A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle- Here the substances are separated based on their density under the influence of gravitational force. When spun rapidly, lighter particles stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during centrifugation.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.
What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
Centrifugation basic principle & theoryMayank Sagar
Centrifugation is a process used to separate or concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium. It is a method to separate molecules based on their sedimentation rate under the centrifugal field. It involves the use of centrifugal force for the sedimentation of molecules.
1. Instrumental analysis involves using instruments to convert physical or chemical characteristics of analytes into interpretable information. This includes clinical chemistry which aims to facilitate accurate diagnostic testing.
2. Centrifugation techniques use high centrifugal force to separate particles or molecules in a suspension more quickly than gravity alone. This involves spinning samples at high revolutions per minute in different types of centrifuges.
3. Centrifuges vary in size from microcentrifuges suitable for small volumes to preparative or analytical ultracentrifuges capable of very high speeds. The type used depends on the separation or analysis needed. All aim to control variables like speed, radius, and temperature to achieve reliable separations.
Restriction of bacterial plasmid by Restriction Enzymes PracticalSabahat Ali
Restriction Enzymes are also known as Molecular scissors. Produce cohesive/sticky and blunt ends. Many restriction enzymes are present have their own particular Restriction sites (Palindromic Sequences)
Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their size, shape, density, and other properties. A centrifuge applies this force by rapidly spinning samples placed in tubes or other holders. There are different types of centrifuges and rotors that are suited for different separation purposes like pelleting, density gradient separation, or zonal centrifugation. The relative centrifugal force or RCF is used to quantify and compare the force applied across different centrifuge models and rotor configurations.
The document discusses centrifuges and centrifugation. It begins by summarizing the early history of centrifuges, including inventions in the 18th and 19th centuries. It then provides definitions and explanations of key terms like centrifuge, centrifugation, and relative centrifugal force. The rest of the document details different types of centrifuges, components of centrifuges, separation techniques, and rotors and tubes used in centrifugation.
The document discusses ultracentrifugation, which uses high centrifugal forces to separate particles in solutions based on size, shape, and density. It describes:
1) How particles experience centrifugal, buoyant, and frictional forces when spun in an ultracentrifuge.
2) Key terms like sedimentation rate, sedimentation coefficient, and angular velocity.
3) Types of ultracentrifugation experiments like sedimentation velocity and equilibrium experiments.
4) Types of preparative ultracentrifugation like differential, density gradient, zonal, and isopycnic centrifugation used to separate cell components.
5) Components of an ultracentrifuge like rotors, buckets,
Centrifugation basic principle & theoryMayank Sagar
Centrifugation is a process used to separate or concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium. It is a method to separate molecules based on their sedimentation rate under the centrifugal field. It involves the use of centrifugal force for the sedimentation of molecules.
1. Instrumental analysis involves using instruments to convert physical or chemical characteristics of analytes into interpretable information. This includes clinical chemistry which aims to facilitate accurate diagnostic testing.
2. Centrifugation techniques use high centrifugal force to separate particles or molecules in a suspension more quickly than gravity alone. This involves spinning samples at high revolutions per minute in different types of centrifuges.
3. Centrifuges vary in size from microcentrifuges suitable for small volumes to preparative or analytical ultracentrifuges capable of very high speeds. The type used depends on the separation or analysis needed. All aim to control variables like speed, radius, and temperature to achieve reliable separations.
Restriction of bacterial plasmid by Restriction Enzymes PracticalSabahat Ali
Restriction Enzymes are also known as Molecular scissors. Produce cohesive/sticky and blunt ends. Many restriction enzymes are present have their own particular Restriction sites (Palindromic Sequences)
Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their size, shape, density, and other properties. A centrifuge applies this force by rapidly spinning samples placed in tubes or other holders. There are different types of centrifuges and rotors that are suited for different separation purposes like pelleting, density gradient separation, or zonal centrifugation. The relative centrifugal force or RCF is used to quantify and compare the force applied across different centrifuge models and rotor configurations.
The document discusses centrifuges and centrifugation. It begins by summarizing the early history of centrifuges, including inventions in the 18th and 19th centuries. It then provides definitions and explanations of key terms like centrifuge, centrifugation, and relative centrifugal force. The rest of the document details different types of centrifuges, components of centrifuges, separation techniques, and rotors and tubes used in centrifugation.
