Ascaris lumbricoides
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1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest intestinal roundworm that infects humans. 2. It has a cosmopolitan distribution but mainly affects tropical countries. 3. Infection occurs through ingestion of Ascaris eggs from contaminated soil, water, or food. The eggs are very resilient and can survive for years in the environment. 4. Most infections are asymptomatic but symptoms can include pulmonary issues from migrating larvae or intestinal problems from adult worms such as abdominal pain or malnutrition.
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Nematode
1. Ascaris lumbricoides, or the roundworm, is one of the most common intestinal nematodes infecting humans. It inhabits the small intestine and can reach lengths of over 20 cm in females.
2. The life cycle involves ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil. Inside the intestine, the larvae hatch and mature into adults. Females produce thousands of eggs daily that are passed in feces.
3. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include abdominal pain, nausea, intestinal obstruction, or migration of larvae to other organs causing pneumonia. Complications can also include appendicitis or pancreatitis. Diagnosis is made by finding eggs in
Ascaris lumbricoides
This document discusses Ascaris lumbricoides, the roundworm. It describes the morphology of the adult worms and eggs. The lifecycle is completed within a single human host. Symptoms of infection can include intestinal or pulmonary disease. Diagnosis is made by identifying eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and hygiene.
Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, infects humans and lives in the small intestine.
2. The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and developing in soil, which are then ingested and hatch in the small intestine. Larvae migrate through the lungs before reaching maturity in the small intestine.
3. Symptoms can include pneumonia during larval migration through the lungs, and intestinal obstruction, malnutrition, and allergic reactions from adult worms in the small intestine. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or adult worms after treatment.
Enterobius vermicularis(PINWORM)
An easy description of a common pinworm that cause itching of the anus.An easy approach to parasitoligy
Entrobius vermicularis
Lecture include: introduction, morphology, life cycle,symptoms, lab diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Cestodes - Hymenolepis nana - Taenia solium - Taenia saginata - Echinococcus ...
This document discusses cestodes (tapeworms) and provides information on their morphology, life cycles, and diseases they cause in humans. It describes the general characteristics of cestodes, including their segmented, tape-like shape and lack of digestive system. It separates cestodes into two main groups - pseudophyllidean and cyclophyllidean - and provides differences between them. Specific tapeworms discussed include Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Echinococcus granulosus. The larval forms and life cycles of these tapeworms are described, as well as the diseases they can cause, such as cysticercosis and hydat
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The adult worms can reach lengths of 20-35 cm in females and 15-30 cm in males. The life cycle involves fertilized eggs passing in feces and developing into infective larvae outside the body. People become infected by ingesting these embryonated eggs. The larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, migrate through the lungs, are swallowed and pass into the intestine where they mature into adult worms. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal pain,
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Nematode
1. Ascaris lumbricoides, or the roundworm, is one of the most common intestinal nematodes infecting humans. It inhabits the small intestine and can reach lengths of over 20 cm in females.
2. The life cycle involves ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil. Inside the intestine, the larvae hatch and mature into adults. Females produce thousands of eggs daily that are passed in feces.
3. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include abdominal pain, nausea, intestinal obstruction, or migration of larvae to other organs causing pneumonia. Complications can also include appendicitis or pancreatitis. Diagnosis is made by finding eggs in
Ascaris lumbricoides
This document discusses Ascaris lumbricoides, the roundworm. It describes the morphology of the adult worms and eggs. The lifecycle is completed within a single human host. Symptoms of infection can include intestinal or pulmonary disease. Diagnosis is made by identifying eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and hygiene.
Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, infects humans and lives in the small intestine.
2. The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and developing in soil, which are then ingested and hatch in the small intestine. Larvae migrate through the lungs before reaching maturity in the small intestine.
3. Symptoms can include pneumonia during larval migration through the lungs, and intestinal obstruction, malnutrition, and allergic reactions from adult worms in the small intestine. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or adult worms after treatment.
Enterobius vermicularis(PINWORM)
An easy description of a common pinworm that cause itching of the anus.An easy approach to parasitoligy
Entrobius vermicularis
Lecture include: introduction, morphology, life cycle,symptoms, lab diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Cestodes - Hymenolepis nana - Taenia solium - Taenia saginata - Echinococcus ...
