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- 2. What we wantto learn? • Definition & meaning • Purpose of L.R. • Sources • Need • Uses • Pre-preparation • steps 2
- 3. Introduction • Essential step •Provides base • Justifies need • Throws light on flexibility of study • Reveals constraints of data collection • Relates findings 3
- 4. The Literature Review 4 Information seeking Critical appraisal
- 5. What is LR? Discussespublished information in a particular subject area, Just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. 5
- 6. What is LR? Aeffective evaluation of selected documents A review may form an essential part of the research process or may constitute a research project in itself. A critical synthesis of previous research. The evaluation of the literature leads logically to the research question. 6
- 7. The Literature Review Thereview of the literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials, and personal communications. 7
- 8. The Literature Review •Scholarly literature refer to published and unpublished data based literature and conceptual literature materials found in print and non print forms • Data based literature reports of completed research • Conceptual research reports of theories, concepts 8
- 9. Relationship Of ReviewOf Literature To Theory, Research, Education And Practice 9 Research Practice Education Theory Review of Literature
- 10. Why write LR? Handyguide to a particular topic. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper's investigation. 10
- 11. Why write LR? Forprofessionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field 11
- 12. Why write LR? Acritical look at the literature (facts and views) that already exists in the area you are researching. It demonstrates the relevance of the research. 12
- 13. Why write LR? Ina broader context Hart (1998) lists the following purposes of a review: Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done; Discovering important variables relevant to the topic; Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective; Identifying relationships between ideas and practice; Establishing the context of the topic or problem; 13
- 14. Why write LR? Rationalizingthe significance of the problem; Understanding the structure of the subject; Relating ideas and theory to applications; Identifying methodologies and techniques that have been used. 14
- 15. Non research Purposesof Literature Review Non Research purposes of literature review: Determines what is known Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies Discovers unanswered questions Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs, methods of inquiry and instruments used in earlier works Promotes development of protocols & policies related to nursing practice 15
- 16. Differences of Research& Non Research Purposes Whether a nurse is developing a research study, a curriculum, or a patient protocol, s/he should base that project on a critical review of the literature. The difference lies in the type of outcome produced 16
- 17. 17 Purposes of LiteratureReview The overall purpose of literature review is to discover knowledge
- 18. PLZZZZZZZZZZZZ……NOTE • A literaturereview is not a shopping list of everything that exists, but a critical analysis that shows an evaluation of the existing literature and a relationship between the different works. 18
- 19. Where do Ifind LR? Books, Journal articles, Internet (electronic journals), Newspapers, Magazines, Theses and dissertations, Conference proceedings, Reports, and documentaries. Lab reports, Sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself. 19
- 20. Primary and SecondarySources Primary source: Is written by a person(s) who developed the theory or conducted the research Secondary source: Is written by a person(s) other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research 20
- 21. The Role ofSecondary Sources Two general reasons for using secondary sources: 1. A primary sources is literally unavailable 2. A secondary source can provide different ways of looking at an issue or problem Secondary sources should not be overused 21
- 22. Pitfalls of SecondarySources • All of the theory’s concepts or aspects of the study and/or definitions may not be fully presented • If all concepts or aspects are included, the definitions may be collapsed or paraphrased to such a degree that it no longer represents the theorist’s actual work • The critique (whether positive or negative) is based on the presentation of incomplete or interpreted data and therefore less useful. 22
- 23. Location: approaches by Cooper1998 • Bibliographic database (searching for researcher) • Ancestry approach • Descendancy approach (from previous studies….to search forward) • Grey literature : studies with more limited distribution such as conference papers, unpublished reports, dissertation 23
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- 25. Key electronic databases • CINAHL : cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature • MEDLINE : medical literature on-line • I.S.I.: Institute for scientific information • AIDSEARCH : includes more than 20 aids research data base • CANCER LIT: cancer literature • EMBASE: the expert medical database 25
- 26. • HAPI: healthand psychosocial instruments database • ERIC – Education resources information center database • PSYCINFO- Psychology information • Dissertation abstracts online • Cochrane database of systematic reviews
- 27. The Use ofLiterature Review in Quantitative Research • Theoretical framework • Problem statement and hypotheses • Design and method • Outcome of the analysis (findings, implications, and recommendations) The literature review allows for refinement of research problems and questions and/or hypotheses 27
- 28. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Find models Look for other literature reviews in your area of interest You can simply put the word "review" in your search engine along with your topic. The bibliography or reference section of sources 28
- 29. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Clarify Seek clarification from your guide Roughly how many sources should you include? What types of sources ? Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources by discussing a common theme or issue? Should you evaluate your sources? Should you provide subheadings and other background information? 29
- 30. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Narrow your topic 30
