Lab centrifuges
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A centrifuge is a laboratory device that spins liquid samples at high speeds to separate components by density. It has a central shaft that rotates tubes containing samples, subjecting them to centrifugal force. This force throws denser particles to the bottom of the tubes, separating them from less dense materials above. There are several types of centrifuges including benchtop, refrigerated, micro, and vacuum centrifuges used for various sample volumes and separation purposes. Proper balancing of tubes and following safety procedures are important when using a centrifuge.
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centrifuge
This document provides information about centrifuges. It discusses the history of centrifuges, including their invention by Benjamin Robins in the 18th century. It defines a centrifuge as a device that separates heavier and lighter particles through centrifugal force. The document describes the main components and working principles of centrifuges, and discusses different types including fixed-angle, swinging head, continuous tubular, ultracentrifuges, hematocrit, and gas centrifuges. It also outlines common applications and safety procedures for operating centrifuges.
water bath instrument
The principle used in a water bath is indirect heating. A water bath works by maintaining water at a constant temperature, which then heats other fluids placed within it through indirect contact.
The procedure for using a water bath is:
1. Fill the water bath container with clean water up to the desired level.
2. Turn the water bath on and set the thermostat to the desired temperature.
3. Allow the water to warm up until it reaches the set temperature.
4. Place the container holding the fluid you want to heat inside the water bath. The fluid will then be heated indirectly through contact with the heated water surrounding it, maintaining a constant temperature.
5. The thermostat works to
Laboratory hazards, safety and contamination
This document discusses laboratory hazards, safety, and contamination. It identifies three main types of laboratory hazards: chemical, biological, and physical. Examples of each hazard are provided. The document also discusses sterilization methods like heat, chemicals, filtration, and radiation that are used to eliminate microorganisms. Specific sterilization techniques like autoclaving, flaming, and UV light are explained. The document concludes with recommendations for general laboratory safety practices.
Types of centrifuges
The document describes different types of centrifuges based on their design features and intended applications. Centrifuges vary in maximum speed, capacity, temperature control, and sample volume capabilities. Small benchtop centrifuges are used in clinical labs for blood separation and can hold around 100 tubes. Microcentrifuges are very common in biology labs, can hold small tube volumes, and generate forces up to 15,000g. High speed centrifuges spin at 15,000-20,000 RPM and are used for research applications requiring separation of cellular components. Ultracentrifuges provide the highest speeds and forces but are expensive and require special rotors and cooling due to heat generation.
Microtome
This document provides information about various types of microtomes used to cut extremely thin sections of samples for examination under microscopes. It describes glass and diamond blades, base sledge and rotary microtomes, and gives details about their components and operating principles. Different microtomes are suited for cutting particular materials to specific thicknesses for applications in light microscopy, electron microscopy, and histology.
Equipment maintenance
This document provides information on the maintenance and proper use of various laboratory equipment, including biosafety cabinets, incubators, refrigerators, deep freezers, hot air ovens, centrifuges, and microscopes. Key steps outlined include cleaning, monitoring temperatures, addressing issues promptly, and taking safety precautions. Proper maintenance is important for ensuring reliable performance of equipment and sterile conditions.
Negative staining
Negative staining allows visualization of bacterial cell morphology without directly staining the cells. It works by using acidic stains like India ink or nigrosin that stain the background glass slide rather than the negatively charged bacterial cells. This occurs because the stain is negatively charged and repelled from the bacterial surface. Negative staining provides clear views of cell shape and arrangement against a dark background without requiring heat fixation, making it useful for delicate cells. It involves mixing a bacterial culture with the negative stain to form a thin smear on a slide for examination under a microscope.
Automation histopathology
The document discusses various automated techniques used in histopathology. It describes automated tissue processors that use either tissue transfer systems or self-contained fluid exchange to process tissue through a series of solutions. Microwave and rapid processors are also discussed as alternatives that can significantly reduce processing time. The document also mentions automated tools for tasks like tissue microarrays, embedding, sectioning with microtomes and cryostats. Overall, the key benefits of automation include improved efficiency, customized schedules, reduced processing time and safer handling of chemicals.