This document discusses cestodes (tapeworms) and provides information on their morphology, life cycles, and diseases they cause in humans. It describes the general characteristics of cestodes, including their segmented, tape-like shape and lack of digestive system. It separates cestodes into two main groups - pseudophyllidean and cyclophyllidean - and provides differences between them. Specific tapeworms discussed include Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Echinococcus granulosus. The larval forms and life cycles of these tapeworms are described, as well as the diseases they can cause, such as cysticercosis and hydat
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The adult worms can reach lengths of 20-35 cm in females and 15-30 cm in males. The life cycle involves fertilized eggs passing in feces and developing into infective larvae outside the body. People become infected by ingesting these embryonated eggs. The larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, migrate through the lungs, are swallowed and pass into the intestine where they mature into adult worms. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal pain,
ascaris lumbricoids
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide. The life cycle involves ingestion of Ascaris eggs from contaminated soil, hatching of larvae in the intestine, migration through the lungs, and maturation into adult worms in the small intestine. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some people experience abdominal pain, nausea, coughing or vomiting worms. Diagnosis is made by finding Ascaris eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves deworming medications like albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to prevent fecal contamination of soil
Ascaris Lumbricoides
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Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes hydatid disease in humans and intermediate hosts like sheep. It has a two-host lifecycle, using dogs as the definitive host and sheep as the primary intermediate host. In humans, the larval cysts most commonly form in the liver and lungs. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of dogs, where it releases eggs that are passed in feces and ingested by intermediate hosts. When the eggs reach the liver, they develop into hydatid cysts.
Balantidium Coli
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Fasciola hepatica
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Ascariasis
This document describes ascariasis, caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It is most common in children in tropical areas with poor sanitation. The worms live in the small intestine and the female can lay up to 200,000 eggs daily that are passed in feces. When eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that migrate through organs before maturing in the lungs and being swallowed to the intestines. Heavy infections can cause malnutrition, obstruction, and other complications. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or worms. Treatment includes mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene.
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- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
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- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
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This document provides information on various intestinal nematodes including Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, and Enterobius vermicularis. It discusses their classification, morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include that Ascaris is the largest intestinal nematode infecting humans, hookworms attach to the intestinal wall using teeth or cutting plates to feed on blood, and Enterobius causes rectal pruritus. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for eggs or larvae. Common treatments include mebendazole, albendazole, and pyrantel pamoate.
Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest roundworm that commonly infects humans, inhabiting the small intestine. It is highly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.
2. The adult worms can cause intestinal obstruction, while migrating larvae can cause aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms range from none to severe abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding the eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. Maintaining good sanitation is important for prevention.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides is a common roundworm parasite that infects an estimated 1 billion people worldwide (1 out of 4 people), being most prevalent in underdeveloped areas with poor sanitation. It is transmitted via ingestion of eggs from contaminated food or soil and causes symptoms ranging from abdominal discomfort to pulmonary issues during larval migration. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like mebendazole or albendazole and prevention focuses on improved sanitation and limiting the use of human feces as fertilizer.
Ascaris
Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, is the most prevalent intestinal nematode parasite of humans. It inhabits the small intestine and can cause complications like intestinal obstruction. The adult female worm is 20-35cm long and lays hundreds of thousands of eggs per day that are passed in feces. When ingested, the eggs hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall, travel to the lungs, and are then swallowed making their way back to the small intestine where they mature into adult worms.
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ascaris lumbricoids
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide. The life cycle involves ingestion of Ascaris eggs from contaminated soil, hatching of larvae in the intestine, migration through the lungs, and maturation into adult worms in the small intestine. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some people experience abdominal pain, nausea, coughing or vomiting worms. Diagnosis is made by finding Ascaris eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves deworming medications like albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to prevent fecal contamination of soil
Ascaris Lumbricoides
lecture include: introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathology, lab diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control methods.
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Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes hydatid disease in humans and intermediate hosts like sheep. It has a two-host lifecycle, using dogs as the definitive host and sheep as the primary intermediate host. In humans, the larval cysts most commonly form in the liver and lungs. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of dogs, where it releases eggs that are passed in feces and ingested by intermediate hosts. When the eggs reach the liver, they develop into hydatid cysts.
Balantidium Coli
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
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Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
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The document discusses hemoflagellates, single-celled flagellated parasites that infect the blood and tissues of humans and animals. It describes the structure, life cycles, transmission, geographic distribution, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of two important genera of hemoflagellates: Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in South and Central America. Key aspects of the parasites, diseases they cause, and approaches to control are summarized.
