Differences Between quantitative and qualitative research
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This document compares and contrasts quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research uses numeric data from structured instruments to test hypotheses and make generalizable conclusions. It examines quantities, trends and relationships. Qualitative research relies on text data from open-ended interviews and observations to understand social interactions. It explores qualities and complex behaviors. Key differences are that quantitative research has larger randomly selected groups, aims to predict and be objective, while qualitative research has smaller non-random groups, aims to explain and understand with a subjective perspective.
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Quantitative and Qualitative Research
This slide will show you the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research!!!
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-Samuel Amiler
Qualitative and quantitative methods of research
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research focuses on interpreting people's experiences and the world they live in. There are several main types of qualitative research including case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, and historical research. Qualitative data is typically collected through interactive interviews, written descriptions, and observation. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. Triangulation involves collecting different types of data from multiple sources to enhance validity. Common challenges include small sample sizes and potential for bias.
Note 3. Qualitative Research Vs Quantitative Research
Note 3. Qualitative Research Vs Quantitative ResearchSHAYA'A OTHMAN MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- The researcher analyzed survey data from 200 Muslim government officers regarding their concern for halal products. Officers were grouped by level of management: top, middle, supervisor.
- A chi-square test found no significant relationship between level of management and concern for halal products. The calculated chi-square value of 0.79 was less than the critical value of 9.49, so the null hypothesis that there is no difference was accepted.
- In summary, the level of management (top, middle, supervisor) did not have an effect on officers' reported concern for halal products based on this analysis of the survey data.Research process
In this presentation I have discuss details research process and you can easily understand the main concept of research process
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This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Research methodology -ppt-1
This document defines research and discusses research methodology. It states that research is a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions. It involves following a set of procedures and steps in a planned and structured manner. The document discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, comparative, and action research. It provides definitions of research and methodology, stating that methodology encompasses the methods as well as the social and philosophical context. The document emphasizes that research should be focused on problems that encourage enthusiasm and interest in order to make meaningful contributions.
Quantitative vs qualitative_research
This document provides an overview of qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses key differences between the two approaches. Qualitative research generally deals with words, images, and subjective experiences, using methods like interviews and focus groups to explore topics in an open-ended way. Quantitative research generally deals with numbers, logic, and objective measures, using structured methods like surveys and experiments to validate facts or test relationships. Both approaches have advantages and limitations depending on the research question and goals.
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Quantitative and Qualitative Research
This slide will show you the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research!!!
Hope you will learn...
-Samuel Amiler
Qualitative and quantitative methods of research
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research focuses on interpreting people's experiences and the world they live in. There are several main types of qualitative research including case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, and historical research. Qualitative data is typically collected through interactive interviews, written descriptions, and observation. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. Triangulation involves collecting different types of data from multiple sources to enhance validity. Common challenges include small sample sizes and potential for bias.
Note 3. Qualitative Research Vs Quantitative Research
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- The researcher analyzed survey data from 200 Muslim government officers regarding their concern for halal products. Officers were grouped by level of management: top, middle, supervisor.
- A chi-square test found no significant relationship between level of management and concern for halal products. The calculated chi-square value of 0.79 was less than the critical value of 9.49, so the null hypothesis that there is no difference was accepted.
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In this presentation I have discuss details research process and you can easily understand the main concept of research process
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This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Research methodology -ppt-1
This document defines research and discusses research methodology. It states that research is a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions. It involves following a set of procedures and steps in a planned and structured manner. The document discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, comparative, and action research. It provides definitions of research and methodology, stating that methodology encompasses the methods as well as the social and philosophical context. The document emphasizes that research should be focused on problems that encourage enthusiasm and interest in order to make meaningful contributions.
Quantitative vs qualitative_research
This document provides an overview of qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses key differences between the two approaches. Qualitative research generally deals with words, images, and subjective experiences, using methods like interviews and focus groups to explore topics in an open-ended way. Quantitative research generally deals with numbers, logic, and objective measures, using structured methods like surveys and experiments to validate facts or test relationships. Both approaches have advantages and limitations depending on the research question and goals.
research Qualitative vs. quantitative research
This document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics to test theories, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings to understand concepts. Common quantitative methods are experiments, surveys, and observations recorded numerically, while common qualitative methods are interviews, observations described in words, and literature reviews. Both approaches are useful for research but answer different types of questions and require different analysis methods.