Recommended
centrifuge
This document provides information about centrifuges. It discusses the history of centrifuges, including their invention by Benjamin Robins in the 18th century. It defines a centrifuge as a device that separates heavier and lighter particles through centrifugal force. The document describes the main components and working principles of centrifuges, and discusses different types including fixed-angle, swinging head, continuous tubular, ultracentrifuges, hematocrit, and gas centrifuges. It also outlines common applications and safety procedures for operating centrifuges.
water bath instrument
The principle used in a water bath is indirect heating. A water bath works by maintaining water at a constant temperature, which then heats other fluids placed within it through indirect contact.
The procedure for using a water bath is:
1. Fill the water bath container with clean water up to the desired level.
2. Turn the water bath on and set the thermostat to the desired temperature.
3. Allow the water to warm up until it reaches the set temperature.
4. Place the container holding the fluid you want to heat inside the water bath. The fluid will then be heated indirectly through contact with the heated water surrounding it, maintaining a constant temperature.
5. The thermostat works to
Laboratory hazards, safety and contamination
This document discusses laboratory hazards, safety, and contamination. It identifies three main types of laboratory hazards: chemical, biological, and physical. Examples of each hazard are provided. The document also discusses sterilization methods like heat, chemicals, filtration, and radiation that are used to eliminate microorganisms. Specific sterilization techniques like autoclaving, flaming, and UV light are explained. The document concludes with recommendations for general laboratory safety practices.
Types of centrifuges
The document describes different types of centrifuges based on their design features and intended applications. Centrifuges vary in maximum speed, capacity, temperature control, and sample volume capabilities. Small benchtop centrifuges are used in clinical labs for blood separation and can hold around 100 tubes. Microcentrifuges are very common in biology labs, can hold small tube volumes, and generate forces up to 15,000g. High speed centrifuges spin at 15,000-20,000 RPM and are used for research applications requiring separation of cellular components. Ultracentrifuges provide the highest speeds and forces but are expensive and require special rotors and cooling due to heat generation.
Microtome
This document provides information about various types of microtomes used to cut extremely thin sections of samples for examination under microscopes. It describes glass and diamond blades, base sledge and rotary microtomes, and gives details about their components and operating principles. Different microtomes are suited for cutting particular materials to specific thicknesses for applications in light microscopy, electron microscopy, and histology.
Equipment maintenance
This document provides information on the maintenance and proper use of various laboratory equipment, including biosafety cabinets, incubators, refrigerators, deep freezers, hot air ovens, centrifuges, and microscopes. Key steps outlined include cleaning, monitoring temperatures, addressing issues promptly, and taking safety precautions. Proper maintenance is important for ensuring reliable performance of equipment and sterile conditions.
Negative staining
Negative staining allows visualization of bacterial cell morphology without directly staining the cells. It works by using acidic stains like India ink or nigrosin that stain the background glass slide rather than the negatively charged bacterial cells. This occurs because the stain is negatively charged and repelled from the bacterial surface. Negative staining provides clear views of cell shape and arrangement against a dark background without requiring heat fixation, making it useful for delicate cells. It involves mixing a bacterial culture with the negative stain to form a thin smear on a slide for examination under a microscope.
Automation histopathology
The document discusses various automated techniques used in histopathology. It describes automated tissue processors that use either tissue transfer systems or self-contained fluid exchange to process tissue through a series of solutions. Microwave and rapid processors are also discussed as alternatives that can significantly reduce processing time. The document also mentions automated tools for tasks like tissue microarrays, embedding, sectioning with microtomes and cryostats. Overall, the key benefits of automation include improved efficiency, customized schedules, reduced processing time and safer handling of chemicals.
Glassware
Laboratory glassware is usually made of borosilicate glass, which is resistant to chemicals except hydrofluoric acid. Common types of glassware include beakers for holding solutions, flasks for heating liquids, volumetric flasks for precisely measuring volumes, and pipettes for dispensing precise amounts of liquids. Pipettes can be graduated or volumetric, and are used to transfer reagents and biological samples in clinical testing.