The document discusses ultracentrifugation, which uses high centrifugal forces to separate particles in solutions based on size, shape, and density. It describes:
1) How particles experience centrifugal, buoyant, and frictional forces when spun in an ultracentrifuge.
2) Key terms like sedimentation rate, sedimentation coefficient, and angular velocity.
3) Types of ultracentrifugation experiments like sedimentation velocity and equilibrium experiments.
4) Types of preparative ultracentrifugation like differential, density gradient, zonal, and isopycnic centrifugation used to separate cell components.
5) Components of an ultracentrifuge like rotors, buckets,
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, causing denser particles to sediment out of solution. There are two main types - preparative centrifugation which separates large amounts of samples, and analytical centrifugation which analyzes small amounts. Centrifugation has many applications including isolating suspensions, isotope separation, and separating cellular components.
1) SDS-PAGE is a technique that separates proteins by molecular weight through gel electrophoresis.
2) Proteins are treated with SDS and β-mercaptoethanol to denature them before loading onto a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel with stacking and separating sections.
3) As proteins migrate through the gel under an electric current, their movement depends on size, with smaller proteins traveling farther, allowing separation by molecular weight.
2-D electrophoresis is a powerful and widely used method for the analysis of complex protein mixtures extracted from cells, tissues, or other biological samples.
Two-dimensional electrophoresis was first introduced by O’Farrell and Klose in 1975
2-DGE is a multi-step separation technique in which proteins are solubilized and separated according to charge (pI) in the first dimension using IEF, followed by size (molecular weight, MW) using SDS-PAGE in the second dimension.
The separated proteins are stained with coomassie or silver stain to produce a two-dimensional protein reference map.
This document summarizes centrifugation techniques used to separate particles from solutions based on their properties. It describes how centrifugal force allows for separation by size, shape, density, and other factors. Differential and density gradient centrifugation techniques are outlined, along with examples of how centrifuges and ultracentrifuges work at varying speeds to separate molecules and organelles through pelleting or movement within density gradients. Specific applications like separating DNA and subcellular components are also mentioned.
Ultracentrifugation is a technique that uses high centrifugal forces generated by rotational speeds of up to 150,000 rpm to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity. It is an important tool in biochemical research used to isolate molecules like DNA, RNA, lipids, and separate organelles from cells. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which studies molecular interactions and properties, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles using techniques like density gradient centrifugation. Proper rotor selection and maintenance of the centrifuge are important for safe and effective use of this technique.
Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences. It involves separating DNA fragments by size via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using a labeled probe to hybridize to the target sequence. The probe binds only to complementary DNA fragments, allowing their detection and location on the membrane via autoradiography. Key steps include restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, gel electrophoresis, membrane transfer, probe hybridization, and x-ray film development to visualize hybridized fragments. Southern blotting is used for applications like mutation detection, gene rearrangement studies, and forensic analysis.
This document discusses techniques for sub-cellular fractionation, specifically differential velocity centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation. Differential velocity centrifugation separates cellular components based on size, shape, and density by centrifuging at progressively higher speeds. Density gradient centrifugation separates components based on density by layering a cell extract on top of a buffer solution with a gradient of increasing density, allowing components to separate out as they migrate to the position matching their own density. The document provides details on procedures and materials needed to perform sub-cellular fractionation using these techniques.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, which causes heavier components to sediment. There are several types including preparative centrifugation to separate/purify biological samples, analytical centrifugation to determine physical characteristics, differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density differences, and ultracentrifugation using very high speeds. Centrifugation has many applications in research, medicine, and industry.
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by size. Proteins are treated with SDS to impart a uniform charge, then loaded into wells in a polyacrylamide gel. An electric current causes the proteins to migrate through the stacking gel and separating gel at rates inversely proportional to their log molecular weight. The separated proteins are then stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye to visualize bands and determine their molecular weights by comparing to marker proteins.
Gel electrophoresis native, denaturing&reducingLovnish Thakur
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules - especially proteins and nucleic acids - that differ in size, charge or conformation.
