The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a critical evaluation and synthesis of previous research on a topic. It discusses the purposes of a literature review, which include justifying the need for a research study and demonstrating knowledge of previous work. The document also outlines the key steps to writing a literature review, such as developing an organization and search strategy, analyzing sources, and structuring the review with an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Review of literature
This chapter deals with following topics:
Define the concept of literature review
Recognize the importance of literature review
Discuss the purpose of literature review
Explain the types of literature review
Enumerate the sources of literature review
Identify the criteria for selecting resources
Identify and explain the steps for conducting literature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process .It accounts for what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
The main purpose of review of literature is to convey to the readers about the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
Importance:
To gain background knowledge
Find out problems in the area of interest
Know what others have found out about the subject and how they have done
To find out various concepts relating to it and the potential relationship between them.
To identify potential areas & hypothesis for research
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework for research problem
To identify potential sources of information for conducting research.
To provide support for the design of research methodology and techniques of analysis.
Determination of any gaps in a body of knowledge
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study.
TYPES:
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEMIC
META ANALYSIS
META SYNTHESIS.
TRADITIONAL METHOD:
It presents Summary of Literature & draws conclusion about the topic in Question
SYSTEMIC:
The main aim is to find out the answer for well focused question of clinical practice.
It should include the methods used for searching, evaluating and synthesizing the literature
Suggested criteria in certain aspects literature review are
Formulation of research question.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature.
Selection and access of literature.
To assess the quality of literature.
Analyze, synthesize and disseminate the findings
It provide a comprehensive .back ground of subject under study
It is essential for getting in-depth insight in subject area, refining the research question and hypotheses and identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in existing literature.
META ANALYSIS:
Meta-analysis is to involve finding of several quantitative studies on single subject area and carry out statistical computations on them using standardized statistical techniques and procedures
META SYNTHESIS:
Meta-synthesis is the non statistical techniques used to integrate ,evaluated and interpret the finding of multiple qualitative research studies .
SOURCES:
Primary
secondary
Teritary
PRIMARY:
Research publications written by the person or people who conducted the research/ theorists who developed the theory
SECONDARY:
Research reports prepared by someone other than the original researcher
Authors paraphrase the works of original researcher
NURSING DATABASE:
CINAHL
MEDLINE
PubMed
British Nursing Index
Medline Plus
Nur
Review of literature
This chapter deals with following topics:
Define the concept of literature review
Recognize the importance of literature review
Discuss the purpose of literature review
Explain the types of literature review
Enumerate the sources of literature review
Identify the criteria for selecting resources
Identify and explain the steps for conducting literature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process .It accounts for what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
The main purpose of review of literature is to convey to the readers about the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
Importance:
To gain background knowledge
Find out problems in the area of interest
Know what others have found out about the subject and how they have done
To find out various concepts relating to it and the potential relationship between them.
To identify potential areas & hypothesis for research
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework for research problem
To identify potential sources of information for conducting research.
To provide support for the design of research methodology and techniques of analysis.
Determination of any gaps in a body of knowledge
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study.
TYPES:
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEMIC
META ANALYSIS
META SYNTHESIS.
TRADITIONAL METHOD:
It presents Summary of Literature & draws conclusion about the topic in Question
SYSTEMIC:
The main aim is to find out the answer for well focused question of clinical practice.
It should include the methods used for searching, evaluating and synthesizing the literature
Suggested criteria in certain aspects literature review are
Formulation of research question.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature.
Selection and access of literature.
To assess the quality of literature.
Analyze, synthesize and disseminate the findings
It provide a comprehensive .back ground of subject under study
It is essential for getting in-depth insight in subject area, refining the research question and hypotheses and identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in existing literature.
META ANALYSIS:
Meta-analysis is to involve finding of several quantitative studies on single subject area and carry out statistical computations on them using standardized statistical techniques and procedures
META SYNTHESIS:
Meta-synthesis is the non statistical techniques used to integrate ,evaluated and interpret the finding of multiple qualitative research studies .
SOURCES:
Primary
secondary
Teritary
PRIMARY:
Research publications written by the person or people who conducted the research/ theorists who developed the theory
SECONDARY:
Research reports prepared by someone other than the original researcher
Authors paraphrase the works of original researcher
NURSING DATABASE:
CINAHL
MEDLINE
PubMed
British Nursing Index
Medline Plus
Nur
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
It will give detail idea about thesis/project. You will be benefited and well known for, which is suitable for you. It may give you opportunity to be skilled about completing your project/thesis.
Instructor:
• Dr. Md. Abdullah Al Humayun
Associate Professor, Eastern University
• Mr. Muhammad Mahfuz Hasan
Assistant Professor, Eastern University
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
It will give detail idea about thesis/project. You will be benefited and well known for, which is suitable for you. It may give you opportunity to be skilled about completing your project/thesis.
Instructor:
• Dr. Md. Abdullah Al Humayun
Associate Professor, Eastern University
• Mr. Muhammad Mahfuz Hasan
Assistant Professor, Eastern University
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. What we want to learn?
