Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants that is essential for photosynthesis. It has a porphyrin ring structure with a magnesium ion at the center. There are different types of chlorophyll including chlorophyll a, b, c, d, and e. Chlorophyll a is the most abundant and important for photosynthesis. It is located within chloroplasts in plants and absorbs light energy to power the photosynthetic reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. Chlorophyll plays a key role in photosynthesis by using the absorbed light energy to transfer electrons that are used to reduce carbon dioxide. Chlorophyll can be extracted from plants using detergents and has many health benefits when
Overview of the pigment Chlorophyll, its sources, types, structure, photoreceptors, benefits, stability, degradation, preservation during food processing and technologies associated with it.
Overview of the pigment Chlorophyll, its sources, types, structure, photoreceptors, benefits, stability, degradation, preservation during food processing and technologies associated with it.
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
Overview of the pigment Chlorophyll, its sources, types, structure, photoreceptors, benefits, stability, degradation, preservation during food processing and technologies associated with it.
Overview of the pigment Chlorophyll, its sources, types, structure, photoreceptors, benefits, stability, degradation, preservation during food processing and technologies associated with it.
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Its all about pigments in plants Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores.
Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Its all about pigments in plants Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores.
Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Life on earth ultimately depends on energy derived from sun. Photosynthesis is the only process of biological importance that can harvest this energy.
Literally photosynthesis means ‘synthesis using light’. Photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to synthesize carbon compound that cannot be formed without the input of the energy.
Photosynthesis (Photon = Light, Synthesis = Putting together) is an anabolic, endergonic process by which green plant synthesize carbohydrates (initially glucose) requiring carbon dioxide, water, pigments and sunlight. In other words, we can say that photosynthesis is transformation of solar energy/radiant energy/light energy (ultimate source of energy for all living organisms) into chemical energy.
photosynthesis Presentation on AgricultureFayzanKhan10
photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
3. Chlorophyll -pale green; Phyllon-a leaf
Chlorophyll is the dominant pigment on Earth and
serves as the light‐trapping and energy
transferring chromophore in photosynthetic
organisms.
In chlorophyll the central ion is magnesium, and
the large organic molecule is a porphyrin. The
porphyrin contains four nitrogen atoms that form
bonds to magnesium in a square planar
arrangement. There are several forms of
chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green coloring substance which is
present in green Plastid of plants called
4. There are many types of chlorophyll that is chlorophyll a,b,c,d,e
and bacteriochlorophyll. Chlorophyll "a" is the most abundant and
most important photosynthetic pigment. It is found in all green
plants except bacteria. It exists in several forms depending on its
arrangement in the membrane. Chlorophyll "b" is found in all
higher plants and green algae. Chlorophyll "c", "d" and "e" are
found in various groups of algae. Bacteriochlorophyll is found in
bacteria. So, shortcut is that chlorophyll is a green coloring
substance which is present in green plants.
5. Chlorophyll captures a portion of the visible spectrum of sunlight and
convert it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates
Chlorophyll's most important use, however, is in nature,
in photosynthesis. It is capable of channelling the energy of sunlight into
chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. In this process the
energy absorbed by chlorophyll transforms carbon dioxide and water into
carbohydrates and oxygen
In the photosynthetic reaction electrons are transferred from water to carbon
dioxide i.e. carbon dioxide is reduced by water. Chlorophyll assists this transfer
as when chlorophyll absorbs light energy, an electron in chlorophyll is excited
from a lower energy state to a higher energy state. In this higher energy state,
this electron is more readily transferred to another molecule. This starts a chain
of electron-transfer steps, which ends with an electron being transferred to
carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, the chlorophyll which gave up an electron can
accept an electron from another molecule. This is the end of a process which
starts with the removal of an electron from water. Thus, chlorophyll is at the
centre of the photosynthetic oxidation-reduction reaction between carbon
dioxide and water.
7. Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of green
plants, and is what makes green plants, green. The basic
structure of a chlorophyll molecule is a porphyrin ring, co-
ordinated to a central atom. This is very similar in
structure to the heme group found in hemoglobin, except
that in heme the central atom is iron, whereas in
chlorophyll it is magnesium.
The chlorophyll molecule is the active part that
absorbs the sunlight, but just as with hemoglobin, in
order to do its job (synthesising carbohydrates) it needs to
be attached to the backbone of a very complicated protein.
This protein may look haphazard in design, but it has
exactly the correct structure to orient the chlorophyll
molecules in the optimal position to enable them to react
with nearby CO2 and H2O molecules in a very efficient
manner. Several chlorophyll molecules are lurking inside
this bacterial photoreceptor protein
8.
9. The most important pigment in plant is Chlorophyll chla and
chlorophyll (chlb)
Chlorophyll is comosed of two arts; the first is a porphyrin with
magnesium at its center, the second is a hydrophobic
phytol tail
The ring has many delocalized electrons that are shared
betweenseveral of the C, N, and H atoms; these delocalized electrons
are veryimportant for the function of chlorophyll.
The tail is a 20 carbon chain that is highly hydrophicand stabilizes
themolecule in the hydrophobic core of the thylakoidmembrane.
Structurally CH3 group is present in (chla) where (chlb) has a
CHOgroup.
Chlorophyll a and b absorb different wavelengths better than
others.
13. Reaction with Acid
Treatment of cholorophyll-a with acid removes the magnesium
ion replacing it with two hydrogen atoms giving an olive-brown
solid, phaeophytin-a.
14. Chlorophyll can also be reacted with a base which yields a
series of phyllins, magnesium porphyrin compounds
Reaction with Base
16. Extraction of chlorophyll
In plants chlorophyll is associated with specific proteins, for example, chlorophyll-a binding proteins
are referred to as CP I, CP 47 and CP 43. With improving biochemical techniques for use on the
membrane systems there has been an ever increasing success in the isolation and characterization of
these proteins.
Initially, detergents are used to break down the membrane into fragments, and these fragments are
further broken down by the use of different detergents. These detergents work by replacing the
membrane lipids which surround integral membrane proteins. The resulting particles are separated by
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (a standard biochemical method) in the presence of sufficient
detergent to keep them 'solubilised'. The activity and polypeptide composition can then be assayed as
the particle is purified. The detergents work by substituting lipids at different spots in the membrane,
this is also affected by the concentration of the detergent. One such detergent that is very commonly
used is SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide). This is generally used as it has several
advantages over other detergents: the separation can be carried out fairly rapidly and it also gives a
good overall picture of the distribution of chlorophyll.
Extraction of Chlorophyll
19. The numerous health benefits of chlorophyll
Cleanses and oxygenates and builds the blood
A powerful detoxification effect on the body
Rich in enzymes that promote quick rejuvenation of our cells
High in Amino acids
Extracts toxins form the liver and improves liver function
Regulator of calcium
Helps break addiction
Alkalizes the body
Anti-inflammatory
Wound-healing properties
Fight infection
Anti-oxidant – neutralize free radicals
Promotes healthy intestinal flora
Helps reverse protein-deficient anemia
Protection from cancer
Helps skin disorders