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic structure of crystals. It involves firing X-rays at a crystal and measuring the scattering pattern, which can reveal the positions of atoms within the crystal. Key apparatus include an X-ray source, filters and monochromators to produce a single wavelength beam, a diffractometer to rotate the crystal and detector, and an X-ray detector. The procedure involves growing crystals, collecting diffraction data, solving the crystal structure through methods like molecular replacement, and refining the structural model. X-ray crystallography is used to study biological molecules and materials that form crystals.
Ultracentrifugation uses very high rotational speeds, up to 8000 rpm, to impose centrifugal forces over 600,000g and separate particles based on small differences in properties. There are two main types: analytical ultracentrifugation studies molecular interactions in real-time using optical detection systems, while preparative ultracentrifugation separates larger samples using density gradients to isolate components like organelles. Analytical uses small samples and optical analysis to determine sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights, while preparative separates whole components from mixtures. Both techniques exploit centrifugal force to differentiate particles based on size, shape, density and other factors.
Centrifugation is a separation technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, causing denser components to sediment faster and separate out from less dense components. The basic components of a centrifuge are an electric motor to spin the samples and a rotor to hold the sample containers. There are different types of rotors and centrifugation techniques that separate samples based on factors like density, size, or sedimentation rate. Proper use and maintenance of centrifuges and rotors is important for safety and instrument lifespan.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning a liquid sample at high speeds, causing denser components to migrate outward and separate from less dense components. There are several types of centrifugation including density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications such as separating immiscible liquids, purifying cells, and separating blood components.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It can be used to sediment particles, isolate cellular components like organelles, and separate molecules and complexes. Different types of centrifuges include low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges, which separate particles through differential centrifugation or density gradient centrifugation. Analytical centrifugation allows observation of fractionation processes and is used to study macromolecules. Centrifugation has various applications including concentration, separation, isolation of organelles, and separation of blood components or cream from milk.
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed in a rotor and spun at a define speed.
Ultracentrifugation is a specialized technique that spins samples at extremely high speeds, up to 150,000 rpm, allowing separation of smaller particles like viruses and proteins. It operates in a vacuum chamber to eliminate air friction and attain high speeds with little energy. Modern ultracentrifuges have optical devices to observe and photograph sedimentation and are used to separate organelles, membranes, and purify proteins and nucleic acids.
Centrifugation is a process which involves the use of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures to separate the two miscible substances ,and also to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of macro molecule with a centrifuge , used in industry and in laboratory setting.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. Particles of different masses will settle at different rates in response to gravity when placed in a centrifuge. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges that can generate different centrifugal forces. Centrifugation techniques like density gradient centrifugation and differential centrifugation are used to separate components of a mixture based on properties like size, shape, and density. Centrifugation has many applications in clinical and research laboratories, such as separating blood components and isolating organelles or other cellular components.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of particles based on density. It works by spinning a sample rapidly, causing denser particles to migrate outward while less dense particles move inward. There are various types of centrifuges and rotors that can be used for different applications like separating blood components, purifying proteins, or clarifying wine. Common techniques include differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on buoyant density, and ultracentrifugation for high-speed separations. Centrifugation is widely used in industries like water treatment and laboratories for analytical purposes.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, causing denser particles to sediment out of solution. There are two main types - preparative centrifugation which separates large amounts of samples, and analytical centrifugation which analyzes small amounts. Centrifugation has many applications including isolating suspensions, isotope separation, and separating cellular components.
1) SDS-PAGE is a technique that separates proteins by molecular weight through gel electrophoresis.
2) Proteins are treated with SDS and β-mercaptoethanol to denature them before loading onto a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel with stacking and separating sections.
3) As proteins migrate through the gel under an electric current, their movement depends on size, with smaller proteins traveling farther, allowing separation by molecular weight.
2-D electrophoresis is a powerful and widely used method for the analysis of complex protein mixtures extracted from cells, tissues, or other biological samples.
Two-dimensional electrophoresis was first introduced by O’Farrell and Klose in 1975
2-DGE is a multi-step separation technique in which proteins are solubilized and separated according to charge (pI) in the first dimension using IEF, followed by size (molecular weight, MW) using SDS-PAGE in the second dimension.
The separated proteins are stained with coomassie or silver stain to produce a two-dimensional protein reference map.
