Mapping Techniques Chapter-2.pptx
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I apologize, I do not have enough information to answer questions 1 and 2 based on the provided document. The document is an introduction to topographic maps and does not define what A, B, and C stand for or provide any details about XY.
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This document provides information about topographic maps, including:
1. Topographic maps show elevation, shape of the earth's surface using contour lines connecting points of equal elevation. Features like water, terrain, and human structures are shown through different colors and patterns.
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Topographic maps show elevation and surface features of land using contour lines to connect points of equal height. Contour lines never cross and indicate slope - closely spaced lines mean steep slopes while lines far apart indicate flat land. Topographic maps are used to understand the shape and elevation of the land.
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This document provides information about topographic maps, including:
1. Topographic maps show elevation, shape of the earth's surface using contour lines connecting points of equal elevation. Features like water, terrain, and human structures are shown through different colors and patterns.
2. Contour lines indicate elevation changes - closely spaced lines show steep slopes, widely spaced show gentle slopes. Contour lines never cross or branch. When crossing streams, they bend upstream. Closed contours indicate hills and depressions.
3. Topographic profiles show elevation changes along a line, often with vertical exaggeration to emphasize details. Gradient is the steepness of a slope. Constructing profiles involves connecting elevation points along a contour line slice
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- Contour lines are continuous and either close upon themselves or extend from the map boundary.
- They are generally parallel unless passing through cliffs or overhangs.
- Valleys are indicated by V-shaped lines pointing uphill and ridges by U-shaped lines pointing downhill.
- Closely spaced lines indicate steep slopes while widely spaced lines indicate gentle slopes.
- Closed contours indicate hills or depressions.
Proper interpolation between surveyed elevation points is required to accurately draw contour lines. This involves calculating proportional distances based on the elevation difference between points
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The document provides information on key concepts related to maps and map reading, including:
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- Contour lines are continuous and either close upon themselves or extend from the map boundary.
- They are generally parallel unless passing through cliffs or overhangs.
- Valleys are indicated by V-shaped lines pointing uphill and ridges by U-shaped lines pointing downhill.
- Closely spaced lines indicate steep slopes while widely spaced lines indicate gentle slopes.
- Closed contours indicate hills or depressions.
Proper interpolation between surveyed elevation points is required to accurately draw contour lines. This involves calculating proportional distances based on the elevation difference between points
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The theme behind preparation of contour maps, various projections of topographical features, the processor making them and methods used in their making.
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Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and are used to represent three-dimensional terrain on two-dimensional maps. There are several key characteristics of contour lines:
1. Contour lines are continuous and either close upon themselves or extend from the edge of the map. Their spacing and shape indicate features like valleys, ridges, and slopes.
2. To accurately define landforms like hills and ditches, sufficient data points must be collected to represent their shape, location, and elevation changes.
3. Elevations between data points are determined through interpolation, using proportional distance calculations. Contour lines are drawn to connect interpolated points of equal elevation.
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Brief ContourLines power point for surveying engineering
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Roads and highways are important civil engineering projects. Proper geological investigation is crucial for their design, construction, and maintenance. Such investigations examine the topography, rock composition and structure, geological features like joints and faults, weathering, and groundwater conditions. Regions with hills, marshes, waterlogging, or permafrost present additional complications requiring specialized solutions like aerial surveying, excavating weak soils, lowering water tables, or insulating layers to protect ice below roads. Thorough investigation of the terrain and geology is essential for developing roads that are stable and economical.
chapt. 6 Foraminifera - Copy.pptx
This document provides an overview of foraminifera, including:
- Their general characteristics as single-celled protists with shells composed of calcium carbonate or agglutinated particles.
- Their classification, morphology (including test structure, chamber shape and arrangement, apertures), ecology, geological history, and applications in biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.
