CONTENTS INCLUDE Introduction principle splitting pattern chemical shifts coupling constants solvents instrumentation

1. NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Presented by:
GUNTI SHASHIKANTH
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY (UCT, OU)

2. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (H1)
• The radio frequency radiation (RFR) is used for NMR spectra.
• The frequency is 107 Hz.
• The energy of RFR is expressed by E= hv (planck constant).
h= 6.624 × 10−27
v= 107 HZ
E= 6.624 × 10−27 × 107
E=6.624 × 10−20
• The energy is not sufficient to induce either of excitation, vibration , rotation (depends on own state).
• This energy is sufficient to effect the “nuclear spinning of an atom of a molecule” of sample. Or
induce “flipping process” or effect the nuclear spinning either clock wise or anti clock wise.

3.  We are not creating the spinning we can change the direction of spin that is called induce flipping
process.
 A case analytical study ,in which the presence of external magnetic field (EMF) and the absorption of
Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) is called nuclear magnetic resonance.
 The possibility of NMR spectra is based in on the 3 conditions.
1.RFR
2.EMF
3.NUCLEAR SPINNING.

5.  To calculate ΔE value we need to have 2 0r more energy levels.
 In the sample protons & neutrons produce magnetic filed but very little /low so, energy not enough to RFR .
 EMF 50% energy+ sample have 50%...then net energy is 100%...it leads to formation of orbit those orbit
is called as Precessional orbit. From the orbit release Precessional frequency .
PF=RFR ABSORPTION TAKES PLACE

6.  Absence of external magnetic field , there is a average spin energy state hence RFR cannot absorbed
in the presence of EMF , there is a clear difference between 2 spin energy state. Hence radio
frequency radiation Can be absorbed .
 In the ground state , magnetic filed created by spinning nucleus is aligned with external magnetic
field is called Precissional orbit with some energy is called pressional frequency.
 In the excited state, direction of spinning nuclei is anti –aligned with the direction of EMR .Hence it
never produce pressional orbit .
 When the pressional frequency 100% is equal to the frequency of RFR(100%) then absorption takes
Place.

7. S.NO MASS NO ATOMIC NO SPIN
QUANTUM
NO
( I )
SPINNING
1 EVEN EVEN I = 0 NO SPIN
2 EVEN ODD I > 1 SPIN
3 ODD ODD / EVEN I > 0 SPIN

8. 1) 2nd condition always produce numerical value 1,2,3,4,5, etc.. Depends up on atomic weight.
2) 3rd condition always integral value 1/2 , 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, 9/2,etc..

9. NMR spectroscopy consists of 4-steps:
1.Number of signals: it tells us how many kind or type of protons are present in molecule.
2.Intensity of signals: it tells us the number number of protons in each kind (hight of the peak).
3.position of signal : it tells us the environment of a proton in each kind .
4.Spin –spin splitting of signals: it tell us the environment pf proton with other adjacent proton.
1.number of signals:
 A set of proton with identical environment are called equivalent protons.
 A set of protons with different environment are called non-equivalent protons.

11. Examples:1
 Chemically equivalent protons are magnetically equivalent (absorption capacity same)hence which are
NMR signal on the spectra .
example: Benzene it gives as a 1 signal.
Example2: Acetone gives 1 NMR signal
Example 3: Ethanol gives 3 NMR signals

12. i. Alkene class:
 Always look for CIS and TRANS arrangement of hydrogen with respect to bulkier groups.
Example: 1 Ethene gives 1NMR signal
Example : 2 These particular Alkene class gives 4 NMR signals

13. ii. AROMATIC CLASS:-
 Always look for environment of a proton At Ortho , Meta , Para positions.
EXAMPLE-1 Methyl benzene gives 4 NMR signals.
EXAMPLE -2 Dimethyl benzene gives 2 NMR signals.