This document summarizes centrifugation techniques used to separate particles from solutions based on their properties. It describes how centrifugal force allows for separation by size, shape, density, and other factors. Differential and density gradient centrifugation techniques are outlined, along with examples of how centrifuges and ultracentrifuges work at varying speeds to separate molecules and organelles through pelleting or movement within density gradients. Specific applications like separating DNA and subcellular components are also mentioned.
Ultracentrifugation is a technique that uses high centrifugal forces generated by rotational speeds of up to 150,000 rpm to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity. It is an important tool in biochemical research used to isolate molecules like DNA, RNA, lipids, and separate organelles from cells. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which studies molecular interactions and properties, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles using techniques like density gradient centrifugation. Proper rotor selection and maintenance of the centrifuge are important for safe and effective use of this technique.
Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences. It involves separating DNA fragments by size via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using a labeled probe to hybridize to the target sequence. The probe binds only to complementary DNA fragments, allowing their detection and location on the membrane via autoradiography. Key steps include restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, gel electrophoresis, membrane transfer, probe hybridization, and x-ray film development to visualize hybridized fragments. Southern blotting is used for applications like mutation detection, gene rearrangement studies, and forensic analysis.
This document discusses techniques for sub-cellular fractionation, specifically differential velocity centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation. Differential velocity centrifugation separates cellular components based on size, shape, and density by centrifuging at progressively higher speeds. Density gradient centrifugation separates components based on density by layering a cell extract on top of a buffer solution with a gradient of increasing density, allowing components to separate out as they migrate to the position matching their own density. The document provides details on procedures and materials needed to perform sub-cellular fractionation using these techniques.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, which causes heavier components to sediment. There are several types including preparative centrifugation to separate/purify biological samples, analytical centrifugation to determine physical characteristics, differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density differences, and ultracentrifugation using very high speeds. Centrifugation has many applications in research, medicine, and industry.
SDS-PAGE is a technique used to separate proteins by size. Proteins are treated with SDS to impart a uniform charge, then loaded into wells in a polyacrylamide gel. An electric current causes the proteins to migrate through the stacking gel and separating gel at rates inversely proportional to their log molecular weight. The separated proteins are then stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye to visualize bands and determine their molecular weights by comparing to marker proteins.
Gel electrophoresis native, denaturing&reducingLovnish Thakur
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules - especially proteins and nucleic acids - that differ in size, charge or conformation.
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic structure of crystals. It involves firing X-rays at a crystal and measuring the scattering pattern, which can reveal the positions of atoms within the crystal. Key apparatus include an X-ray source, filters and monochromators to produce a single wavelength beam, a diffractometer to rotate the crystal and detector, and an X-ray detector. The procedure involves growing crystals, collecting diffraction data, solving the crystal structure through methods like molecular replacement, and refining the structural model. X-ray crystallography is used to study biological molecules and materials that form crystals.
Ultracentrifugation uses very high rotational speeds, up to 8000 rpm, to impose centrifugal forces over 600,000g and separate particles based on small differences in properties. There are two main types: analytical ultracentrifugation studies molecular interactions in real-time using optical detection systems, while preparative ultracentrifugation separates larger samples using density gradients to isolate components like organelles. Analytical uses small samples and optical analysis to determine sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights, while preparative separates whole components from mixtures. Both techniques exploit centrifugal force to differentiate particles based on size, shape, density and other factors.
Centrifugation is a separation technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, causing denser components to sediment faster and separate out from less dense components. The basic components of a centrifuge are an electric motor to spin the samples and a rotor to hold the sample containers. There are different types of rotors and centrifugation techniques that separate samples based on factors like density, size, or sedimentation rate. Proper use and maintenance of centrifuges and rotors is important for safety and instrument lifespan.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning a liquid sample at high speeds, causing denser components to migrate outward and separate from less dense components. There are several types of centrifugation including density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications such as separating immiscible liquids, purifying cells, and separating blood components.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It can be used to sediment particles, isolate cellular components like organelles, and separate molecules and complexes. Different types of centrifuges include low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges, which separate particles through differential centrifugation or density gradient centrifugation. Analytical centrifugation allows observation of fractionation processes and is used to study macromolecules. Centrifugation has various applications including concentration, separation, isolation of organelles, and separation of blood components or cream from milk.
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed in a rotor and spun at a define speed.