Embedding
Embedding is the process of enclosing tissue specimens in an embedding medium such as paraffin wax to support the specimen for sectioning. The choice of embedding medium depends on the type of tissue, microscope, and microtome being used. Common embedding mediums include paraffin wax, celloidin, resin, and gelatin. Paraffin wax is most widely used due to its hardness and ability to produce high quality sections. Proper orientation of the specimen in the embedding block is important for pathological examination and diagnosis.
Collection, transport and processing of clinical specimens: CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid is collected through a lumbar puncture procedure where a needle is inserted into the lower back to draw fluid from around the brain and spinal cord. The fluid is analyzed to diagnose conditions like infections, autoimmune disorders, bleeding, or tumors in the brain or spinal cord. A CSF analysis examines characteristics of the fluid like white blood cell count, proteins, and presence of bacteria or cancer cells to determine the cause of a patient's symptoms. Proper collection and quick transport of CSF specimens to a laboratory is important for accurate diagnostic testing.
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- Components include a heated inner chamber, motorized blower, temperature controls, and tray slots for materials.
- Hot air ovens are commonly used to sterilize glassware and materials in laboratories, as well as in various industries for drying, curing, and sterilization applications.
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Blood smear staining
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Urine preservative
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
Pipette updated
Types of pipettes and its applications
Micropipettes are utilized in the laboratory to transfer small quantities of liquid, usually down to 0.1 uL. They are most commonly used in chemistry, biology, forensic, pharmaceutical, and drug discovery labs, among other .
Automation
Use of laboratory instruments and specimen processing equipment to perform clinical laboratory assays with only minimal involvement of technologist .
Automation in clinical laboratory is a process by which analytical instruments perform many tests with the least involvement of an analyst.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define automation as "The replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self-monitoring or self adjusting”.
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About Microtomes, good section cutting and sharpening of razors to produce a good section in Histopathology labs..
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MICROTOME and it's TYPES
A microtome is a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of materials for examination under microscopes. It consists of a base, knife attachment, and tissue holder. Various types exist for different applications, such as rotary microtomes for histology and ultramicrotomes for electron microscopy. Proper sharpening and maintenance of the microtome knife is important for obtaining high quality slices.
Histotechnique - processing, embedding.pptx
Tissue processing involves removing water from tissue and replacing it with paraffin wax to provide rigidity for microscopic examination. The main steps are fixation, dehydration using increasing concentrations of alcohol, clearing with xylene to remove alcohol, and impregnation with molten paraffin wax. Automated tissue processors complete this process overnight using different stations for each step. Factors like tissue size, agitation, heat, and vacuum pressure influence effective processing. Ethyl alcohol is most commonly used for dehydration, while xylene is used for clearing prior to paraffin wax impregnation and embedding.
Gross Examination, Selection, Collection and Fixation of Specimen
The document discusses the gross examination, selection, collection and fixation of specimens in pathology. It covers identifying and labeling specimens, performing a gross examination, selecting relevant portions for microscopic examination, and principles of proper fixation. Fixation preserves tissue morphology and prevents autolysis and contamination. Common fixatives include 10% neutral buffered formalin, Bouin's solution, B5, and Zenker's solution. Proper handling and fixation are important for accurate laboratory diagnosis.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of particles based on density. It works by spinning a sample rapidly, causing denser particles to migrate outward while less dense particles move inward. There are various types of centrifuges and rotors that can be used for different applications like separating blood components, purifying proteins, or clarifying wine. Common techniques include differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on buoyant density, and ultracentrifugation for high-speed separations. Centrifugation is widely used in industries like water treatment and laboratories for analytical purposes.
Centrifugation and its effects(M.SC).pptx
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate biological particles in solution based on properties like size, shape, and density. There are different types of centrifuges and rotors that are used for various applications. Fixed angle and swinging bucket rotors hold tubes at an angle during centrifugation to separate particles to the bottom of tubes. Ultracentrifuges can spin at over 150,000 rpm to separate even smaller particles like viruses and proteins using density gradient centrifugation. Centrifugation is used in areas like biochemistry, molecular biology, and pathology for tasks like isolating organelles, nucleic acids, and microorganisms.
