This document provides an overview of key concepts in language and literature research methods. It discusses the different types of research (quantitative, qualitative, action), variables and hypotheses, research design (descriptive, correlational, experimental), data collection and analysis techniques, and validity and reliability. The document outlines the various steps involved in research from identifying a problem to reporting findings and recommendations.

1. Language and
Literature
Research
Demonstrate
knowledge of the
approaches and
concepts in
language and
literature research
Identify the
appropriate
research
method/s, tools
and statistical
treatment to apply
in research related
situation

2. DEFINITION
Utilization of various methods to gather truthful
and accurate information about problems and
issues related to language and literature
Carrying out specific method or analysis
Systematic, objective and literature-based
analysis of scientifically recorded data

3. Types of
Research
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Action Research

4. A.
Quantitative
Research
Centered on the objective
investigation
Uses numerical data
Done in contrived setting
Uses deductive method

5. B. Qualitative
Research
Assumes that social reality is
continuously constructed in local
situations
Makes a holistic observation
Uses analytic induction
Uses inductive method

6. C. Action
Research
Classified under the general type
Co-equal with both qualitative and
quantitative research

7. Parts of a
Research
Report
The Problem And Its Setting
Review Of Literature And Studies
Research Methodology
Research Findings
Discussion
Summary And Recommendations

8. Sources of
Research
Problem
Research Literature
Theory – Based Research
Replicating And Extending Previous
Research
Observations
Experience

9. Characteristics of
a Good Research
Topic
Interesting
Researchable
Significant
Manageable

10. Variables and Hypothesis

11. Variables
Varies in quantity or quality
Independent
Treatment
Organic
Dependent
Intervening
Confounding

12. Hypothesis
Prediction of the tentative results
and findings of a study
Null
Non directional
Directional

13. Hypothesis
Type I error – rejection when in fact it is
true
Type II error – non rejection when in fact
it is false
Alpha
beta

14. Quantitative Research
Method

15. 1. Descriptive
or Survey
Research
Making careful descriptions of
phenomenon in language and literature
Propose description for policy formulation
Helps in improving existing conditions
Longitudinal study
Trend studies
Cohort studies
Panel studies
Cross-sectional studies

16. Instruments in
escriptive Research
Questionnaire
Types of question: close and open
ended
Kind of questionnaire: postal and e-
questionnaire
Interview
Face to face interview
Telephone interview

17. 2.
Correlational
Research
Seeks to discover the direction and
magnitude of the relationship of a
variable
Scatter gram or scatter plot – pictorial
representation of the correlation
Perfect
Positive
Negative
Absence of correlation

18. 3. Casual-
comparative or Ex
Facto
Research
Determines the cause or reason for
existing differences in the behavior or
status of groups

19. 4. Experimental
Research
Provides a systematic and logical method
for answering the question on what will
happen if experiments are done in careful
controlled condition.

20. Types Of Experimental Design

21. a. Pre
Experiment
Lacks control group
Fails to provide for the
equivalence of a control group
One shot case study design
One group, retest posttest design
Static group comparison design

22. b. Quasi -
Experiment
Provide control of when and
to whom the measurement is
applied
Time series design
Pretest – posttest nonequivalent-
groups design

23. c. True -
Experimental
Subjects are randomly designed to
treatment groups
Posttest only control group
Pretest posttest control group
Solomon four-group

24. Test in an
Experimental
Research
Pre-test: a measure that is
administered prior to an experimental
treatment or other intervention
Posttest – a measure that is
administered following an experiment
or control treatment or other
intervention in order to determine the
effect of the intervention

25. Groupings in an
Experimental
Research
Control – a group of research
participants who receive no treatment
or an alternate treatment so that the
effect of extraneous variables can be
determined
Experimental – a group of research
participants who receive treatment

26. Focus of
Experimental
Research
Manipulation of circumstances
Identification of casual factors
Observation and measurement