Ultracentrifugation is a specialized technique that spins samples at extremely high speeds, up to 150,000 rpm, allowing separation of smaller particles like viruses and proteins. It operates in a vacuum chamber to eliminate air friction and attain high speeds with little energy. Modern ultracentrifuges have optical devices to observe and photograph sedimentation and are used to separate organelles, membranes, and purify proteins and nucleic acids.
Centrifugation is a process which involves the use of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures to separate the two miscible substances ,and also to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of macro molecule with a centrifuge , used in industry and in laboratory setting.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. Particles of different masses will settle at different rates in response to gravity when placed in a centrifuge. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges that can generate different centrifugal forces. Centrifugation techniques like density gradient centrifugation and differential centrifugation are used to separate components of a mixture based on properties like size, shape, and density. Centrifugation has many applications in clinical and research laboratories, such as separating blood components and isolating organelles or other cellular components.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of particles based on density. It works by spinning a sample rapidly, causing denser particles to migrate outward while less dense particles move inward. There are various types of centrifuges and rotors that can be used for different applications like separating blood components, purifying proteins, or clarifying wine. Common techniques include differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on buoyant density, and ultracentrifugation for high-speed separations. Centrifugation is widely used in industries like water treatment and laboratories for analytical purposes.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of substances based on density differences. It involves spinning a sample in a centrifuge which causes denser components to migrate outward while less dense components migrate inward. There are various types of centrifugation techniques used for separation in industrial and laboratory settings, including differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications such as separating solids from liquids in water treatment, separating blood components, and separating particles in industrial processes.
The document discusses centrifugation, including its definition, principles, classifications, construction, advantages/disadvantages, and applications. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It can separate components in industry, water treatment, and pharmaceutical/biological analysis. Centrifuges are classified by speed, temperature, and use. Common techniques include density gradient, differential, and ultra centrifugation. Industrial and laboratory centrifuges have various uses such as wastewater treatment and isolating cell components.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in suspension. It works by spinning the suspension at high speeds, causing heavier particles to settle out of the liquid based on density and size differences. There are various types of centrifugation including differential, density gradient, and ultra centrifugation. Centrifuges are widely used in industries like pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and wastewater treatment to separate mixtures and purify products. They provide advantages of a clean separation but also have high energy costs.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It can be used to sediment particles, isolate cellular components like organelles, and separate molecules and complexes. Different types of centrifuges include low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges, which separate particles through differential centrifugation or density gradient centrifugation. Analytical centrifugation allows observation of fractionation processes and is used to study macromolecules. Centrifugation has various applications including concentration, separation, isolation of organelles, and separation of blood components or cream from milk.
A centrifuge uses centrifugal force to separate fluids or particles of different densities. It works by applying centrifugal acceleration, which causes denser particles to move outward in the radial direction while less dense particles move to the center. There are different types of rotors and centrifuges that separate particles based on properties like size, shape, density or sedimentation rate. Ultracentrifuges spin at very high speeds of over 100,000g to separate small particles like organelles, viruses and macromolecules.
Ultracentrifugation is a technique that uses very high rotational speeds, up to 80,000 rpm, to separate particles via centrifugal force up to 600,000g. There are two main types: analytical ultracentrifugation monitors particles in real-time to study molecular interactions and properties, while preparative ultracentrifugation isolates and purifies particles like organelles. Common techniques include differential centrifugation to separate organelles and density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density.
The document provides an overview of centrifuges. It discusses the theory behind centrifugation and how centrifugal force allows for separation of particles based on size and density. It describes different types of centrifugation including preparative and analytical and separation techniques like differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation. The document also classifies centrifuges based on speed, rotor orientation, intended use, and construction. It outlines several functions centrifuges can perform including separation, clarification, classification, degritting, and thickening or concentration.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It has been used since the 17th century and has evolved significantly. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, ultracentrifuges, and more specialized types. Centrifugation principles involve applying centrifugal force to separate components based on size, density, viscosity, and rotor speed. It has many applications in science, medicine, and industry such as separating blood components, purifying proteins and viruses, and producing skim milk.
Introduction
Definition
Components of centrifuge
Types of centrifugation
Application
Conclusion
References
A centrifugation is a technique for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
Centrifugation is one of
the most important and
widely applied research cellular,
techniques in bio-chemistry and
molecular biology, pharmacy and
in medicine.