- 31. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Consider whether your sources are current Information MUST BE as current as possible. Information even two years old could be obsolete. 31
- 32. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Find a focus A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas. one at a time. 32
- 33. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Themes or issues. Do they present one or different solutions? Is there an aspect of the field that is missing? How well do they present the material and do they portray it according to an appropriate theory? Do they reveal a trend in the field? 33
- 34. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Construct a working thesis statement Yes! Literature reviews have thesis statements as well! 34
- 35. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Consider organization You've got a focus, and you've narrowed it down to a thesis statement. Now what is the most effective way of presenting the information? What are the most important topics, subtopics, etc., that your review needs to include? And in what order should you present them? 35
- 36. How do Iwrite the literature review? Develop an organization for your review at both a global and local level: First, cover the basic categories Three basic elements: An introduction or background information section; The body of the review containing the discussion of sources; and, finally, A conclusion . 36
- 37. How do IWrite the literature review? Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. Body: Contains your discussion of sources and is organized either chronologically, thematically, or methodologically Conclusions/Recommendations: Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed? 37
- 38. What should Ido before writing the literature review? Organizing the body Create an organizational method to focus this section even further. The six typical ways of organizing the sources into a review: Chronological By publication By trend Thematic Methodological Questions for Further Research 38
- 39. Develop a searchstrategy • Clearly identify your review question • PICO framework: – Population (P), – Intervention (I) or Exposure (E), – Comparison (C), – Outcomes (O), – Time (T) • SPICE framework: – Setting – where? – Perspective – for whom? – Intervention – what? – Comparison – compared with what? – Evaluation – with what result?
- 40. What should youwrite? Language focus: Avoid too much direct quoting. The verb tense chosen depends on your emphasis: When you are citing a specific author's findings, use the past tense: (found, demonstrated); When you are writing about an accepted fact, use the present tense: (demonstrates, finds); and When you are citing several authors or making a general statement, use the present perfect tense: (have shown, have found, little research has been done). 40
- 41. Steps of Searchingthe Literature 41 Determine concept/issue/topic/problem Conduct computer (and/or hand) search Weed out irrelevant sources before printing Organize sources from printout for retrieval Retrieve relevant sources Conduct preliminary reading & weed out irrelevant sources Critically read each source Synthesize critical summaries
- 42. Method and reviewin literature review 42
- 43. Formulate & refine primary & secondary questions Devise search strategy Searchfor identify & retrieve potential primary source materials Document search decisions & actions 43
- 44. Screen sources for relevance appropriate ness Read source materials Abstract encode information fromthe studies Identify new references, new leads Discard irrelevant or inappropriate reference 44
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- 46. Formulating search strategy •Cooper 1998 - Bibliographic data base - Electronic data base Points to remember • One should be familiar with search engines • Software mapping • Authenticity 46
- 47. Screening & gatheringreferences • Readily available • Relevant to the topic • Quality of references - Procedure to safeguard the participants - Minimize risks to the participants - Maximize benefits to the participants 47
- 48. Documentation in literatureretrieval • From the beginning • Record search strategies • Limits put on the search • Keywords • Subject headings • Website visited • Actions taken 48
- 49. Coding the studies •Consider the subset of the study • Categorize finding • Code to each characteristics • E.g. Code 1- for age Code 2 –Gender etc
- 50. A literature reviewprotocols & matrices • Format the protocol • Organization of literature • Full citation • Theoretical foundations • Methodological features findings • Evaluative information
- 51. Literature review matrices Matricesare used by many researches as a mean of organizing information from research articles because matrices directly support a thematic analysis of information.
- 52. • Types ofmatrices - Methodological matrix- organized information -Result matrix- what are the findings -Evaluation matrix- evidence
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- 56. Analyzing & synthesizinginformation • Detection of patterns and regularities as well as inconsistencies Substantive themes Theoretical themes Methodological themes Generability/transferability themes Historical themes Researcher themes
- 57. Common Errors Madein Lit Reviews • Review isn’t logically organized • Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study • Review doesn’t relate literature to the study • Too few references or outdated references cited • Review isn’t written in author’s own words • Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries • Review doesn’t argue a point • Recent references are omitted
- 58. Writing the LiteratureReview Plagiarism includes (Galvan): 1. Using another writer’s words without proper citation 2. Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation 3. Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks 4. Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source 5. Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper 6. Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper
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- 60. Lets revise………… The wholeprocess of reviewing includes: a. Searching for literature b. Sorting and prioritizing the retrieved literature c. Analytical reading of papers d. Evaluative reading of papers e. Comparison across studies f. Organizing the content g. Writing the review 60
- 61. ENJOY YOUR WORK,BE DEDICATED& BE HONEST WITH YOUR EFFORTS. TAKE HOME MESSAGE:
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