14. iii. Cycloalkanes:-
 Always look for the environment of proton towards above the plane and below the plane.
Example 1 methyl cyclopropane gives 4NMR signals.
Some Examples like: 1) methyl cyclobutene it gives 6 NMR signals.
2) dimethyl cyclopropane it gives 2 NMR signals etc..

15. 2.Position of signals:
The absorption signals are measured by chemical shift values. Chemicals shift is the difference between
reference standard and sample NMR signal the chemical shift scale is range 0-10 delta (PPM).
Example: chloroethane(CH3-CH2-Cl).

16.  change in the chemical shift value is due to
1. shielding effect
2. desheilding effect
1. Sheilding effect (up field effect):
 The influence of EMF on to a nucleus is less due to more number of circulating electrons(higher
secondary induced magnetic field)hence it requires excess strength of EMF to create pressional orbit thus
results in position Of NMR signal more towards up – field and the chemical shift values are lower.
2.Deshielding effect(Down field effect)
 The influence of EMF on to a nucleus is more due to less no of circulating electrons (low secondary
magnetic
Field).
 Hence it the normal strength of EMF is sufficient to produce pressional orbit. Thus result in position of
NMR Signal more towards downfield and downfield and the chemical shift values are higher.

18. Factors effecting chemical shift value:
1.Inductive effect: by introducing electron withdrawing groups(F ,Cl , Br , I) it gives desheilding effect .
F > Cl > Br > I
 When proton is attached with any electronegative group atom then proton will desheilded and delta
values will be increased .
Example: CH3 F (4.26) > CH3 Cl (3.05) > CH3 Br (2.68) > CH3 I (2.16) > CH4 (0.23) delta values.
2.Hydrogen bonding: causes desheilding effect.
3.Space effect(inisotropic effect ):
 Exhibit either shielding or desheilding based on special arrangement of H – atoms in multiple bonded
molecule.
e.g.: alkynes (acetylene)
alkenes (ethene)
Acetylene: it is linear molecule
 Because of linearity nature whatever the proton around the hydrogen atom the direction is completely to
opposite
to the direction of EMF because of opposite direction it cause shielding effect & that shielding gives lower
chemical
Shift value (2-3 delta ).

19.  Diamagnetic protons : whatever the shielding proton is opposite direction to EMF that is called Diamagnetic
protons( diamagnetic protons are shielding protons).

20. Alkene:

21.  This is not linear there by whatever the 2 0 _ IMF electrons around the protons is aligned with same
direction with magnetic field created by EMF so it exhibit desheilding effect ( delta value is 4-6 ) such a
protons called paramagnetic protons.
chemical shift values:
R – CH3 (methyl) 0.9
R - CH2 1.2
R - CH 1.8
CH2
2-3

23. 3.Intensity of signal
 More no of protons will have high intense NMR signal, less number of protons will have low
intense NMR signals.
CH3 - CH2 – Cl (chloro ethane)

24. 4.Spin – spin splitting
 Interaction of set of protons with other adjacent non equivalent protons leads to split within a signal is
called spin-spin splitting or spin spin coupling.
Example: 1 CH3 – CH2 – Cl ( cholro ethane). CH3- CH-Cl , Cl – CH2- CH –Cl .

25. Example 2:
CH3- CH- Cl2 (chloroethane)

26. Spin –spin splitting possible in non –equivalent protons
Rules:
Rule1: equivalent protons do not undergo spin spin splitting process.
Ex: benzene, acetone.
Rule2: even through non equivalent protons are present there is no splitting.
 No splitting because adjacent protons are not present so ultimately no splitting.
Rule3: N=n+1
N=number of peaks
N= number of adjacent protons( non- equivalent).
n=1 doublet (1:1)
n=2 triplet (1:2:1)
n=3 quartet (1:3:3:1)

27.  Pascals rule:

28. Coupling constant (J):
 Measure the distance existing between centres of 2 adjacent split within a multiplet.
Coupling scale consist of 0 to 20 hz (j=0-20 hz).
 Coupling constant independent on the EMF but it depends on spatial arrangement of atoms based on the
shape of molecule .