This document summarizes a presentation on centrifugation given by Bhavika B. Katariya. It defines centrifugation as a process that uses centrifugal force to separate materials of different densities in a suspension. The key principles of centrifugation are explained, including how centrifuges use very strong centrifugal forces compared to gravity alone to separate particles based on density differences. The main types of centrifugation are described as density gradient, differential, and ultra centrifugation. Applications of centrifugation in various fields like biology, chemistry and forensics are also listed.
This document discusses centrifugation, including its principle, types of centrifuges, and applications. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. There are three main types of centrifuges - low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges - which can achieve different revolutions per minute and relative centrifugal forces. Centrifugation techniques include preparative, which separates particles into pellets and supernatants, and analytical like differential and density gradient centrifugation for measuring properties of particles. Centrifugation is used widely in industry and research labs to separate components of mixtures.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density, with denser components moving outward and lighter components staying nearer the center; there are three main types - low-speed for pelleting coarse particles, high-speed for organelles/proteins, and ultracentrifuges which attain very high speeds and are used for lipoprotein separation and analytical measurements due to their cooling systems. Centrifugation has many applications from separating blood components to producing skim milk.
Analytical tool in Biochemistry and chemistryKimEliakim1
The document discusses centrifugation, which uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a liquid based on density. It can be used to separate blood components. A centrifuge spins a sample at high speeds using rotors to generate centrifugal force much stronger than gravity. Denser particles sediment faster and settle at the bottom. Centrifugation is used in laboratories and industries for separation, purification, and analysis of substances.
This presentation discusses centrifugation and different types of centrifuges. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on properties like density. There are various types of centrifuges like benchtop, ultra, micro centrifuges that use different rotors and speeds. Centrifugation techniques include analytical centrifugation which separates based on density and size, density gradient centrifugation using gradients, and differential centrifugation for subcellular fractions. Centrifugation has applications in separating blood components, purifying cells and proteins, and separating mixtures in various fields.
This document provides information about centrifugation and centrifuges. It defines centrifugation as using centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density, with denser components moving away from the center of rotation. It describes how centrifugal force is calculated based on mass, angular velocity, and distance from the center. Different types of centrifuges and rotors are discussed, including clinical centrifuges, refrigerated centrifuges, ultracentrifuges, and rotors like fixed angle and swinging bucket rotors. Common applications and uses of centrifugation are also summarized.
This document discusses centrifugation, which uses centrifugal force to separate biological particles in liquid. It describes the basic principles of how centrifugation works based on gravity and centrifugal force. There are different types of rotors and centrifuges that are used for various purposes. Differential centrifugation separates particles based on size, while density gradient centrifugation uses layers of different density solutions to separate particles based on density. Analytical centrifugation uses high speeds and optical systems to analyze particles. Centrifugation has many applications including separating blood cells, precipitates, subcellular components, and more.
Centrifugation is a procedure that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures. Denser components move away from the axis of rotation while less dense components move towards the axis. The document discusses the principles, types (low speed, high speed, ultracentrifuges), applications, and techniques (preparative, differential, density gradient) of centrifugation. It provides details on rotor types, speeds, uses for separating organelles, macromolecules, and more. Diagrams illustrate basic centrifuge components and a table compares characteristics of different centrifuge types.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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Centrifugation Presentation.pptx
1. A PRESENTATION ON
CENTRIFUGATION
SHRI SHANKARACHARYA MAHAVIDYALAYA
GUIDED BY:
Dr. Rachana Choudhary Mam
HEAD OF DEPT. (MICROBIOLOGY)
SUBMITTED BY:
Anisha Kazi
M.Sc Semester II
(Microbiology)
2. SYNOPSIS:
★ INTRODUCTION
★ DEFINITION
★ HISTORY
★ PRINCIPLE
★ INSTRUMENTATION OF CENTRIFUGE
★ TYPES OF CENTRIFUGATION TECHNIQUES
★ APPLICATIONS
★ CONCLUSION
★ REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION:
Centrifugation is a process which involves the use of the centrifugal force for the
sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge, used in industry and in
laboratory settings.
This process is used to separate two immiscible liquids.
More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge,
while less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.