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Glassware
Laboratory glassware is usually made of borosilicate glass, which is resistant to chemicals except hydrofluoric acid. Common types of glassware include beakers for holding solutions, flasks for heating liquids, volumetric flasks for precisely measuring volumes, and pipettes for dispensing precise amounts of liquids. Pipettes can be graduated or volumetric, and are used to transfer reagents and biological samples in clinical testing.
Embedding
Embedding is the process of enclosing tissue specimens in an embedding medium such as paraffin wax to support the specimen for sectioning. The choice of embedding medium depends on the type of tissue, microscope, and microtome being used. Common embedding mediums include paraffin wax, celloidin, resin, and gelatin. Paraffin wax is most widely used due to its hardness and ability to produce high quality sections. Proper orientation of the specimen in the embedding block is important for pathological examination and diagnosis.
Collection, transport and processing of clinical specimens: CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid is collected through a lumbar puncture procedure where a needle is inserted into the lower back to draw fluid from around the brain and spinal cord. The fluid is analyzed to diagnose conditions like infections, autoimmune disorders, bleeding, or tumors in the brain or spinal cord. A CSF analysis examines characteristics of the fluid like white blood cell count, proteins, and presence of bacteria or cancer cells to determine the cause of a patient's symptoms. Proper collection and quick transport of CSF specimens to a laboratory is important for accurate diagnostic testing.
HOT AIR OVEN .pptx
This document describes a hot air oven project by Vedanti S. Gharat. It provides information on the working principles and components of a hot air oven, which uses dry heat to sterilize laboratory equipment and materials. Key points include:
- Hot air ovens circulate hot air to uniformly heat materials to high temperatures for extended periods of time, destroying microorganisms and bacterial spores through oxidation.
- Components include a heated inner chamber, motorized blower, temperature controls, and tray slots for materials.
- Hot air ovens are commonly used to sterilize glassware and materials in laboratories, as well as in various industries for drying, curing, and sterilization applications.
Fixatives in Histopathology
Fixatives are chemicals used to preserve biological tissues from decay. They terminate biochemical reactions and may increase mechanical strength. Fixatives disable enzymes and protect samples from damage. Common fixatives include formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, alcohols, and picric acid. Fixation aims to inhibit autolysis, preserve tissues, harden them, and improve staining. Factors like temperature, concentration, and duration impact fixation quality. Different tissues require specific fixatives for optimal preservation. An ideal fixative kills cells quickly without damage, penetrates rapidly, prevents decay, hardens tissues, and allows long-term storage.
Auto analyzer
Automated analyzers have advanced diagnostic testing by increasing efficiency and accuracy while reducing human error. There are four basic approaches to automated analyzers: continuous flow analyzers, centrifugal analyzers, discrete auto analyzers, and dry chemical analyzers. Each type has its own principles and advantages such as processing multiple samples simultaneously, using small sample volumes, and eliminating manual steps. Automated analyzers have improved healthcare by providing faster, higher quality, and more standardized test results.
AUTOMATED STAINING DEVICE.pdf
This document proposes the development of an automated staining device called AutoStain. It would allow slides to be automatically stained by loading them into the machine along with the required stains and setting the staining protocol and times. This would make the staining process less tedious and time-consuming compared to manual staining. The document discusses the need for such a device, its production requirements including skilled engineers, materials and funding, and marketing strategies targeting facilities where large-scale staining is performed.
Incubators types and applications
This document discusses different types of incubators and their applications. It begins by describing laboratory incubators, which maintain optimal temperature, humidity, and gases to grow cell and microbiological cultures. The market is divided into gassed CO2 incubators and non-gassed types. Incubators provide controlled environments for cultures and protect cells from temperature and atmospheric changes. Types discussed include standard, cooled, humidity-controlled, CO2, shaking, and hybridization incubators. Factors like volume, materials, temperature control, and safety features are considered when choosing an incubator. Applications include growing cell cultures, microbiological analyses, breeding insects, storing samples, and growing protein crystals.
