These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
It contains what are the shift reagents, and how they will use in NMR spectroscopy. It includes lanthanide shift reagents and their effect using NMR spectroscopy. It has mostly used shift reagents like Europium and their importance. paramagnetic species that affect the NMR spectra are also explained in detail. What are contact shift and pseudo-contact shift also explained. It contains what are the chiral shift reagent, and the advantages, and disadvantages of lanthanide shift reagents. Reference books are also included.
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
A ppt compiled by Yaseen Aziz Wani pursuing M.Sc Chemistry at University of Kashmir, J&K, India and Naveed Bashir Dar, a student of electrical engg. at NIT Srinagar.
Warm regards to Munnazir Bashir also for providing us with refreshing tea while we were compiling ppt.
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
It contains what are the shift reagents, and how they will use in NMR spectroscopy. It includes lanthanide shift reagents and their effect using NMR spectroscopy. It has mostly used shift reagents like Europium and their importance. paramagnetic species that affect the NMR spectra are also explained in detail. What are contact shift and pseudo-contact shift also explained. It contains what are the chiral shift reagent, and the advantages, and disadvantages of lanthanide shift reagents. Reference books are also included.
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
A ppt compiled by Yaseen Aziz Wani pursuing M.Sc Chemistry at University of Kashmir, J&K, India and Naveed Bashir Dar, a student of electrical engg. at NIT Srinagar.
Warm regards to Munnazir Bashir also for providing us with refreshing tea while we were compiling ppt.
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Introduction:
As is implied in the name, nuclear
magnetic resonance is concerned with the
magnetic properties of certain atomic
nuclei. Analysis of a NMR spectrum
provides information on the number and
type of chemical entities in a molecule.
However, NMR provides much more
information than IR.
3. Why Chemical shift reagents?
Because the chemical shifts of several groups of
protons are all very similar , which shows their
proton resonances in the same area of the
spectrum and often peak overlap so extensively
that individual peaks and splitting cannot be
extracted
4. Chemical shift reagents:
Chemical shift reagents are organic complexes of
paramagnetic rare earth metals from the
lanthanide series.
Of the lanthanides, europium is probably the most
commonly used metal.
Two of its widely used complexes are Tris
(dipavalomethanato) europium and tris-(6,6,7,7,
8,8,8- heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato)
europium, frequently abbreviated Eu(dpm)3 and
Eu(fod)3, respectively
5. Chemical shift reagents:
When such metal complexes are added to the
compound whose spectrum is being determined, there is
a profound shifts in the various groups of protons. The
direction of the shift (up field or downfield) depends
primarily on which metal is being used.
Complexes of europium, erbium, thulium and ytterbium
shift resonances to lower field, while complexes of
cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, terbium,
and holmium generally shift resonances to higher field.
6. Interaction of chemical shift reagents:
These lanthanide complexes interact with a relatively
basic pair of electrons ( an unshared pair ) which can
coordinate with Eu+3.
Typically, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, thiols, ethers
and amines all interact.
7. Chemical shift reagents:
The amount of shift a given group of protons experiences
depends on
the distance separating the metal (Eu3+)and that
group of protons and
the concentration of shift reagent in the solution.
Hence it is necessary to include the number of mole
equivalents of shift reagents used or its molar
concentration when reporting a lanthanide shifted
spectrum
8. Chemical shift reagents:
E.g:The spectra of 1- hexanol:
In the absence of shift reagent, the spectrum shown Only
the triplet of the terminal methyl group the triplet of the
methylene group next to the hydroxyl are resolved in the
spectrum.
The protons (aside from O-H) are found together in a
broad, unresolved group.
With the shift reagent added each of the methylene groups
is clearly separated and is resolved into proper multiplet
structure.
9.
10.
11.