DEFINITION:
“Centrifugation is a process used to separate or concentrate materials
suspended in a liquid medium. The theoretical basis of this technique is the
effect of gravity on particles (including macromolecules) in suspension. Two
particles of different masses will settle in a tube at different rates in response to
gravity.”
4. HISTORY:
In 1923 Theodor
Svedberg and his
student H. Rinde had
successfully analyzed
large-grained sols in
terms of their
gravitational
sedimentation.
Sols consist of a
substance evenly
distributed in another
substance, also known
as a colloid. However,
smaller grained sols,
such as those containing
gold, could not be
analyzed.
To investigate this problem
Svedberg developed an
analytical centrifuge,
equipped with a
photographic absorption
system, which would exert
a much greater centrifugal
effect. A centrifuge is a
device for separation.
THEODOR SYDBERG
5. PRINCIPLE:
● A centrifuge is a device for separating particles from a
solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of
the medium and rotor speed.
● In a solution, particles whose density is higher than that of
the solvent sink (sediment), and particles that are lighter
than it float to the top.
● The greater the difference in density, the faster they move. If
there is no difference in density (isopyknic conditions), the
particles stay steady.
● To take advantage of even tiny differences in density to
separate various particles in a solution, gravity can be
replaced with the much more powerful “centrifugal force”
provided by a centrifuge.
6. INSTRUMENTATION OF CENTRIFUGE:
➢ CENTRIFUGE:
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins
it in a circle), applying a potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward).
The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration
causes denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction.
At the same time, objects that are less dense are displaced and move to the center. In a
laboratory centrifuge that uses sample tubes, the radial acceleration causes denser particles
to settle to the bottom of the tube, while low density substances rise to the top.
It consist of two components, an electric motor to spin the sample and a rotor to hold tubes.
8. LOW SPEED CENTRIFUGE:
● Most laboratories have a standard low-speed centrifuge
used for routine sedimentation of heavy particles.
● The low speed centrifuge has a maximum speed of
4000-5000 rpm.
● These instruments usually operate at room temperatures
with no means of temperature control.
● Two types of rotors are used in it, fixed angle and
swinging bucket.
● It is used for sedimentation of red blood cells until the
particles are tightly packed into a pellet and supernatant
is separated by decantation.
LOW SPEED CENTRIFUGE
9. HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGE:
● High speed centrifuges are used in more
sophisticated biochemical applications, higher
speeds and temperature control of the rotor
chamber are essential.
● The operator of this instrument can carefully
control speed and temperature which is required
for sensitive biological samples.
● Three types of rotors are available for high speed
centrifugation-fixed angle, swinging bucket,
vertical rotors.
HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGE
10. ULTRA-CENTRIFUGE
❏ It is the most sophisticated instrument
❏ Intense heat is generated due to high
speed thus the spinning chambers must be
refrigerated and kept at high vacuum.
❏ It is used for both preparative work and
analytical work.
ULTRA-CENTRIFUGE
11. CENTRIFUGE ROTOR:
A centrifuge rotor is the rotating unit of the centrifuge, which has fixed holes
drilled at an angle. Test tubes are placed inside these holes and the rotor
spins to aid in the separation of the materials.
TYPES OF
CENTRIFUGE
ROTOR
SWING BUCKET
ROTOR
FIXED ANGLE
ROTOR VERTICAL ROTOR
12. SWING BUCKET ROTOR:
A swing-bucket rotor usually supports samples ranging in volume
from 36 mL to 2.2 mL. Swing-buckets can support two types of
separations: rate-zonal and Isopycnic.
Swing-buckets are preferred for rate-zonal separations, because the
distance between the outside of the meniscus and the outside of the
bottom of the tube is long enough for separation to occur
FIXED ANGLE ROTOR:
Fixed-angle rotors are usually used for pelleting applications to either
pellet particles from a suspension and remove the excess debris, or to
collect the pellet. Rotor cavities range from 0.2 mL to 1 mL.
