This document outlines the key points about formulating research objectives and questions. It discusses the importance of objectives in establishing what a research project should achieve. Objectives should be SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound). A research question is a concise question that the research aims to answer. A good research question should fill a knowledge gap, be answerable and relevant. Research questions can come from literature, clinical experience or peers. The PICO framework helps develop research questions by focusing on the population, intervention, comparison and outcomes. Examples of objectives and a PICO research question are provided.
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
How to write (and publish) a literature reviewMarcel Bogers
How to write (and publish) your literature review? This presentations distinguishes between three types and purposes of "review": (1) a literature review, as part of an empirical study; (2) a stand-alone review article; and (3) a conceptual or theoretical (non-empirical) article. For each of theses types, it gives an overview of considerations for getting done and published (or rejected).
steps in research proposal or aspect of research proposalZaryabQureshi3
this slide is all about the research methodology or research proposal in this slide you will found the steps of doing research or present your proposal.
Problem is the heart of every research. Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
The literature review is not merely a simple compilation or a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic. A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc.
How to write (and publish) a literature reviewMarcel Bogers
How to write (and publish) your literature review? This presentations distinguishes between three types and purposes of "review": (1) a literature review, as part of an empirical study; (2) a stand-alone review article; and (3) a conceptual or theoretical (non-empirical) article. For each of theses types, it gives an overview of considerations for getting done and published (or rejected).
steps in research proposal or aspect of research proposalZaryabQureshi3
this slide is all about the research methodology or research proposal in this slide you will found the steps of doing research or present your proposal.
Problem is the heart of every research. Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
The literature review is not merely a simple compilation or a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic. A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc.
An introduction to conducting a systematic literature review for social scien...rosie.dunne
An introduction to conducting a systematic literature review for social scientists and health researchers presented by Luke van Rhoon Health Behaviour Change Research Group, School of Psychology, NUI Galway November 2020
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR UNDERGRADUATES.pptxROBIN VAVACHAN
Embarking on the journey of research as undergraduates is both exciting and challenging. This presentation introduces the fundamental principles of research methodology, offering a roadmap for undergraduates to navigate the complexities of academic inquiry.
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptxDr Ghaiath Hussein
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
OBJECTIVES
• What are the research objectives?
• How to make research objectives SMART?
• Research Questions:
1. What is a research question
2. Criteria of a good research question
3. Sources of research questions
4. Elements of a research question
5. Criteria for a bad research question
6. Example of a research question
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
2
3. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Why do we need OBJECTIVES ?
• These are the statements that establish what the
research project should achieve after its completion
• Properly formulated specific objectives will facilitate:
• the development of the research methodology
• help to orient the collection, analysis,
interpretation and utilization of data.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY COURSE COMMITTEE
3
5. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
GOAL /AIM:
• The goal is a short and general sentence
defining:
• The overall aim of the project and the
contribution of the project in a bigger context;
thereby describing the purpose of the project.
• It is therefore a very general statement.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY
5
6. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
EXAMPLE
• An example of a project goal may be: “TO STUDY
THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STUDENTS’
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE COLLEGE OF
MEDICINE FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR
2017/2018".
7. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
General vs. specific Objectives
General objective (aka
goal/ aim)
Specific objectives
• It identifies in general
terms, what is to be
accomplished by the
research project and why
• It state what is expected
to be achieved by the
study in general terms.
• Identify in greater details the
specific aims of the research
project;
• often breaking down what is to be
accomplished into smaller logical
components.
• the specific objectives are the
breakdown of the general
objectives into smaller logically
connected parts
8. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Good specific objectives:
• Objectives should be closely related to the statement of the
problem.
• Cover all aspects of the problem and its contributing factors
in a coherent way and in a logical sequence.
• Answering three questions (3 Ws) in operational terms,
specifying exactly what (work to be done), where (place) and
when (time).
• Realistic (feasible) with regard to local conditions (time
period, financial resources etc.).
• Use of action verbs which can be measured e.g. determine,
compare, verify, calculate, describe, measure, and identify.
• Avoidance of the use of vague non-action verbs such as
appreciates, understand, study, notice, observe and believe.
9. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
specific objectives should be
SMART
S Specific
M Measurable
A Achievable
R Realistic/Resource
T Time-specific.
It is good to include timelines in objective. However, If not in the objective,
timelines can be defined in the indicator(s) correspondent to that objective
10. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
EXAMPLE
• For the project goal : “TO STUDY THE EEFECT OF UTILIZING THE
LIBRARY SERVICES ON THE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN
THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018".