Principle and Uses of Microbiological instruments
The document provides descriptions of various microbiological instruments and their principles and uses. It describes instruments such as microscopes, analytical balances, deep freezers, Bunsen burners, laminar air flow hoods, water baths, water distillers, vortex mixers, incubators, autoclaves, heating plates, centrifuges, colony counters, pH meters, spectrophotometers, magnetic stirrers, hot air ovens, homogenizers, micropipettes and more. For each instrument, it explains the basic principle of operation and typical applications in microbiology laboratories.
Automated tissue stainer - Xmatrx infinity
Xmatrx Infinity is a fully automated molecular pathology workstation designed to accelerate life sciences research and drug discovery and development. It is an open system that allows simultaneous optimization of 40 assay parameters in a single run. The 40 independently thermal cyclable workstations enable any slide-based staining assays, including IHC, ISH, CISH, FISH, multiplexing and co-detection, special stain, in situ PCR and miRNA. The Infinity system adapts and completely automates any manual protocols such as denaturation, hybridization, stringency washes, counter stain and final coverslip to maximize testing capacity, minimize hands-on time and ensure consistent results every time.
Blood smear staining
This ppt contain usefull information regarding different staining methods and stains with photographs...enjoy and learn it..give comments..
Urine preservative
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
Pipette updated
Types of pipettes and its applications
Micropipettes are utilized in the laboratory to transfer small quantities of liquid, usually down to 0.1 uL. They are most commonly used in chemistry, biology, forensic, pharmaceutical, and drug discovery labs, among other .
Automation
Use of laboratory instruments and specimen processing equipment to perform clinical laboratory assays with only minimal involvement of technologist .
Automation in clinical laboratory is a process by which analytical instruments perform many tests with the least involvement of an analyst.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define automation as "The replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self-monitoring or self adjusting”.
Microtomes, Section Cutting and Sharpening of razor
About Microtomes, good section cutting and sharpening of razors to produce a good section in Histopathology labs..
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Automation in biochemistry refers to using instruments to perform biochemical tests with minimal human involvement. Automated systems can perform many steps like sample handling, reagent addition, reaction incubation, and measurement that were previously done manually. The main types of automated analyzers are continuous flow analyzers, discrete autoanalyzers, and random access analyzers. Continuous flow analyzers pass samples and reagents sequentially through a single analytical pathway. Discrete autoanalyzers separate each sample and reagent in individual containers, allowing multiple tests per sample. Random access analyzers perform tests on batches of samples, selecting tests for each sample. Automated systems provide benefits like higher throughput, reduced variability, and less manual labor, but also have high initial costs.
STOOL EXAMINATION
This document provides an overview of stool examination, including definitions, composition, collection procedures, macroscopic and microscopic examination techniques, normal values, and chemical tests. It discusses analyzing stool for color, consistency, odor, occult blood, parasites, leukocytes, pH, fat and reducing substances content to diagnose various gastrointestinal conditions. Microscopic examination involves saline and iodine slide preparations while chemical tests include occult blood, pH, fat and reducing substances analyses. Stool examination is an important diagnostic tool in ayurveda and modern medicine for gastrointestinal disease evaluation.
MICROTOME and it's TYPES
A microtome is a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of materials for examination under microscopes. It consists of a base, knife attachment, and tissue holder. Various types exist for different applications, such as rotary microtomes for histology and ultramicrotomes for electron microscopy. Proper sharpening and maintenance of the microtome knife is important for obtaining high quality slices.
Histotechnique - processing, embedding.pptx
Tissue processing involves removing water from tissue and replacing it with paraffin wax to provide rigidity for microscopic examination. The main steps are fixation, dehydration using increasing concentrations of alcohol, clearing with xylene to remove alcohol, and impregnation with molten paraffin wax. Automated tissue processors complete this process overnight using different stations for each step. Factors like tissue size, agitation, heat, and vacuum pressure influence effective processing. Ethyl alcohol is most commonly used for dehydration, while xylene is used for clearing prior to paraffin wax impregnation and embedding.