Quantitative reseach method
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Qualitative Research methods
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Qualitative Data Analysis
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis. It discusses that qualitative data analysis involves coding texts, identifying patterns, and reducing qualitative data into quantitative codes. It also outlines several stages of qualitative analysis including familiarization with data, transcription, organization, coding, identifying themes, recoding, developing categories, exploring relationships between categories, and developing theories. Finally, it discusses challenges of qualitative analysis including placing raw data into logical categories and communicating interpretations to others.
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The document discusses various research methods and tools for qualitative data analysis. It describes quantitative and qualitative research approaches as well as mixed methods. Key qualitative research types are identified such as grounded theory, ethnography, and phenomenological research. Saunders' Research Onion Model is explained as a framework with six layers including research philosophies, theory development approaches, methodological choices, research strategies, time horizons, and techniques/procedures. Thematic analysis, content analysis, sentiment analysis and discourse analysis are presented as tools for analyzing qualitative data through coding.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
Qualitative research design
Qualitative research focuses on data that cannot be expressed numerically and aims to develop new concepts through description and interpretation. There are several types of qualitative research including ethnography, grounded theory, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. Data collection methods involve interviews, focus groups, observation, and reviewing documents. Qualitative analysis involves interpreting responses to uncover implied meanings and identify important themes through constant comparison of data. Constant comparison involves open coding, progressive focusing, and summarizing interpretations. Keeping organized records is also important for qualitative analysis.
Method of research
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This document provides an overview of research methodologies. It defines research as a systematic investigation to discover and revise facts. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe phenomena, determine relationships between variables, and test hypotheses. Research can be descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, or empirical. The significance of research is that it leads to progress, promotes logical thinking, and helps address business, economic, social and policy issues.
Qualitative research method
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
Qualitative research designs
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
Research methods
This document discusses different types of research methods. It covers three types of research by purpose: basic research which seeks new knowledge without addressing practical problems, applied research which aims to solve practitioner problems, and action research which systematically examines strategies using research techniques. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative research strategies. Quantitative research uses statistical techniques and measurements, while qualitative research produces non-numerical findings through open-ended data collection like interviews. Both have distinct characteristics and designs. The document emphasizes that research questions should drive the choice of research design.
Introduction to research methodology
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of enunciating a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing facts, and reaching conclusions. The objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine frequency of occurrences, and test causal relationships. Motivations for research include the desire to solve problems, gain intellectual joy, help society, gain respect, and obtain degrees. Research methodology helps qualitatively control the research process and validate results. It involves the logic and design of research, including methods for data collection, analysis, and evaluation.
Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research
Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to understand phenomena through interviews, observations and documents. It is useful when little is known about a condition or environment. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include studying things in their natural settings, using the researcher as the instrument of data collection, collecting multiple sources of data, and analyzing data inductively to identify themes. Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches by collecting and analyzing both types of data sequentially or concurrently.
Research Design
A research design is a plan or blueprint that guides how research will be conducted, including what data will be collected and how it will be analyzed. It aims to address the research question in an efficient way. A good research design facilitates the research process, makes it more effective and efficient, and yields useful results with minimal time and costs. It helps control for unwanted variables and errors to obtain valid and objective conclusions about the relationship between variables. The key components of a research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational aspects.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses the concept of research and defines it as an organized set of activities to study and solve realistic problems supported by literature and data. The document outlines different types of research, including exploratory, conclusive, modeling, and algorithmic research. It also discusses research objectives such as gaining new insights, determining frequencies, understanding social behaviors, and testing hypotheses. The document provides examples of factors that can impact consumer demand and the objective of identifying optimal production levels. It introduces key concepts like research methodology, meaning of research, and objectives of research.
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This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
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Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
Research Method.ppt
The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
What is the difference and similarity between qualitative and quantitative re...