• Examples of Specific objectives:
1. To compare the level of utilization of the library services among
various levels of academic performance groups;
2. To establish the pattern of utilization of the library services in
two semesters of the year;
3. To verify whether increasing use of library services increased the
students’ grades in the academic year 207-2018;
4. To describe students’ perception of the quality of the library
services provided at the college .
11. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Quick TASK
• Divide yourselves in groups of 4-5
• Develop a research project goal
• LIST 3-5 specific objectives for your research
project
• Present it to your colleagues
12. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
CLASSIFICATION OF OBEJCTIVES
Depending on the research questions to be answered by the
study specific objectives are either:
1. Estimation objectives:
Estimating certain features e.g. to determine incidence rates,
prevalence rates, level of utilization of services etc.,
2. Association objectives:
Investigation of the association between a factor of interest
and a particular incidence e.g. to identify whether there is
association between the utilization of child welfare clinics,
and the different seasons, or
3. Evaluation objectives:
Evaluate the effect of an intervention
14. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
1. What is a research question
• A research question is a concise question which
expresses what the research project aims to
address; it is the question the researcher wishes
to answer.
• The first step in any research project is to clearly
define the research question, since it will be the
basis for developing and conducting the research
project.
15. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
2. Criteria of a good research question
• Should attempts to fill a knowledge gap in the literature,
• Enough to be answerable and researchable
• Should be relevant to the study’s objective
• Should avoid duplication of previous work
• Should be feasible and cost effective
• should be doable within a specified time frame allocated
for the research project.
• Moreover, it needs to meet the minimum ethical
standards.
16. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
3. Sources of research questions
• The researcher formulates a research question
through different means.
• Literature reading might help a researcher identify
the areas that need further study, and thus a hint
towards a research question.
• Patients’ observation through clinical experience
which might pose different researchable
questions.
• Peers: previous research, journal clubs, and
conferences
17. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
4. Elements of a research question
• A "well-built" research question should include
four elements of a research question that need
to be addressed; referred to as PICO
• The PICO concept is important in narrowing
down the research question, providing search
terms, and saving time in literature search.
18. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
PICO
• PICO letters stand for:
a. P: Patient or Population.
• The first step in the PICO process is to identify
the patients or population to be studied.
• More specifically, it describes patients’
characteristics, such as age, gender, disease
status, or any other patient-related
characteristic.
19. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
PICO (2)
• b. I: Intervention to be tested.
• Identifying the intervention is the second step in the PICO
process.
• It is important to identify the exposure intended to be studied
in the research project.
• This may include the use of a specific diagnostic test,
treatment, adjunctive therapy, medication, etc.
20. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
PICO (3)
• c. C: Comparison used in the research project. It is the alternative
exposure to which the intervention will be compared, which
might be the standard of care or a placebo. The comparison
component is the only optional one in the PICO question, since
the researcher might study the intervention alone because either
due to no interest in comparison or the lack of a comparable
group.
d. O: Outcome to be measured as a result of the intervention. It is
the evaluation of the intervention’s effect. This may include cure
or level of control of a disease, efficacy of a medication or a
diagnostic test, etc.
21. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
6. Example of a research question
Topic of
interest:
Narrowed
topic:
Focused topic:
Women’s health
Women and cancer
Women smokers and breast
cancer
PICO:
P = Women (age more than 35)
I = Cigarette smoking
C = No smoking
O = Breast cancer
22. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
5. Criteria for a bad research question
a) Vagueness of the research question.
b) The research question is too broad to reach conclusive
results.
c) The research question might fail to reveal the relevance
of the topic under investigation.
d) Other criteria which are related to the logistic aspects of
the study, such as the time needed to carry out the
study, high cost with limited funding, limited resources
such as availability of expertise, special equipment,
and/or information.
e) Research question might be limited by ethical
considerations or requirement of authorities’ approval.
23. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
GROUP WORK
• Within the same groups you made in the
previous task, using the same topic you chose:
• Develop one PICO research questions for your
topic
24. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
References
1. Introduction to Clinical Research for Residents,
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, 2014
2. National Ministry Of Health in collaboration
with the World Health Organization, Health
Research Methodology: a guide for
Researchers Part I, December 2010
3. Health Research Methodology- A Guide for
Training in Research Methods, 2nd Ed WHO,
2001
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