The most important aspect in deciding to use a fixed-angle rotor is
the K factor. The K factor indicates how efficient the rotor can pellet
at maximum speed. The lower the K factor, the higher the pelleting
efficiency
SWING BUCKET ROTOR
FIXED ANGLE ROTOR
13. VERTICAL ROTOR
Vertical rotors are highly specialized. They are typically
used to band DNA in cesium chloride. Vertical rotors have
very low K factors, which is useful if the particle must only
move a short distance until it pellets. Run time on vertical
rotors is short. VERTICAL ANGLE ROTOR
TYPES OF CENTRIFUGATION TECHNIQUES:
DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION
ULTRA CENTRIFUGATION
DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION
14. DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION:
It allow separation of many or all components in a mixture and allows for
measurement to be made
There are two forms of Density gradient centrifugation :
1. Rate- Zonal centrifugation.
2. Isopycnic or sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation.
RATE ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION:
In Rate zonal centrifugation the solution have a density gradient. The sample has a
density i.e. greater than all the layers in the solution.
The sample is applied in a thin zone at the top of the centrifuge tube on a density
gradient. Under centrifugal force, the particles will begin sedimenting through the
gradient.
15. The particles will begin sedimenting in separate zones according to their size shape and
density.
Fig: Tube showing rate zonal centrifugation
In this type of centrifugation , the solution contains a greater range of densities.
The density gradient contains the whole range of densities of the particles in the sample.
Each particle will sediment only to the position in the centrifuge tube at which the gradient
density is equal to its own density.
Isopycnic or sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation:
16. In Isopycnic centrifugation separation of particles occurs into zones on the basis of their
density differences, independent of time.
Fig: Isopycnic sedimentation
17. DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION:
Differential centrifugation is a common procedure in microbiology and cytology used to
separate certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of cells.
In the process, a tissue sample is first homogenized to break the cell membranes and mix
up the cell contents.
The homogenate is then subjected to repeated centrifugations, each time removing the
pellet and increasing the centrifugal force
18. ULTRA CENTRIFUGATION:
An important tool in biochemical research is the centrifuge, which through rapid spinning
imposes high centrifugal forces on suspended particles, or even molecules in solution, and
causes separations of such matter on the basis Ultracentrifugation of differences in
weight.
Example: Red cells may be separated from plasma of blood, nuclei from mitochondria in
cell homogenates, and one protein from another in complex mixtures.
Its rotational speed is upto 150,000 rpm.It creates a centrifugal force upto 900,000.
TYPES OF ULTRACENTRIFUGATION
1.ANALYTICAL ULTRACENTRIFUGATION: The aim of analytical ultracentrifugation is use to
study molecular interactions between macromolecules or to analyse properties of sedimenting
particles such as their apparent molecular weight.
2.PREPARATIVE ULTRACENTRIFUGATION:The aim of preparative ultracentrifugation is to
isolate and purify specific particles such as subcellular organelles.
19. APPLICATIONS OF CENTRIFUGATION:
Removing fat from milk to produce skimmed milk.
Separation of urine components and blood components in forensic and research laboratory.
Centrifugation can be utilized to separate a mixture of two distinctive miscible fluids.
This technique can likewise be utilized to contemplate and examine macromolecules and
their hydrodynamic properties.
Centrifugation is known to play an important role in the fractionation of many
organelles. In addition, centrifugation is useful for membrane fractions and membrane
fractions.
Another important use of this technology is wine stabilization and clarification.
This technique, in a mix with other purification techniques, is very useful while
separating proteins. Different techniques that are utilized incorporate salting-out
techniques, for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation.
20. CONCLUSION:
Centrifugation is a useful and popular technique used by scientists today. It involves
separating out different particles using a machine called a centrifuge, which spins at a
very high speed so that particles in a solution are separated out by differences in
features such as particle size or density.
Differences in the viscosity of the medium and the speed of rotation is an important
factor, as larger particles separate out and form a pellet at lower speeds while smaller
particles require much higher speeds.
The application and relevance of centrifugation are mainly in life sciences, with various
techniques and different types of centrifuges used in biological research.
21. REFERENCES:
❏ Principle & Techniques of Practical Biochemistry by K.Wilson &
John Walker.
❏ A Classroom Laboratory of Molecular Biology Techniques by S
Carson, H Miller & D Scott.
❏ Modern theory and techniques of Biochemistry Laboratory by RF
Boyer.
❏ An Introduction to Centrifugation by T.C Ford & J.M Graham.
❏ Biotechniques theory & Practice by S.V.S Rana.
TEXTBOOK FROM-