Gross Examination, Selection, Collection and Fixation of Specimen
The document discusses the gross examination, selection, collection and fixation of specimens in pathology. It covers identifying and labeling specimens, performing a gross examination, selecting relevant portions for microscopic examination, and principles of proper fixation. Fixation preserves tissue morphology and prevents autolysis and contamination. Common fixatives include 10% neutral buffered formalin, Bouin's solution, B5, and Zenker's solution. Proper handling and fixation are important for accurate laboratory diagnosis.
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Collection, transport and processing of clinical specimens: CSF
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Microtomes, Section Cutting and Sharpening of razor
Microtomes, Section Cutting and Sharpening of razor
Gross Examination, Selection, Collection and Fixation of Specimen
Gross Examination, Selection, Collection and Fixation of Specimen
Similar to Lab centrifuges
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of particles based on density. It works by spinning a sample rapidly, causing denser particles to migrate outward while less dense particles move inward. There are various types of centrifuges and rotors that can be used for different applications like separating blood components, purifying proteins, or clarifying wine. Common techniques include differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on buoyant density, and ultracentrifugation for high-speed separations. Centrifugation is widely used in industries like water treatment and laboratories for analytical purposes.
Centrifugation and its effects(M.SC).pptx
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate biological particles in solution based on properties like size, shape, and density. There are different types of centrifuges and rotors that are used for various applications. Fixed angle and swinging bucket rotors hold tubes at an angle during centrifugation to separate particles to the bottom of tubes. Ultracentrifuges can spin at over 150,000 rpm to separate even smaller particles like viruses and proteins using density gradient centrifugation. Centrifugation is used in areas like biochemistry, molecular biology, and pathology for tasks like isolating organelles, nucleic acids, and microorganisms.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It has been used since the 17th century and has evolved significantly. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, ultracentrifuges, and more specialized types. Centrifugation principles involve applying centrifugal force to separate components based on size, density, viscosity, and rotor speed. It has many applications in science, medicine, and industry such as separating blood components, purifying proteins and viruses, and producing skim milk.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique used to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It works by applying centrifugal force using a centrifuge. There are different types of centrifuges that separate particles at varying speeds, including low-speed centrifuges up to ultracentrifuges that can spin at over 65,000 RPM. The principle involves particles of higher density sinking to the bottom while lower density particles float to the top. Centrifugation is used in clinical and research applications to separate blood components, subcellular organelles, proteins, and more.
Pipettes and centrifuge with centrifugation
introduction of Pipettes , centrifugation , centifuge.
principle of centrifuge and pipettes. different types of centrifugation, centrifuge and pipettes. handling of pipettes and centrifuge, calibration of pipettes and centrifuge.
Centrifuge
This PPT will Go Through the different aspects of Centrifuge
Such as The following:-
The definition
The History
Principle
Operation
Rotor Objective
Different types Of Centrifuge
Preparative
Hematocrit
Swing Head
Angle Fixed
Analytical
Centrifuge Tubes
The Inner Structure
Procedure
Preventive measures
common Failures
Applications
where it is Used
CENTRIFUGATION.pptx
This document provides information on centrifugation techniques. It discusses:
- Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate heterogeneous mixtures using a centrifuge. It can be used for rapid separation of solids from liquids or separation of immiscible liquids.
- There are different types of centrifuges including perforated basket centrifuges (batch, semi-continuous, continuous) and non-perforated basket centrifuges.
- Centrifugation has various applications including production of bulk drugs, biological products, evaluation of suspensions and emulsions, and molecular weight determination. It is a useful separation technique when ordinary filtration is difficult.
CENTRIFUGE INSTRUMENT- A MEDICAL BIOLOGY
A centrifuge is a device used to separate components of a mixture on the basis of their size, density, the viscosity of the medium, and the rotor speed.