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This document provides information on the tapeworm Cestode. It discusses several types of tapeworms that can infect humans, including Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), and Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm). For each tapeworm, it describes their life cycles, symptoms and diseases they can cause, identification properties, and methods for laboratory diagnosis. The document contains detailed diagrams illustrating the life cycles of the different tapeworms.
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general characteristics, morphology, history, epidimeology, life cycle, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis.
Balatidium coli
This document discusses Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two life stages, a motile trophozoite stage that inhabits the large intestine and reproduces, and an infective cyst stage that is transmitted through fecal contamination. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and ulceration of the intestinal wall. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves oral antibiotics such as tetracycline or metronidazole.
Helminths
This document summarizes the life cycles and transmission of various intestinal parasites. It discusses nematodes (roundworms) like Ascaris, Enterobius, and Ancylostoma which infect the intestines. It also mentions the tissue-infecting roundworm Trichinella spiralis. For flatworms, it covers trematodes (flukes) like Schistosoma which causes schistosomiasis, and cestodes (tapeworms) such as Taenia and Echinococcus. The document describes the infective stages, symptoms, diagnosis, and transmission routes of these parasites.
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3. trichomonas
Trichomonas is a genus of flagellated protozoa that can infect humans. Trichomonas vaginalis specifically is a sexually transmitted protozoon that is common among sexually active individuals aged 16-35. It infects the vagina in women and urethra in men. Symptoms in women can include excessive discharge and vaginal inflammation, while men may experience thin discharge and prostate issues. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of discharge or molecular detection methods. Treatment involves metronidazole along with treatment of any sexual partners to prevent reinfection.
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This document describes ascariasis, caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It is most common in children in tropical areas with poor sanitation. The worms live in the small intestine and the female can lay up to 200,000 eggs daily that are passed in feces. When eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines releasing larvae that migrate through organs before maturing in the lungs and being swallowed to the intestines. Heavy infections can cause malnutrition, obstruction, and other complications. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or worms. Treatment includes mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene.
Wuchereria bancrofti
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
Nematodes
The document discusses several nematode parasites including Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm), and filarial worms such as Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of these parasites. Key information includes that pinworms infect the intestines and guinea worms emerge from blisters in the skin after a year of maturation, while filarial worms reside in the lymphatic system and bloodstream, being transmitted by mosquitoes.
Kissing bugs
Kissing bugs, also known as triatomine bugs, are nocturnal insects that feed on vertebrate blood and transmit the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi which causes Chagas disease. They belong to the subfamily Triatominae in the order Hemiptera. Kissing bugs are attracted to light and often bite sleeping victims on the face, hence their name. They lay eggs which hatch into nymphs that molt five times to become adults. Kissing bugs transmit Chagas disease through contamination of the bite wound with their feces.
Schistosoma haematobium
This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
- Clinical manifestations range from transient rashes to hematuria,
Intestinal Nematodes
This document provides information on various intestinal nematodes including Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, and Enterobius vermicularis. It discusses their classification, morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include that Ascaris is the largest intestinal nematode infecting humans, hookworms attach to the intestinal wall using teeth or cutting plates to feed on blood, and Enterobius causes rectal pruritus. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for eggs or larvae. Common treatments include mebendazole, albendazole, and pyrantel pamoate.
Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest roundworm that commonly infects humans, inhabiting the small intestine. It is highly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.
2. The adult worms can cause intestinal obstruction, while migrating larvae can cause aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms range from none to severe abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding the eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. Maintaining good sanitation is important for prevention.
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The document provides background information on helminths (parasitic worms). It discusses their lifecycles, transmission methods, locations within the host body, and impacts on human health. Specifically, it covers the major groups of intestinal nematodes (roundworms) that commonly infect humans, including their classification, lifecycles involving egg/larval stages and environmental transmission, clinical symptoms, and methods of diagnosis through fecal sample examination.
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Nematodes are roundworms that can infect humans. They are divided into three groups based on where they reside in the body: intestinal nematodes, intestinal-tissue nematodes, and blood-tissue nematodes. Some common intestinal nematodes discussed in the document include Ascaris lumbricoides (the large roundworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms), and Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm). Their life cycles, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are described.
Chapter 15-NEMATODES(SHAYNE SUNICO).pptx
Nematodes are roundworms that can infect humans. They are divided into three groups based on their location in the body: intestinal nematodes, intestinal-tissue nematodes, and blood-tissue nematodes. Some common intestinal nematodes discussed in the document include Ascaris lumbricoides (the large roundworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms), and Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm). These parasites have complex life cycles involving eggs, larvae, and adult worms that can cause diseases like ascariasis and hookworm infection
Nematoda
1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common intestinal parasite found worldwide, especially in rural areas and among children.