- Techniques for preparing and observing foraminifera from rock samples depending on the rock type and expected foraminifera.
chapter 8.pptx
Roads and highways are important civil engineering projects. Proper geological investigation is crucial for their design, construction, and maintenance. Such investigations examine the topography, rock composition and structure, geological features like joints and faults, weathering, and groundwater conditions. Regions with hills, marshes, waterlogging, or permafrost present additional complications requiring specialized solutions like aerial surveying, excavating weak soils, lowering water tables, or insulating layers to protect ice below roads. Thorough investigation of the terrain and geology is essential for developing roads that are stable and economical.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
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Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
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Mapping Techniques Chapter-2.pptx
- 1. GEOLOGICAL MAPPING Introduction to Topographic Maps CHAPTER- TWO PROF. DR. ABDI M. SIAD
- 3. Topographic Maps • A topographic map, also known as a contour map, is a map that shows the shape of the land using contour line. • Contour lines are lines that connect points that are of the same elevation. • They show the exact elevation, the shape of the land, and the steepness of the land’s slope. • Contour lines never touch or cross eachother.
- 4. Let’s take a walk up a hill!
- 5. We’re now at an elevation of 100 meters. 100m
- 7. Now we’re at 200m. 100m 200m
- 8. Shall we march on? 100m 200m
- 9. We’ve made it to 300m! 100m 200m 300m
- 10. On to the peak! 100m 200m 300m
- 11. We’re on the peak, but what’s our elevation? 100m 200m 300m
- 12. Any ideas? 100m 200m 300m Let’s add contour lines for every 50 meters and see if that helps.
- 13. 100m 200m 300m We know that we are above 350m, but less than 400m. 50m 150m 250m 350m
- 14. 100m 200m 300m Let’s head down the hill, it’s getting late! 50m 150m 250m 350m
- 15. 100m 200m 300m Now what’s our elevation? 50m 150m 250m 350m If you said somewhere between 200m and 250m you are right!
- 16. 100m 200m 300m Let’s try this again! 50m 150m 250m 350m
- 22. Topographic Maps • Contour Line – - line on a map that connects points of EQUAL elevation. - show elevation and shape of the land • Relief – Difference between high and low elevations
- 24. Topographic Maps • Contour Interval – difference in elevation between each line. MUST be equal spacing. Contour interval = 20 feet 520 540 560 580
- 25. Topographic Maps • Index Contour – Usually every 5th line is printed darker and has an elevation printed on it.
- 27. Rules for Contours 1. Contour lines never cross
- 28. Rules for Contours 2. Contours form closed loops (even if not shown of the map.
- 29. Rules for Contours 3. Contours bend upstream (uphill) when crossing a stream. Contour lines form V’s that point upstream when they cross a stream It is important to remember that they point in the opposite direction as the flow of water
- 31. Rules for Contours 4. The maximum possible elevation for a hill is “1” less than what the next contour “should” be. The highest possible elevation of the hill is just below the value of the next line that is not shown 50 60 70 80 90
- 32. 239 399 179
- 33. Closely Spaced Contours • Steeper Slope (Gradient) – contour lines are closer together.
- 34. Wide Spaced Contours • Gradual/Gentle Slope (Gradient) – contour lines are farther apart.
- 37. A B
- 38. Depressions • Contour lines which show a depression, crater, or sinkhole on a map. • Shown by dashed lines (hachure marks) on the inside of a contour line
- 39. Depression
- 40. Rules for Contours The lowest possible elevation for a depression is “1” more than what the next contour “should” be. The lowest possible elevation of a depression is just above the value of the next line that is not shown 50 90 90 80 70 60 51
- 41. Benchmarks • a location whose exact elevation is known and is noted on a brass or aluminum plate. • bench marks are shown on maps by an X with the letters BM written next to them.
- 43. Map Scales • The relationship between distance as measured on a map and the actual distance on Earth’s surface
- 44. Types of Map Scales a. Verbal Scale – 1 inch = 20 miles b. Bar Scale One Mile
- 45. Types of Map Scales c. Ratio Scale - One of any unit on this map represents 24,000 of the same unit on Earth’ s surface. Ex, one inch would equal 24,000 inches on the Earth
- 46. • Maps often give you more than one way to measure distance Represents one mile on the map Represents parts of one mile, ex: one tenth of a mile One kilometer
- 48. Gradient • The slope between any two points on a hill • Gradient = Change in Field Value Distance
- 49. Gradient • A trail is four miles long as measured by the scale on a map. The beginning of the trail is at the 1,060 ft contour line and the end of the trail is at the 960 ft contour line. Calculate the gradient of the trail. Gradient = = 1060 ft – 960 ft 4 miles 25.0 ft/mi
- 50. 1- What A, B and C stands for ? 2- What is the gradient of XY while the distance between XY is 200M