• Definition & meaning
• Purpose of L.R.
• Sources
• Need
• Uses
• Pre-preparation
• steps
2
3. Introduction
• Essential step
• Provides base
• Justifies need
• Throws light on flexibility of study
• Reveals constraints of data collection
• Relates findings
3
5. What is LR?
Discusses published information in a
particular subject area,
Just a simple summary of the sources,
but it usually has an organizational
pattern and combines both summary
and synthesis.
5
6. What is LR?
A effective evaluation of selected
documents
A review may form an essential part
of the research process or may
constitute a research project in
itself.
A critical synthesis of previous
research.
The evaluation of the literature
leads logically to the research
question.
6
7. The Literature Review
The review of the literature is defined as a
broad, comprehensive, in-depth,
systematic, and critical review of scholarly
publications, unpublished scholarly print
materials, audiovisual materials, and
personal communications.
7
8. The Literature Review
• Scholarly literature refer to published
and unpublished data based literature and
conceptual literature materials found in
print and non print forms
• Data based literature reports of
completed research
• Conceptual research reports of
theories, concepts
8
9. Relationship Of Review Of Literature To
Theory, Research, Education And Practice
9
Research
Practice
Education
Theory
Review of
Literature
10. Why write LR?
Handy guide to a particular topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid
background for a research paper's
investigation.
10
11. Why write LR?
For professionals, they are useful
reports that keep them up to date with
what is current in the field.
For scholars, the depth and breadth of
the literature review emphasizes the
credibility of the writer in his or her
field
11
12. Why write LR?
A critical look at the literature (facts
and views) that already exists in the
area you are researching.
It demonstrates the relevance of the
research.
12
13. Why write LR?
In a broader context Hart (1998) lists the
following purposes of a review:
Distinguishing what has been done from what
needs to be done;
Discovering important variables relevant to
the topic;
Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective;
Identifying relationships between ideas and
practice;
Establishing the context of the topic or
problem; 13
14. Why write LR?
Rationalizing the significance of the
problem;
Understanding the structure of the
subject;
Relating ideas and theory to applications;
Identifying methodologies and techniques
that have been used.
14
15. Non research Purposes of Literature Review
Non Research purposes of literature review:
Determines what is known
Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies
Discovers unanswered questions
Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs,
methods of inquiry and instruments used in
earlier works
Promotes development of protocols & policies
related to nursing practice
15
16. Differences of Research & Non Research
Purposes
Whether a nurse is developing a research
study, a curriculum, or a patient protocol,
s/he should base that project on a
critical review of the literature.
The difference lies in the type of
outcome produced
16
18. PLZZZZZZZZZZZZ……NOTE
• A literature review is not a shopping list
of everything that exists, but a critical
analysis that shows an evaluation of the
existing literature and a relationship
between the different works.
18
19. Where do I find LR?
Books,
Journal articles,
Internet (electronic journals),
Newspapers,
Magazines,
Theses and dissertations,
Conference proceedings,
Reports, and documentaries.
Lab reports,
Sometimes a literature review is written as a
paper in itself.
19
20. Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary source:
Is written by a person(s) who developed the
theory or conducted the research
Secondary source:
Is written by a person(s) other than the
individual who developed the theory
or conducted the research
20
21. The Role of Secondary Sources
Two general reasons for using secondary
sources:
1. A primary sources is literally unavailable
2. A secondary source can provide different ways
of looking at an issue or problem
Secondary sources should not be overused
21
22. Pitfalls of Secondary Sources
• All of the theory’s concepts or aspects of the
study and/or definitions may not be fully
presented
• If all concepts or aspects are included, the
definitions may be collapsed or paraphrased to
such a degree that it no longer represents the
theorist’s actual work
• The critique (whether positive or negative) is
based on the presentation of incomplete or
interpreted data and therefore less useful.
22
23. Location: approaches
by Cooper 1998
• Bibliographic database (searching for researcher)
• Ancestry approach
• Descendancy approach (from previous studies….to
search forward)
• Grey literature : studies with more limited
distribution such as conference papers, unpublished
reports, dissertation
23
25. Key electronic data bases
• CINAHL : cumulative index to nursing and allied
health literature
• MEDLINE : medical literature on-line
• I.S.I.: Institute for scientific information
• AIDSEARCH : includes more than 20 aids
research data base
• CANCER LIT: cancer literature
• EMBASE: the expert medical database
25
26. • HAPI: health and psychosocial instruments
database
• ERIC – Education resources information center
database
• PSYCINFO- Psychology information
• Dissertation abstracts online
• Cochrane database of systematic reviews
27. The Use of Literature Review in Quantitative
Research
• Theoretical framework
• Problem statement and hypotheses
• Design and method
• Outcome of the analysis
(findings, implications, and recommendations)
The literature review allows for refinement
of research problems and questions
and/or hypotheses
27
28. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Find models
Look for other literature reviews in your
area of interest
You can simply put the word "review" in your
search engine along with your topic.
The bibliography or reference section of
sources
28
29. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Clarify
Seek clarification from your guide
Roughly how many sources should you include?