2. It has a life cycle involving eggs that are ingested and develop into adults worms in the small intestine, causing symptoms like abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool samples under a microscope; treatment involves a single dose of albendazole or mebenazole.
2.a.lumbricoides and hookworms
Hookworms are intestinal parasitic roundworms that infect the small intestine. They have a direct lifecycle where the infective third stage larva penetrates the skin and migrates through the lungs before reaching the small intestine to mature and reproduce. Eggs are passed in feces. Pathogenesis is due to the host immune response to migrating larvae, mechanical damage from larval migration, effects of adult worms in the intestines including blood loss. Common symptoms include iron deficiency anemia.
Ancylostoma caninum
veterinary parasitology
Introduction
morphology
Life cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Soil transmitted helminths
Soil-transmitted helminths like Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms infect approximately 2 billion people worldwide. They are transmitted through contaminated soil and water. The worms cause diseases by inhabiting the intestines and feeding on tissues or blood, potentially leading to anemia, malnutrition, and impaired development. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for worm eggs. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs, while prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce environmental contamination.
Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly known as the large roundworm, infects humans through ingestion of its eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil.
2. The eggs hatch in the intestines, and the larvae migrate through the lungs before maturing into adult worms in the small intestine.
3. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include intestinal obstruction, pneumonia, and malnutrition. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or adult worms after treatment. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and hygiene.
Intestinal nematodes
This document discusses several intestinal nematodes including Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), and hookworms. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these parasites. Intestinal nematodes can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the worm burden. Diseases result from nutrient deficiency, intestinal obstruction, or blood loss caused by hookworms. Sanitation and hygiene practices like handwashing and use of toilets are important for prevention.
Parasitology helmith 2011
This document provides an overview of clinical parasitology and classifications of human parasites. It discusses nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and protozoa. For nematodes, it describes key intestinal roundworms like Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis, as well as tissue/blood nematodes such as filarial worms. It also discusses cestodes like Taenia solium and Diphyllobothrium latum, and provides brief summaries of parasites' life cycles, symptoms, and treatments.
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Class Trematoda_073315, the Flukes- lung, liver, intestinal
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Introduction to medical parasitology
This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It defines parasitology as the study of organisms that live temporarily or permanently in or on the human body. There are three main classes of medical parasitology: medical protozoology, medical helminthology, and medical entomology. The document defines key parasitology terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, life cycle, and provides classifications of different types of parasites including protozoa and helminths.
Malaria resistance
This document summarizes several biological factors that provide resistance against falciparum malaria:
1) Hemoglobin S provides protection to heterozygous individuals by causing parasitized red blood cells to sickle more quickly, phagocytosing the parasites before they can develop.
2) Thalassemia genes may injure parasites invading thalassemic cells due to increased membrane sensitivity to peroxide damage.
3) G6PD deficient females have red blood cell populations with normal and deficient enzyme activity; studies show G6PD positive cells contain more parasites.
4) Ovalocytic red blood cells show relative resistance to P. falciparum likely due to morphological abnormalities and antigenic membrane composition.
Brugia species
Brugia species are parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis. There are two main species, B. malayi and B. timori. B. malayi was discovered in 1927 in Malaya, while B. timori was described in 1965 in Timor. Both have an indirect life cycle involving human hosts and mosquito intermediate hosts. Symptoms include lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, and late-stage lymphedema or elephantiasis. Diagnosis methods include blood smears, serological tests, PCR, and detecting microfilariae in urine. Control involves early diagnosis, treatment, vector control, and health education.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes lymph vessels to become blocked leading to swelling known as elephantiasis. The parasite has an indirect lifecycle, using humans as the definitive host and mosquitoes from genera including Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia and Aedes as intermediate hosts. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears or using serological tests and PCR to detect microfilariae or antibodies against the parasite. Control relies on early diagnosis and treatment, vector control through mosquito reduction, and health education.