The centrifuge is commonly used in laboratories for the separation of biological molecules from a crude extract.
In a centrifuge, the sample is kept in a rotor that is rotated about a fixed point (axis), resulting in strong force perpendicular to the axis.
There are different types of centrifuge used for the separation of different molecules, but they all work on the principle of sedimentation.
1596509081.pdf
Centrifugation is a technique used to separate substances of different densities using centrifugal force. There are several types of centrifuges that differ in maximum speed, including low-speed centrifuges up to 5000 rpm, high-speed centrifuges up to 20,000 rpm, and ultracentrifuges up to 65,000 rpm. Common types of centrifugation include differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and rate-zonal density gradient centrifugation, which separate particles based on sedimentation rate and density. Centrifugation has many applications, such as separating blood components, purifying proteins and other macromolecules, and separating particles from fluids.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, which causes heavier components to sediment. There are several types including preparative centrifugation to separate/purify biological samples, analytical centrifugation to determine physical characteristics, differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density differences, and ultracentrifugation using very high speeds. Centrifugation has many applications in research, medicine, and industry.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed in a rotor and spun at a define speed.
Centrifugation Presentation.pptx
A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle- Here the substances are separated based on their density under the influence of gravitational force. When spun rapidly, lighter particles stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during centrifugation.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.
What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
Centrifugation
Objectives, principle & applications of Centrifugation,
principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of –
Perforated basket centrifuge,
Non-perforated basket centrifuge,
Semi continuous centrifuge &
Super centrifuge.
centrifugation
This document discusses different types of centrifuges used in separation processes. It describes vertically mounted centrifuges that use a perforated basket to separate solids from liquid suspensions. Horizontally mounted centrifuges introduce material at the center of a rotating horizontal cylinder to separate solids. Continuous centrifuges provide high capacity separation for large particle sizes in continuous processes. Ultra centrifuges can spin at very high speeds generating high accelerations for analytical and preparative applications.
Centrifugation.pptx
Centrifugation is a Unit operation employed for separating the constituents present in a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force
Centrifuge is device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium
Centrifugal force provides the driving force for the separation
It replaces gravitational forces operating during the sedimentation
The equipment used for the separation are known as centrifuges
A. on an industrial scale,
(1) Filtration centrifuge
Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtration-type operation (work like a spin-dryer)
(2) Sedimentation centrifuge
Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal
B. Classification (Based on scale of usage)
(1) Laboratory scale
Horizontal spinning type
Angle centrifuge 945 to 50 angels)
High speed centrifuge (10,000 rpm)
Ultra centrifuge (85,000 rpm)
Centrifugation
This document provides information about centrifugation including its definition, principle, applications, types, and instruments. It can be summarized as follows:
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on properties like size, density, and viscosity. It works by spinning the solution at high speeds, which forces denser particles to settle out. Common applications include separating drugs, proteins, and analyzing suspensions and emulsions in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. There are two main types - sedimentation centrifuges separate based on density differences, while filtration centrifuges use a membrane to retain solids. Common instruments described include perforated basket, non-perforated basket, semi-continuous, and super centrifuges.
Ultracentrifugation
Ultracentrifugation is a technique that uses high centrifugal forces generated by rotational speeds of up to 150,000 rpm to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity. It is an important tool in biochemical research used to isolate molecules like DNA, RNA, lipids, and separate organelles from cells. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which studies molecular interactions and properties, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles using techniques like density gradient centrifugation. Proper rotor selection and maintenance of the centrifuge are important for safe and effective use of this technique.
CENTRIFUGATION.ppt
Centrifugation is a technique used to separate substances of different densities. It involves applying centrifugal force using a centrifuge, which spins samples at high speeds. This causes denser particles to sediment to the bottom of tubes while less dense particles rise to the top, allowing for separation. Centrifugation is used in processes like separating cream from milk, separating blood components, and purifying proteins and cells. It works on the principle that density differences between particles or molecules can be exploited to separate mixtures.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning a liquid sample at high speeds, causing denser components to migrate outward and separate from less dense components. There are several types of centrifugation including density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications such as separating immiscible liquids, purifying cells, and separating blood components.
