This chapter discusses survey research methods. It defines survey research and describes different survey designs such as cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. It covers key aspects of survey research like sampling, data collection methods, questionnaire design, response rates, and ethical considerations. The chapter provides guidance on how to develop and conduct survey research including steps to design a questionnaire, pilot test it, administer the survey, analyze results and write up findings.

1. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
4th Edition
John W. Creswell

2.  Definition Of Survey Research
 Types Of Survey Designs
 Key Characteristics Of Survey Research
 How To Construct And Use A Mailed
Questionnaire
 How To Design And Conduct An Interview
Survey
 Potential Ethical Issues In Survey Research
 Steps In Conducting Survey Research
 Evaluating Survey Research

3. Survey research designs are
procedures in quantitative research in
which investigators administer a survey
to a sample or to the entire population
of people in order to describe the
attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or
characteristics of the population.

4. TYPES OF SURVEY DESIGNS
CROSS-SECTIONAL
(study at one point in time)
1.
Attitudes
&
practices
2.
Group
Comparisons
3.
Community
needs
4.
Program
evaluation
5.
National
assessment
LONGITUDINAL
(study over time)
1.
Trend
studies
2.
Cohort
studies
3.
Panel
studies

5. Sampling From A Population
Collecting DataThrough Questionnaires Or
Interviews
Designing Instruments For Data Collection
Obtaining A High Response Rate

6. The Population
The group of individuals having one characteristic that
distinguishes them from other groups.
The Target Population or Sampling Frame
The actual list of sampling units from which the sample
is selected.
The Sample
The group of participants in a study selected
from the target population from which the
researcher generalizes to the target population.

7. Forms of data collection
Questionnaires
Mailed
questionnaire
Electronic
questionnaire
Interviews
Individual
interview
Focus
Group
interview
Telephone
interview
Direct
administration
questionnaire

8. What you
need to
consider?
Steps to
design your
own
instrument
• Available
Instrument
• Modifying an existing
instrument
• Design your
Own instrument
• Write different types of
questions
• Use strategies to
construct good
questions (p.392)
• Perform a pilot test of
the questions

9. TYPES OF
QUESTIONS
Personal
Attitudinal
Behavioral
Sensitive
Closed-
ended
Open-
ended
Semi-
closed
ended

10. replace them with words
understood by participants
reduce the M-Q into a single Q
cut unnecessary words to
simply & shorten the Q
restate or reword the Q to
eliminate negative
connotation

11. Use familiar words
create distinct options
Decide on single response
option and use it consistently
Identify and use verb or
adjective in the research

12. Simplify the questions
Include “branching” or
“contingency questions”

13.  Test on a small number of individuals in
the sample
 Ask for written feedback on the questions
 Revise the survey based on the written
comments
 Exclude the pilot participants from the final
sample for the study

14.  Pre-notify participants
 Use follow-up procedures
 Study a problem interesting to the
population under study
 Use a brief instrument
 Consider the use of incentives

15. Non-respondents

16.  The responses do not accurately reflect
the views of the sample and the
population.
 Overly positive or negative
 Assess response bias, particularly when
response rates remain low
 Wave analysis

17.  Write a cover letter (p.393) to invite the
participants to complete the questionnaire
 Form and construct the questionnaire
(p.394-398)
 Identify what statistical procedures will be
used to analyze data from the mailed
questionnaire (p.399)
Step 1: identify response rate and response bias
Step 2: descriptively analyze the data to identify general trends
Step 3: write the report presenting the descriptive results or use advance
statistics.

18. BEFORE - Invite through a formal invitation (cover letter)
- Set time and place
- Dress or appear appropriately
DURING - Address interviewee using correct salutation
- Ask questions accordingly
- Indicates the response options to questions
- Record participant answers
- Set a comfortable pace for interviewee
- Take good notes of responses or use an audio recorder
- Thank the participant at the end of the interview
- Tell the participant next step of the study
AFTER - Write down comments that help explain the data
- Record any personal feeling about the interview

19.  Overstating the benefits of participating in
the study
 Placing interviewers or participants in
unsafe situations
 Protecting confidentiality of survey
responses
 Disclosing identity of individuals through
data analysis of a subset
 Not destroying instruments at the
conclusion of the study

20. 1. Decide if a survey is the best design to use
2. Identify the research questions or hypotheses
3. Identify the population, the sampling frame, and
the sample
4. Determine the survey design and data collection
procedures
5. Develop or locate an instrument
6. Administer the instrument
7. Analyze the data to address the research
questions or hypotheses
8. Write the report

21.  Describes the target population
 Identifies and uses a systematic approach to identifying the
sample
 Identifies the size of the sample and means for identifying
the sample size
 Identifies the type of survey used
 Mention survey instrument for data collection
 Reports the reliability and validity of past scores on the
instrument
 Discusses procedures for administering the instrument
 Administration procedures provide a discussion about the
follow-up procedures to ensure a high return rate
 Provides a systematic procedure for analyzing the survey
data