29.  For geminal protons the coupling constant value (2-18 hz).
 For vicinal protons the coupling constant value (0 -10 hz) .
 Based on the spatial arrangement of H atom
j Gem > j vicinal

30. SOLVENTS USED IN NMR
SS
TYPES OF SOLVENTS:
1. Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4)
2. Carbon disulphide (CS2)
3. Deuterochloroform (CDCl3)
4. Hexachloroacetone ((CCl3)2CO)
5. Deuterodimethyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO
6. Deuterobenzene C6D6

31. Characteristics of solvents
 Solvent should Chemically inert
 Solvents should be magnetically isotropic
 It should be free from any hydrogen atom.
 Solvents should able to dissolve the molecules sample in a reasonable quantity.
 It should be pure and easily available.
 It should not interfere with any molecule in the sample.
 Solvent should be non-viscous in nature.

32. Solvent Requirement in NMR
 When selecting a solvent for running NMR analysis, typically deuterated solvent
is used in order to minimize background signals and provide a lock signals to
component for drifts in the magnetic field.
 NMR solvents are distinctly different from other spectroscopic solvent as the
majority of hydrogen nuclei are replaced with deuterium so as to minimize the
interference due to proton.
 Though deuterium atom has a nuclei spin, it does not operate on the same
frequency as proton in the given magnetic filed. Therefore it serves the purpose
of NMR spectroscopy.

33. Why Deuterated chloroform is used as solvent?
 Deuterated chloroform is a general purpose NMR solvent, as it is not very chemically reactive
and unlikely to exchange its deuterium with its solute, and its low boiling point allows for easy
sample recovery
 This is due to the very small amount of CHCl3 present in commercial CDCl3. The coupling
constants for proton–deuterium splitting are very small. Even when H and D are on adjacent
carbons, the H–D coupling is negligible. For this reason, deuterium substitution can be used to
simplify NMR spectra and assign resonances.

34. Why Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used in NMR
 Due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of solvents, as well as its simple spectrum and high
boiling point, DMSO is the most widely used deuterium solvent, especially in the discussion of
NMR analysis.
 DMSO-d6 with unique features about its ability for researchers and craftsmen and due to the
increasing development of the use of deuterated in various sciences of electronics and
pharmaceutical industries, which obtains a valid alternative license in between

35. INSTRUMENTATION
 This instrument consists of nine major parts. They are discussed below:
 Sample holder – It is a glass tube which is 8.5 cm long and 0.3 cm in diameter.
 Magnetic coil – A magnetic coil produces a magnetic field whenever current flows
through it.
 Permanent Magnet – This helps provide a uniform magnetic field at 60 – 100 MHz

36.  Sweep generator – modifies the strength of an already applied magnetic field.
 Radiofrequency Transmitter – This produces a powerful but short pulse of radio
waves.
 Radiofrequency – This receiver helps to detect radio frequency.
 RF Detector – It helps to determine the unabsorbed radio frequencies
 Recorder – It records the NMR signals that are received by the RF detector.
 Readout System – A computer that records data

37. WORKING OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY
• Place the sample in the magnetic field.
• Excite the nuclear sample in nuclear magnetic resonance with the help of radio waves to produce
NMR signals.
• These NMR signals are detected with sensitive radio receivers.
• The resonance frequency of an atom in a molecule is changed by the intramolecular magnetic
field surrounding it.
• It describes the individual functional groups of a molecule and its electronic structure.

38. • Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a conclusive method of identifying
monomolecular organic compounds.
• This method provides a description of the reaction conditions, structure, chemical
environment and dynamics of a molecule.

39. References:
1.Organic spectroscopy by William kemp ( third edition).
2.Introduction to spectroscopy by Pavia ( 5th edition ).
3.Instrumental method of chemical analysis by G.R Chatwal.
4.Text book of pharmaceutical analysis by Dr . S. Ravi Sankar.
5.A text book of pharmaceutical analysis by G. Vidyasagar volume -1.