Plasmodium ovale
P. ovale is a plasmodium species that causes malaria. It was first described in 1914 and is primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa and some Pacific islands. Unlike P. vivax, P. ovale can infect people without the Duffy blood group, explaining its higher prevalence in Africa. Symptoms of P. ovale malaria generally appear 12 to 20 days after infection and include fevers every 48 hours along with sweats and chills. Diagnosis is made by examining blood films for trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes in red blood cells, which are often enlarged and oval-shaped. Treatment involves early diagnosis, early antimalarial treatment, vector control measures, and health education
Malariae malaria
Plasmodium malariae was discovered in 1889 by Feletti and Grassi, who originally named it Haemamoeba malariae. It is found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. P. malariae has a low parasitemia due to producing a low number of merozoites during its asexual cycle, which occurs every 72 hours by developing inside aged red blood cells. It causes quartan malaria with fever every 72 hours and other symptoms like nausea, chills and cold sweats. Complications include nephrotic syndrome and edema. Diagnosis involves examining blood films for all parasite stages in the peripheral blood.
Plasmodium vivax m
This document provides information about Plasmodium vivax, the parasite that causes benign tertian malaria. P. vivax originated in Asia and is mostly found in Asia, Latin America, and parts of Africa. It has dormant liver stages called hypnozoites that can activate months or years later to cause relapse. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweats, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood film examination, rapid tests, culture and PCR. Treatment includes chloroquine and primaquine which target the blood and liver stages respectively. Prevention involves chemoprophylaxis with drugs like chloroquine and mosquito control measures.
Hook worms
Hook worms are intestinal parasites that infect humans and cause iron deficiency anemia. There are two main species that infect humans: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. They are transmitted through skin penetration by the infective larval stage or oral ingestion of larvae. The larvae mature into adult worms in the small intestine where they attach and feed on the host's blood, causing anemia. Symptoms range from asymptomatic infection to epigastric pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for eggs. Treatment and prevention includes medication of infected individuals, health education, and safe sanitation practices.
Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides stercoralis, also known as the dwarf threadworm or military worm, is a parasitic roundworm that infects the small intestine. It was first discovered in the feces of French soldiers in 1876. The parasite has a direct life cycle within the human host and an optional free-living cycle in the environment. Transmission occurs through skin contact with filariform larvae in soil. Light infections may be asymptomatic, while heavier infections can cause gastrointestinal or pulmonary symptoms. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples under a microscope or using concentration techniques to find rhabditiform larvae.
Trichiuris trichiura
Trichiuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, was first described in 1771. It resides in the large intestine of humans, mainly in children, and is found worldwide, especially in warm, moist climates. The whipworm life cycle involves eggs being passed in feces and requiring approximately 28 days outside the body to embryonate before being infectious if ingested. Heavy infections can cause abdominal pain, dysentery, and iron deficiency anemia. Prevention focuses on health education, treatment, and avoiding use of untreated human waste as fertilizer.
Light microscope
The document describes the light microscope. It defines a microscope as an optical instrument used to see small objects. It discusses the history of the microscope, including that the first compound microscope was created in 1590 and that Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek made early microscopic discoveries. It also outlines the basic parts of the light microscope, how they work together to magnify specimens, and proper use techniques.
Lab instrumentation
This document discusses laboratory instrumentation and the selection, purchase, and maintenance of laboratory equipment. It outlines seven criteria for selecting laboratory instruments, including whether the equipment improves services, the costs, suitability for the laboratory environment, staff training needs, replacement part availability, use of locally prepared reagents, and service contract terms. Eight steps for successful equipment purchasing are defined: establishing need, requirements, resources, calling tenders, evaluation, selection, and purchase. Recommendations for repair and maintenance include providing service manuals, spare parts lists, demonstrations, staff training, and backup equipment.
Lab centrifuges
A centrifuge is a laboratory device that spins liquid samples at high speeds to separate components by density. It has a central shaft that rotates tubes containing samples, subjecting them to centrifugal force. This force throws denser particles to the bottom of the tubes, separating them from less dense materials above. There are several types of centrifuges including benchtop, refrigerated, micro, and vacuum centrifuges used for various sample volumes and separation purposes. Proper balancing of tubes and following safety procedures are important when using a centrifuge.
Balances
This document discusses the principles and proper use of balances. It explains that a balance measures the force of gravity on an object, or its weight. Weight is dependent on location, while mass remains constant. Electronic balances use electromagnetic forces rather than beams to counterbalance a sample and convert the electrical signal to a weight measurement. The document provides guidelines for operating balances accurately, including leveling, taring, and avoiding sources of error like vibration. It stresses the importance of calibration and quality control programs to ensure balance measurements are valid.