What types of sources ?
Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your
sources by discussing a common theme or issue?
Should you evaluate your sources?
Should you provide subheadings and other background
information?
29
30. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Narrow your topic
30
31. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Consider whether your sources are current
Information MUST BE as current
as possible.
Information even two years old could
be obsolete.
31
32. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Find a focus
A literature review, like a term paper,
is usually organized around ideas.
one at a time.
32
33. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Themes or issues.
Do they present one or different solutions?
Is there an aspect of the field that is missing?
How well do they present the material and do they
portray it according to an appropriate theory?
Do they reveal a trend in the field?
33
34. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Construct a working thesis statement
Yes! Literature reviews have thesis
statements as well!
34
35. What should I do before writing
the literature review?
Consider organization
You've got a focus, and you've
narrowed it down to a thesis statement.
Now what is the most effective way of
presenting the information?
What are the most important topics,
subtopics, etc., that your review needs
to include?
And in what order should you present
them? 35
36. How do I write the literature
review?
Develop an organization for your review at both a
global and local level:
First, cover the basic categories
Three basic elements:
An introduction or background information
section;
The body of the review containing the
discussion of sources; and, finally,
A conclusion .
36
37. How do I Write the literature review?
Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of
the literature review, such as the central theme
or organizational pattern.
Body: Contains your discussion of sources and is
organized either chronologically, thematically, or
methodologically
Conclusions/Recommendations: Discuss what you
have drawn from reviewing literature so far.
Where might the discussion proceed?
37
38. What should I do before writing the
literature review?
Organizing the body
Create an organizational method to focus this section
even further.
The six typical ways of organizing the sources into a
review:
Chronological
By publication
By trend
Thematic
Methodological
Questions for Further Research
38
39. Develop a search strategy
• Clearly identify your review question
• PICO framework:
– Population (P),
– Intervention (I) or Exposure (E),
– Comparison (C),
– Outcomes (O),
– Time (T)
• SPICE framework:
– Setting – where?
– Perspective – for whom?
– Intervention – what?
– Comparison – compared with what?
– Evaluation – with what result?
40. What should you write?
Language focus:
Avoid too much direct quoting. The verb tense
chosen depends on your emphasis:
When you are citing a specific author's findings,
use the past tense: (found, demonstrated);
When you are writing about an accepted fact,
use the present tense: (demonstrates, finds);
and
When you are citing several authors or making a
general statement, use the present perfect
tense: (have shown, have found, little research
has been done). 40
41. Steps of Searching the Literature
41
Determine concept/issue/topic/problem
Conduct computer (and/or hand) search
Weed out irrelevant sources before printing
Organize sources from printout for retrieval
Retrieve relevant sources
Conduct preliminary reading & weed out irrelevant sources
Critically read each source
Synthesize critical summaries
46. Formulating search strategy
• Cooper 1998
- Bibliographic data base
- Electronic data base
Points to remember
• One should be familiar with search
engines
• Software mapping
• Authenticity
46
47. Screening & gathering references
• Readily available
• Relevant to the topic
• Quality of references
- Procedure to safeguard the participants
- Minimize risks to the participants
- Maximize benefits to the participants
47
48. Documentation in literature retrieval
• From the beginning
• Record search strategies
• Limits put on the search
• Keywords
• Subject headings
• Website visited
• Actions taken
48
49. Coding the studies
• Consider the subset of the study
• Categorize finding
• Code to each characteristics
• E.g. Code 1- for age
Code 2 –Gender etc
50. A literature review protocols &
matrices
• Format the protocol
• Organization of literature
• Full citation
• Theoretical foundations
• Methodological features findings
• Evaluative information
51. Literature review matrices
Matrices are used by many researches as
a mean of organizing information from
research articles because matrices
directly support a thematic analysis of
information.
52. • Types of matrices
- Methodological matrix- organized
information
-Result matrix- what are the findings
-Evaluation matrix- evidence
56. Analyzing & synthesizing information
• Detection of patterns and regularities
as well as inconsistencies
Substantive themes
Theoretical themes
Methodological themes
Generability/transferability themes
Historical themes
Researcher themes
57. Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews
• Review isn’t logically organized
• Review isn’t focused on most important
facets of the study
• Review doesn’t relate literature to the
study
• Too few references or outdated
references cited
• Review isn’t written in author’s own words
• Review reads like a series of disjointed
summaries
• Review doesn’t argue a point
• Recent references are omitted
58. Writing the Literature Review
Plagiarism includes (Galvan):
1. Using another writer’s words without proper
citation
2. Using another writer’s ideas without proper
citation
3. Citing a source but reproducing the exact
word without quotation marks
4. Borrowing the structure of another author’s
phrases/sentences without giving the source
5. Borrowing all or part of another student’s
paper
6. Using paper-writing service or having a
friend write the paper
60. Lets revise…………
The whole process of reviewing includes:
a. Searching for literature
b. Sorting and prioritizing the retrieved
literature
c. Analytical reading of papers
d. Evaluative reading of papers
e. Comparison across studies
f. Organizing the content
g. Writing the review
60