Qualitative and quantitative research differ in their goals, data collection methods, and outcomes. Qualitative research aims to understand underlying reasons and motivations through unstructured techniques like interviews, while quantitative research aims to quantify data and generalize results through structured methods like surveys. Qualitative research provides exploratory insights to develop understanding, whereas quantitative research tests hypotheses and recommends actions based on statistical analysis of large, representative samples. Both have valuable roles to play depending on the type of information needed.
Qualitative research methods
Qualitative research is a scientific method of investigation that seeks to understand and explain social phenomena through analysis of people's experiences. It involves collecting data in natural settings through methods like interviews, observations and focus groups. The data collected consists of words and images rather than numbers. Three common qualitative methods are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is characterized by its inductive approach, focus on meanings and experiences, flexible design, and interpretation of findings. It aims to gain an in-depth understanding of issues rather than generalizing to a population.
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research Qualitative vs. quantitative research
This document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics to test theories, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings to understand concepts. Common quantitative methods are experiments, surveys, and observations recorded numerically, while common qualitative methods are interviews, observations described in words, and literature reviews. Both approaches are useful for research but answer different types of questions and require different analysis methods.
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The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
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Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
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This document discusses qualitative research methods and mixing methods approaches. It begins by defining different qualitative research types like case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. It then discusses multi-strategy research, noting both advantages like breaking down qual-quant divides, but also difficulties integrating methods from different epistemological perspectives. The document outlines arguments for and against mixing methods and different versions of the debate. It also discusses triangulation strategies and other mixed methods approaches like sequential or concurrent designs.
Qualitative Data Analysis
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis. It discusses that qualitative data analysis involves coding texts, identifying patterns, and reducing qualitative data into quantitative codes. It also outlines several stages of qualitative analysis including familiarization with data, transcription, organization, coding, identifying themes, recoding, developing categories, exploring relationships between categories, and developing theories. Finally, it discusses challenges of qualitative analysis including placing raw data into logical categories and communicating interpretations to others.
Thematic Analysis for Qualitative Research.pptx
The document discusses various research methods and tools for qualitative data analysis. It describes quantitative and qualitative research approaches as well as mixed methods. Key qualitative research types are identified such as grounded theory, ethnography, and phenomenological research. Saunders' Research Onion Model is explained as a framework with six layers including research philosophies, theory development approaches, methodological choices, research strategies, time horizons, and techniques/procedures. Thematic analysis, content analysis, sentiment analysis and discourse analysis are presented as tools for analyzing qualitative data through coding.
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This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
Qualitative research design
Qualitative research focuses on data that cannot be expressed numerically and aims to develop new concepts through description and interpretation. There are several types of qualitative research including ethnography, grounded theory, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. Data collection methods involve interviews, focus groups, observation, and reviewing documents. Qualitative analysis involves interpreting responses to uncover implied meanings and identify important themes through constant comparison of data. Constant comparison involves open coding, progressive focusing, and summarizing interpretations. Keeping organized records is also important for qualitative analysis.
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This document discusses research methods and defines research. It provides several definitions of research from different authors that emphasize research as a scientific, systematic process of investigating problems to find solutions. The document also outlines the characteristics of good research, including being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, replicable, critical, and systematic. It discusses the meaning and types of research, including rationalistic vs. naturalistic inquiry and pure, applied, and developmental research. Common problems in research and the steps of systematic research are also summarized.
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Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
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This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
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This document discusses different types of research methods. It covers three types of research by purpose: basic research which seeks new knowledge without addressing practical problems, applied research which aims to solve practitioner problems, and action research which systematically examines strategies using research techniques. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative research strategies. Quantitative research uses statistical techniques and measurements, while qualitative research produces non-numerical findings through open-ended data collection like interviews. Both have distinct characteristics and designs. The document emphasizes that research questions should drive the choice of research design.
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This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of enunciating a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing facts, and reaching conclusions. The objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine frequency of occurrences, and test causal relationships. Motivations for research include the desire to solve problems, gain intellectual joy, help society, gain respect, and obtain degrees. Research methodology helps qualitatively control the research process and validate results. It involves the logic and design of research, including methods for data collection, analysis, and evaluation.
Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research
Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to understand phenomena through interviews, observations and documents. It is useful when little is known about a condition or environment. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include studying things in their natural settings, using the researcher as the instrument of data collection, collecting multiple sources of data, and analyzing data inductively to identify themes. Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches by collecting and analyzing both types of data sequentially or concurrently.
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A research design is a plan or blueprint that guides how research will be conducted, including what data will be collected and how it will be analyzed. It aims to address the research question in an efficient way. A good research design facilitates the research process, makes it more effective and efficient, and yields useful results with minimal time and costs. It helps control for unwanted variables and errors to obtain valid and objective conclusions about the relationship between variables. The key components of a research design include sampling, observations, statistics, and operational aspects.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses the concept of research and defines it as an organized set of activities to study and solve realistic problems supported by literature and data. The document outlines different types of research, including exploratory, conclusive, modeling, and algorithmic research. It also discusses research objectives such as gaining new insights, determining frequencies, understanding social behaviors, and testing hypotheses. The document provides examples of factors that can impact consumer demand and the objective of identifying optimal production levels. It introduces key concepts like research methodology, meaning of research, and objectives of research.
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Qualitative data collection
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
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The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
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Differences Between quantitative and qualitative research
- 1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 2. WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH? Quantitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study; asks specific, narrow questions; collects quantifiable data from participants; analyzes these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.
- 3. WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? Qualitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of participants; asks broad, general questions; collects data consisting largely words (text) from participants; describes and analyzes these words for themes; and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.
- 4. QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Purpose •To understand and interpret social interactions • To test hypothesis • Look at cause and effect • make predictions Group studied • Smaller and not randomly selected • Larger and randomly selected Type of data Collected • Words, images or objects • Numbers and statistics Forms of Data Collected • Qualitative data such as open-ended interviews, participants observation, field notes and reflections. • Quantitative data based on precise Measurements using structured and validated data collection instruments Results • Not conclusive nor generalizable • Generalizable findings that can be applied to other population
- 5. QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Final Report •Narrative report with contextual Description and direct quotations from research participants • statistical report with correlations, comparison of means and statistical significance of findings What is to be observed? • qualities, behavior and complexities • Quantities, scales and trend What are the type of question asked? • How? Why? • How many? What? How the results are interpreted? (Analysis) • Explore, explain and Understand • Narrative • Describe, Measure and Predict • Statistical table and charts
- 6. Similarities of Quantitative and Qualitative Research You have examined and compared qualitative and quantitative categories of research. Further, Bechman (2009) identifies the following commonalities: 1. Empirical research is aimed at creating new knowledge. 2. Research creates knowledge by observing phenomena. 3. All the entities of interest like attitudes, motives, and learning can be inferred from observing what people do or say in a given setting. 4. All researchers are concerned about the universality of ideas or expressing an idea in a general statement; that is, they desire to find meaning for the research results beyond a particular study.
- 7. Differences Between Methodologies Quantitative Methodologies Qualitative Methodologies Preference for precise hypothesis stated at the outset Reference for hypothesis that emerge as the study develops Preference for precise definition stated at the outset Reference for definitions in context or a study progresses Data reduced to numerical scores Reference for narrative description Much attention to assessing and improving reliability of scores obtained from instruments Preference for assuming that reliability of interferences is adequate Assessment of validity through a variety of procedures with reliance and statistical indices Assessment of validity through cross- shaking sources of information (triangulation)
- 8. Differing Philosophical Assumptions of Quantitative and Qualitative Researchers Assumptions of Quantitative Researchers There exist a reality – Out there, independent of us, waiting to be known. The task of science is to discover the nature of reality and how it works. Research investigations can potentially result in accurate statements about the way the world really is. It is possible for the researcher to remove him or herself – to stand apart – from what is being researched. Assumptions of Qualitative Researchers The individuals involved in the research situations construct reality; thus, realities exist in the form of multiple mental constructions. Research investigations produce alternative visions of what the world is like. It is impossible for the researchers to stand apart from the individual he or she is studying
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