E.vermicularis
Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as pinworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the large intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution and infects approximately 209 million people globally, predominantly among school-aged children between 5-10 years old. The parasite has a direct life cycle where humans are the only host. Female pinworms emerge from the anus at night to lay eggs, causing perianal pruritus and restlessness in infected individuals. Diagnosis involves examining perianal swabs, stool samples, or fingernails for the presence of pinworm eggs under a microscope.
Introduction to nematodes
Nematodes are elongated, cylindrical worms that are bilaterally symmetrical. They vary in size from millimeters to over a meter in length. Most nematodes live freely in freshwater, seawater, or soil, though some are parasitic. Nematodes are classified based on their habitat and mode of infection, and whether they lay eggs or produce live larvae. They pass through six developmental stages from egg to adult. Parasitic nematodes cause tissue damage through mechanical disruption and toxicity, with the level of damage depending on factors like species, worm burden, habitat, and host immune response.
Medical entomology
The document discusses entomology, the study of arthropods. It defines key terms like taxonomy and describes the classification system developed by Aristotle, John Ray, and Carolus Linnaeus. The text outlines important characteristics of arthropods like their exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed limbs. It also examines the five major classes of arthropods and how they can affect human health as nuisances, carriers of diseases, or through bites, venoms, and allergies.
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Ascaris lumbricoides
- 1. Ascaris lumbricoides MOSAB NOURALDEIN MOHAMMED HAMAD
- 2. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest nematodes parasitizing the human intestine . The name derived from Askaris means intestinal worm and lubricus means resembling with common earth worm .
- 3. Distribution Cosmopolitan , mainly affecting tropical countries .
- 4. Epidemiology There are number of factors contribute to the high frequency of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides , these include its : 1. Ubiquitous distribution 2. The high number of egg produced by fertilized female 3. The hard nature of the egg , which enable them to survive unfavorable condition ( can survive in the absence of oxygen, live 2 year at 5-10 c, unaffected by desiccation for 2 to 3 weeks) 4. In favorable condition ( moist, sandy soil) they can survive for up to 6 years .
- 5. Transmission Ingestion of embryonated egg ( containing L2)from contaminated soil ,water or food.
- 6. Life cycle
- 7. Clinical feature Mostly its asymptomatic Symptomatic disease is usually related to : Larval stage : pulmonary disease Adult stage : intestinal disease Symptoms usually develop after 9 to 12 days after ingestion of egg .
- 8. Pulmonary symptoms Caused by migratory larva Bronchospasms Dyspnea Wheezing Fever Non productive cough Chest pain
- 9. Loeffler’s syndrome ( Eosinophilic pneumonia): In severe cases patients dyspnea and a transient patchy infiltrates seen on chest X-ray along with peripheral eosinophilia .
- 10. Inestinal symptoms Caused by adult worm . Asymptomatic Abdominal pain Malnutrition and growth retardation Steatorrhea Intestinal obstruction
- 11. Extra intestinal complication Adult worm can enter the biliary tract , leading to cholecystitis , pancreatitis , intrahepatic abscess. Adult worm also can migrate to the pharynx and cause respiratory obstruction Allergy : May be due to toxic fluids ( ascarase or ascaron) released by adult worm
- 12. Laboratory diagnosis Egg detection in stool examination ( fertilized or un fertilized ) Larva detection in sputum Serologically by : 1. ELISA 2. IFAT 3. IHA
- 13. Other findings Eosinophilia Charcot Leyden crystals in sputum and stool .
- 14. Egg can be detected in direct wet preparation ( Saline or iodine wet mount) , if not , sedimentation concentration techniques can be used. Floatation techniques can not be use due to heavy weigh of egg . Occasionally adult stage can be seen by naked eye in sputum or stool .
- 15. Adult worm
- 18. Types of egg Unfertilized : ( with thick albuminous coat )
- 19. Fertilized egg : (With thin albuminous Coat)
- 20. Character Fertilized Unfertilized Shape Round Elongate Size Smaller Larger Albuminous cover Thin albuminous coat Thick albuminous coat Floatation technique Float Does not float Ovum Large unsegmented Small , unsegmented with highly refracticle granules
- 21. Decorticated egg ( without albuminous coat)
- 23. Prevention & control Treatment of patients ( albendazole or mebendazole) Health education Using of untreated human feces as fertilizer should be forbidden Improve the level of sanitation ( using latrines , washing hands before eating & after defecation )
- 24. Contact: Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad Head of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, Sudan Email: musab.noor13@gmail.com