12. β-Diketone complexes of some of the lanthanides have interesting and useful
properties as NMR shift reagents. Lewis acid complexation of the lanthanide
atom with basic sites on molecules results in substantial chemical shift effects
consistent with the presence of large shielding and deshielding cones around
the lanthanide atom. These chemical shift effects are the result of unpaired
electrons in the f shell of the lanthanide. The lanthanides are especially
effective because there is relatively little delocalization of the unpaired f
electrons onto the substrate (Fermi contact interactions), and so the principal
effect is usually the anisotropy of the metal. An optimum combination of
minimum line broadening by direct Fermi contact interaction with unpaired
spins, and maximum downfield and upfield dipolar shifts is provided by Eu and
Pr tris-β-diketone complexes. The first widely used shift reagent was
Eu(dpm)3 (tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylhepta-3,5-dionato)europium(III))
(Hinckley, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 5160). The fluorinated
analog Eu(fod)3 (tris(7,7,-dimethyl-1,1,2,2,2,3,3-heptafluoroocta-7,7-
dimethyl-4,6-dionato)europium(III) (Rondeau, Sievers, J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 1971, 93, 1522) has better solubility and is a stronger Lewis acid
13. The choice of Europium as the main shift reagent and
Praseodymium as the alternate reagent of choice was dictated by
their properties. Eu shows shifts in the downfield direction, thus
usually accentuating the existing shift differences in 1H NMR
spectra. Pr shifts signals mostly up field, often initially making
the spectra more complicated. The shifts for some of the later
lanthanides (Dy and Tm) are much larger, but there are also
severe line-broadening effects (with the 2-proton of picoline -
200 Hz for Dy and 65 Hz for Tm, versus ca 5 Hz for Eu and Pr)
14. Observed isotropic shifts for the most shifted resonance of 1-
hexanol (H-1), 4-picoline-N-oxide (H-2) and 4-vinylpyridine (H-2),
in the presence of Ln(dpm)3 at 30 °C in CDCl3
15. The chemical shift effects of dipolar interactions are reasonably predicted by
the usual deshielding or shielding cone, as for anisotropic effects of various
functional groups.
16. Evidence that the shift effects are primarily due to the magnetic anisotropy of the
metal, and not by direct contact interactions with the unpaired spins is provided by the
great similarity (in ppm) of the 1H and 13C shifts, as in the example of isoborneol below,
with Eu(dpm)3
17. Eu reagents cause mainly downfield shifts, Pr reagents
cause upfield shifts. The Eu reagents are much more
frequently used, because the shift effects enhance the
normal chemical shift differences between protons,
whereas Pr reagents initially diminish them. That is,
protons near functional groups tend to be downfield of
the others, and the Eu shift reagents continue to move
them further downfield.
18.
19. The LCS reagents work only on molecules with Lewis basic
sites. Sequence of complexing strength varies with the nature
of the substrate, but is approximately: NH2 > OH > R2O >
R2C=O > CO2R ≈ R2S > R-CN.
20. Shift reagents are not used just to simplify spectra.
They are especially valuable for distinguishing geometric isomers,
such as cis-trans isomers of double bonds.
They have sometimes been used for conformational analysis, but
this use is constrained by the likelihood that complexation to the
lanthanide could cause changes in the conformation of the molecule.
In the examples below, the relatively small Δδ values for the beta-
hydrogens and large Δδ values of the alpha-substituents of
methacrolein and acrolein point to a predominance of the s-trans
conformation, whereas the Δδ values for acrylamide suggest an s-cis
conformation. However, these conclusions are strictly valid only for
the europium complexes, not for the free compounds.
21. Chiral Shift Reagents. One of the most useful applications of lanthanide shift reagents
is in the determination of optical purity by the use of chiral ligands on the lanthanide.
Some of the more effective reagents developed are Eu(facam)3 (tris(3-trifluoroacetyl-d-
camphorato)europium(III) and Eu(hfbc)3 (tris(3-heptafluorobutyryl-d-
camphorato)europium(III). Often sufficient separation between the R and S enantiomers
can be obtained so that the enantiomeric purity can be determined directly by NMR
integration.
22. Using Lanthanide Shift Reagents.
Here are some considerations in the practical use of LIS reagents. The
solvent must be non-complexing and dry: CCl4, CDCl3 and CD2Cl2 are
excellent.
the solution should be filtered to remove paramagnetic particles.
The usual procedure is to prepare a solution of the shift reagent in
CDCl3, filter it to remove paramagnetic impurities, and then add small
increments of this solution to the solution of the substrate, taking NMR
spectra after each addition. In this way it is possible to keep track of the
individual signals of the substrate, and determine the Δδ values for all
protons of interest.
23. Chemical Shift Reagent
These are the agents used to cause shift in the NMR spectra.
The amount of shift depends on,
Distance between the shift reagent and proton,
Concentration of shift reagent.
• The advantages of using shift reagents are,
Gives spectra which are much easier to interpret,
No chemical manipulation of sample is required,
More easily obtained.
• Paramagnetic materials can cause chemical shift, e.g., Lanthanides.
Complexes of Europium, Erbium, Thallium and Ytterbium shift resonance
to lower field.
• Complexes of Cerium, Neodymium and Terbium shift resonance to
higher field.
24. Advantages of using chemical shift
reagents:
Gives spectra which are much easier to
interpret.
No chemical manipulation of the sample is
required with the use of shift reagents.
more easily obtained.
25. Disadvantage:
Shift reagents cause a small amount of line
broadening At high shift reagent concentrations this
problem becomes serious, but at most useful
concentrations the amount of broadening is tolerable
26. Conclusion:
Thus the chemical shift reagents and solvent
induced shifts have their application in resolving the
NMR spectra of complex structures by inducing
shifts with respect to reference compound.
Thus useful in interpretation of structures of
complex organic compounds.