Bio_Chem_1.4_p3.pptx
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Lab centrifuges
- 2. Definition • A centrifuge is a laboratory device that is used for separation of fluids based on density.
- 3. Principle • A body is rotated in a circular movement at speed . This creates a force that drives the body away from the center of the circular movement
- 4. Components of a centrifuge a • A) central shaft (spindle) : that rotate at high speed • B) a head : fixed to the shaft , with buckets for holding the centrifuge tubes. • C) tubes : containing the liquid to be centrifuged
- 5. Centrifugation mechanism • When the spindle rotates the tubes are subjected to centrifugal force. They swing out to the horizontal and the particles in suspension in the liquids in the tubes are thrown to the bottom of the tubes.
- 6. Centrifugation targets • These particles form the centrifuge deposit which can be separated from the supernatant fluid and examined. • The deposit may contain, for example: • — blood cells; • — parasite eggs (in diluted stools); • — cells from the urinary tract ( in urine) .
- 7. Types of centrifuge • Hand operated centrifuge : This is operated manually by turning a handle ,It takes two or four tubes . The hand –operated centrifuge can be used : -To examine urinary deposits - To concentrate certain parasites in stools
- 8. • The speed is insufficient for satisfactory separation of erythrocytes from plasma in blood
- 9. • Electric centrifuge: Electric centrifuges are more accurate than hand-operated centrifuges and should be used whenever possible. Electric centrifuges are used with two types of head — the “swing- out” head and the “angle” head .
- 10. • Swing-out” head The head is designed to swing the tubes out to a horizontal position during centrifuging. This is the type most frequently needed.
- 11. • “Angle” head The “angle” head holds the tubes at an angle of about 45° during centrifuging. It is useful for certain techniques, e.g. agglutination tests in blood-grouping by the test tube method.
- 12. Centrifuge categories : • Benchtop centrifuges : Are broad class of centrifuges with maximum speed in RCFs can range from 100-50.000 x g. Tubes volumes can range from 1ml to a few liters.
- 13. • Refrigerated benchtop centrifuges: Ideal for centrifugation of samples that may be temperature sensitive , such as live cells or proteins . Sample volumes from under 1 ml to few liters. Speed can reach up to 60.000 x g
- 14. • Clinical benchtop centrifuge Low speed centrifuges ideal for the separation of whole blood components , such as red blood cells as well as other body fluids. Their speed range between 200-6.000 rpm .
- 15. • Microcentrifuge : Used for samples of small volume 1 ml ( PCR tube) , 2 ml ,1.5 ml , 0.5 ml. Their speeds up to 16.000 x g .
- 16. • Vacuum centrifuge / concentrators : Use vacuum ,centrifugal force , temperature and or gas to remove liquid solvent for the concentration or dessiccation of samples . systems.
- 17. This centrifuge is ideal for purification of preparation of samples such as : nucleic acids and proteins . For evaporation of solvents vacuum centrifuges typically utilize built in heating systems .
- 18. Instruction for use • You should always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when using the centrifuge
- 19. Installing the centrifuge • The centrifuge must be placed on rubber pads or a mat on a flat level surface .
- 20. Balancing the tubes • Balance the tubes that are opposite each other by weighing them in their buckets on the open two pan balance
- 21. Safety precautions • Check that the tubes are the correct size for the centrifuge. Tubes that are too long or too small may break. • Fill the tubes to no more than three-quarters full to prevent spillage in the bowl.
- 22. • Always balance the centrifuge buckets before starting the centrifuge. Failure to do this can cause excessive wear or the centrifuge may move. • Ensure that the lid is closed before starting the centrifuge.
- 23. • When starting the centrifuge, gradually increase the speed, turning the knob slowly, until the desired speed is reached.
- 24. • Stop the centrifuge gradually . Never try to slow the centrifuge down with your hand. • Never open the centrifuge until it has come to a complete stop .
- 25. • Remove the tubes slowly and carefully .