27. Pearson r – correlates to variable
Kendall’ w – how consistent group of
judges are when giving a rate
Standard deviation – shows the
divergence of data to the mean
Variance – the square of the SD
- measure of dispersion

28. Qualitative Research Method

29. 1. Action
Research
Conducted primarily to improve
educational practices, including
management of the classroom,
classroom practices and interaction,
classroom instruction, among others

30. Steps in Action
Research
Initiation
Preliminary investigation
Hypothesis
Intervention
Evaluation
Dissemination
Follow up

31. Data Collection
Approaches
Teacher self-reflection tool
Media recording and analysis
Student feedback tools
Student performance data
External or peer observation
Journaling
Collegial dialogue, experience
sharing and joint problem solving

32. 2. Case
Study
Research
An in-depth study of cases which
include an individual, a group and
a community

33. 3. Historical
Research
Study of phenomenon for the
purpose of gaining a better
understanding

34. Types of
Sources
Primary sources
Secondary sources

35. Categories of
Sources
Documents
Numerical records
Oral statements
Relics

36. 4. Ethnographic
Research
Study of the features of life in a
given culture and the pattern in
those features
Characteristics:
Contextual
Unobtrusive
Longitudinal
Collaborative
Organic

37. Types of Research
Participant
Participant-observer role
Observer-participant role
Complete observer
Complete participant

38. Types of
Effects on
Participants
Hawthorne’s Effect
Halo Effect
Observer Effect

39. Hawthorne's effect – when they know
they are being observed they change
their behavior
Post Hoc Fallacy – just because two
things are related it does not mean they
can affect each other

40. Sampling and Sampling
Technique

41. Sampling Process of selecting members of a
research sample from a defined
population

42. Sampling
Error The deviation of a sample statistics
from its population value

43. Types of
Sampling
Technique
Convenience
Probability
Purposeful
Cluster
Criterion
Proportional stratified random
Purposeful random
Random sample
Snowball sample
Systematic
Purposive
Quota

44. Way of
Measurement
Likert scale
Questionnaire
Rubric

45. Statistics and
Statistical
Treatment
Statistics – numerical index
describing a characteristic of a
sample
Statistical treatment – a
mathematical treatment used for
summarizing or analyzing
numerical data

46. Statistical
Treatment
ANOVA – to determine whether
the difference between the mean
scores of two or more groups on
a dependent variable is
statistically significant

47. Statistical
Treatment
Chi – square – a nonparametric
test of statistical significance that
is used when the research data
are in the form of frequency
counts for two or more categories

48. Statistical
Treatment
Factor Analysis – a statistical
procedure for reducing a set of
measured variables to a smaller
number of variables by combining
variables

49. Statistical
Treatment
Multiple Regression – for
determining the magnitude of the
relationship between a criterion
variable and a combination of
two or more prediction variables

50. Ways of
Analyzing
Qualitative
Data
Conversational Analysis
Discourse Analysis

51. Validity
The research measures what
it intends to investigate
Construct
Content
Internal

52. Reliability
Extent to which other
researchers would arrive at
similar results
Inter-observer
Intra-observer

53. Data
Collection in
Qualitative
Research
Observation
Field notes
Field jotting
Field diary
Field log

54. Kinds of
Material for
Field Notes
Descriptive field notes
Portraits of the subject
Reconstruction of dialogue
Description of the physical
setting
Accounts of particular events
Depiction of activities
Observer’s behavior

55. Kinds of
Material for
Field Notes
Reflective Field Notes
Reflections on analysis
Reflections on method
Reflections on the
observer’s frame of mind
Points of clarification

56. Interview
Background or demographic
questions
Knowledge question
Experience or behavior questions
Opinion or values question
Feelings question
Sensory questions

57. Introspective
Methods
Data collection is carried out with
the mental events being investigated
Think aloud techniques
Anagram tasks
Diary studies
Stimulated recall

58. Retrospection Collection of data some time after
the event under investigation has
taken place

59. Elicitation
Techniques
Used to obtain data by means of a
stimulus as well as those based on a
questionnaire, survey and interview
data