This document provides information about centrifugation including its definition, principle, applications, types, and instruments. It can be summarized as follows: Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on properties like size, density, and viscosity. It works by spinning the solution at high speeds, which forces denser particles to settle out. Common applications include separating drugs, proteins, and analyzing suspensions and emulsions in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. There are two main types - sedimentation centrifuges separate based on density differences, while filtration centrifuges use a membrane to retain solids. Common instruments described include perforated basket, non-perforated basket, semi-continuous, and super centrifuges.

1. Submitted To
Ms. Sonali Jat
Asst. Professor
Submitted By
Mr.Devendra kumar Pandey
B.Ph 3rd sem
A PRESENTATION ON
CENTRIFUGATION

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Defination
• Principle
• Application
• Types
• Instruments

3. COMMON INTRODUCTION
• Centrifugation is a technique to centrifuge the dispersion of two immiscible liquids either
S/L or L/L.
• It involves the application of centrifugal force to separate the particles.
• It only use for the particle size less then 5um ,
• Centrifugation provide a convenient method for separating either two immiscible
liquids or a solid from a liquid.

4. DEFINATION
• Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of centrifugal force to
separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the
medium and rotor speed.
• Centrifugation is the unit operation employed for seperating the constituents present in
a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force

5. • The use of centrifugal forces
a. Inertial force
b. Angular momentum
c. Reaction to centripetal force
• Rotation around a central axis creates
higher force away from axis.

6. Theory & Principle
• Particle size have the diameter of greater than
5um are sediment due to gravitational force.
• Particles in an order of size 5um or less are
undergo for brownian motion and are sediment
by stronger force than gravity , centrifugal
force
• The sedimentation depends on the densities of
the phases of dispersion.
 Less difference in density difficult to
separate.

7. RELATIVE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
• g Force or Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) is the amount of acceleration to be applied
to the sample.
• It depends on the revolutions per minute (RPM) and radius of the rotor, and is relative to
the force of Earth's gravity.

8. APPLICATIONS
• PRODUCTION OF BULK DRUGS – Centrifuge is used in the formation of many drug by
separating crystalline drug from mother liqure.
• PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS – Most of drug are present as colloidal dispersion
in water. Centrifugal methods are used for separation of these constituents from water. Ex.
INSULIN can separate in pure form by this.
• BIOPHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS OF DRUG – Drug are present in body`s liquid in form
of colloidal dispersions , these centrifugation is use to separate them. This is essential for
pharmakokinetics evaluation parameters.
• EVALUATION OF SUSPENSION & EMULSION – Centrifugation is used in the parameters
of evaluation of suspension and emulsion. In suspension its sedimentation test & in
emulsion it is creaming and stability test.

9. CLASSIFICATION
OF
CENTRIFUGES

10. • Is a centrifuge in which solid is
retained by a porous membrane
allowing liquid to rush out due to
centrifugal force
• Is a centrifuge that produces
sedimentation of solid based on the
difference in the densities of two or
more phases of mixture
BASED ON THEIR MECHANISM OF SEPARATION
SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE FILTRATION CENTRIFUGE

11. • Construction is complicated
• Capacity is limited
• Compact and occupy a very small
space
• Two immiscible liquids are easily
separated on a continuous process.
• Controlation is easy.
SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

12. • It is a complicated cycle resulting in
considerable labour costs.
• It is a batch process/ semi-continuous
type
• Solid is in a form of hard cake and
hard to remove
• It can handle slurries with a high no. of
solid paricles and even a paste.
• Final product have very low moisture
contain.
• The dissolved solid are separated from
the cake.
FILTRATION CENTRIFUGE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

13. BASED ON SCALE
• LABORATORY CENTRIFUGE
 Horizontal arm
 Angular arm centrifuge
 High speed centrifuge
 Ultra centrifuge

14. COMMERCIAL SCALE
• BATCH TYPE – Perforated basket centrifuge
• SEMI-CONTINUOUS TYPE – Short cycle batch centrifuge
• CONTINUOUS TYPE - Supercentrifuge

15. INSTRUMENTS
• Perforated basket centrifuge
• Non-perforated basket centrifuge
• Semi-continuous centrifuge
• Super centrifuge

16. • Perforated is stand for POROUS
SUBSTANCE
• It’s a batch process
• The principle based on the filtration
centrifugation.
CONSTRUCTION
• It composed of a rotor blade by it a
basket atatch with two perforated side
walls.
• The outer box is composed of metal
such as copper or glass substance.
PERFORATED BASKET CENTRIFUGE

17. • The substance to be separate out is
filled in the inner basket.
• The rotator start rotating and by this
the liquid substance get out from inner
basket and by outlet it removes.
• The solid substance or cake is
retained on perforated wall.
• The cake is removed by using a blade
WORKING

18. PRINCIPLE
• This is a sedimantation centrifuge and
is based on different densities of solid
and liquid phase.
• Solid retained on the side walls while
liquid states on the top which is
removes by a skimming tube.
CONSTRUCTION
• It is composed of a basket of steel
or any other suitable material with
non-perforated side walls.
• It held on a vertical shaft.
NON-PERFORATED BASKET CENTRIFUGE

19. • The suspension is feeded continouslly
during the rotation
• The solid retained on the side walls of
basket.
• The liquid is retained on the top w/c
removed by skimming tube.
WORKING

20. Principle
• This is sedimentation type centrifuge
so separation takes place on the basis
of difference in their densities between
to immiscible liquids.
• Centrifugation is done in the bowl of
small centrifuge . during centrifugation
the heavier liquid is thrown against the
wall , while lighter liquid remains as
inner layer.
• The two layers are simultaneously
separated using modified wiers.
SUPER CENTRIFUGE

21. • Long hollow cylindrical bowl of small
diameter.
• Suspended from a flexible spindle at
the top and guided by loose fit bushing
at bottom.
• Feed inlet using pressure at bottom.
• Liquid outlets 2 at different heights at
top.
• Modified wiers are attached.
CONSTRUCTION

22. • Allowed to rotate on its longitudinal
axis at higher speed (2000rpm) with
help of drive assembly.
• Feed is introduced at the bottom with
pressure.
• During centrifugation the heavier liquid
thrown outward ( against wall ) , lighter
liquid forms an inner layer. Both liquid
rise to top.
• The liquid liquid interface is
maintained by an hydraulic balance.
• Thus , 2 layers are separated
continuously by modified wiers.
WORKING

23. PRINCIPLE
• This is the horizontal perforated
centrifuge .
• The mechanism based on filtration
centrifuge.
CONSTRUCTION
• Vertical perforated basket supported
by horizontal drive.
• Provision for feed , wash pipe at
center.
• Feeler rides over the feed to control
the thickness of the cake.
SEMI CONTINUOUS CENTRIFUGE

24. • Hydraulic cylinder attachment for entry
of discharge chute from the side of
basket , when discharge of crystals
required.
WORKING
• Basket is allow to rotate and slurry is
introduced from side pipe.
• During centrifugation slurry is passes
through the perforated wall.
• Solid retained on the wall , liquid
collected at outlet.
• Cake is washed with water ( washing
escape through the filtrate outlet).
• Desired thickness (50-70mm), the
feller cuts off the air supply to a
diaphragm valve that shuts the feed
slurry.

25. • Hydraulic cylinder is actuated, lifts the
knife along with discharge chute.
• Knife does not cuts the cake
completely , leaves a layer to acts as
filter medium for further separation in
next cycle.
• The discharge crystals contain 2*4%
moisture.
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
• Solid drained fast from bowl.
• discharge/ / breakage of crystals
• Complicated construction.

26. THANK YOU