLADDING
MATERIAL
SUPPORTED ON
HORIZONTAL SLAB.
Surya hotel,Delhi - CLADDING FALLING OFF WALLS DUE TO WRONG METHOD OF
APPLICATION
7. Solution to the problemSolution to the problem
HOLLOW CORE INTERLOCKING BLOCKS
9. STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:
CASTING OF THE
BLOCKS:
1. Mixture of block is prepared
using cement, sand, aggregate and
other waste materials.
2. Coating of burnt oil on mould
so that that the concrete mix does
not stick.
3. Finishes laid on plastic sheet
inside mould.
1.1.
a.a.
1.b1.b
..
22
33
10. STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:
CASTING OF THE
BLOCKS:
4. Rich cement slurry in the ratio
1:6 is poured over the finishes to
form the first impermeable
diaphragm.
5.The concrete mix is filled with
compaction done at regular
intervals.
6.Once the mould is half filled, a
hollow tube is passed through the
holes for creating the hollow
core.
4.b4.b
..
4.a4.a
..
5.a5.a
..
5.b5.b
..
6.a6.a
..
6.b6.b
..
11. STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:
CASTING OF THE BLOCKS:
7.The remaining mould is
filled and the mixture
compacted.
8. Surface is smoothened and
a
layer of rich cement
slurry
with or without other
finishes
is poured.
9.After initial setting, the
moulds are carefully
removed from the diagonal
edges few minutes after
casting and left for drying for
about 48 hours to attain
strength.
7.b7.b
..
7.a7.a
..
8.a8.a
..
8.b8.b
..
8.c.8.c.
9.a9.a
..
9.b9.b
..
13. NON-ERODABLE IMPERMEABLE DIAPHRAGM – HOLLOW CORE INTERLOCKING BLOCK
• INTEGRATED NON-ERODABLE
IMPERMEABLE DIAPHRAGM.
• IN THE HOLLOW CORE INTERLOCKING
BLOCKS, THE IMPERMEABLE NON-
ERODABLE DIAPHRAGM IS PROVIDED FOR
DURING THE TIME OF CASTING ITSELF.
• THE CLADDING MATERIAL WILL NEVER
DE-LINK.
14. turning trash into
cash
HOLLOW-CORE
INTERLOCKING
BLOCK
Canvas for the creativity of the
Artist and Artisan
Filling of waste polythene in
the hollows provides for
better thermal insulation.
Artwork with
Effective use of
Waste Materials
Thermal Lag of
Paper-mache block
is higher than brick
20. Making Paper Mache
A mixture of cement,
aggregate and 50% paper
mache
Women making paper-mache
blocks
Acrylic cutouts embedded in the diaphragm helps the children
identify the various characters and the vibrant colors add cheer
to the building.
Creating the
pattern
Concretizing
the pattern
with white
cement
Lean backing of
paper mache and
concrete
BUILT OF PAPER-MACHE