Membranes are thin films that allow some types of matter to pass through while restricting others. They work by exploiting differences in molecular size, shape, or solubility. There are various types of membrane processes that separate components of a solution based on factors like pressure, concentration, voltage, or temperature differences. These include reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and others. Membrane processes have many applications in food processing, such as concentrating fruit juices, separating whey from cheese, and purifying water and wastewater. Key factors that determine membrane performance include thickness, molecular structure, chemical composition, and configuration.
Sistem Pengolahan Air Limbah secara BiologisJoy Irman
Pelatihan Penyusunan Rencana Teknis Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Terpusat (SPAL-T) terdiri dari beberapa modul, yaitu: Dasar-dasar Perencanaan Teknis SPAL-T, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pelayanan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengumpulan / Jaringan Perpipaan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengolahan Air Limbah, Teknologi Pengolahan Lumpur, Konstruksi Bangunan, dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya. Masing-masing Modul terdiri atas beberapa sub-modul . Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Sistem Pengolahan Air Limbah secara KimiaJoy Irman
Dokumen ini membahas proses pengolahan limbah cair secara kimiawi dengan menambahkan bahan kimia ke dalam air limbah untuk mengkondisikan air sebelum diolah oleh mikroorganisme. Proses kimia yang dijelaskan meliputi netralisasi, presipitasi, koagulasi dan flokulasi dengan menggunakan zat kimia seperti alum dan ferro sulfat. Dokumen ini juga membandingkan kelebihan dan kekurangan pengolahan kimia d
proses pengelolaan air limbah secara kimiamun farid
Dokumen tersebut membahas proses pengelolaan air limbah secara kimia yang terdiri atas netralisasi, presipitasi/pengendapan, dan koagulasi serta flokulasi untuk menghilangkan zat-zat pencemar. Keuntungan proses ini adalah penghilangan total zat pencemar anorganik dengan peralatan yang lebih sederhana, namun juga menambah beban garam logam pada air keluar.
Sistem Pengolahan Air Limbah secara BiologisJoy Irman
Pelatihan Penyusunan Rencana Teknis Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Terpusat (SPAL-T) terdiri dari beberapa modul, yaitu: Dasar-dasar Perencanaan Teknis SPAL-T, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pelayanan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengumpulan / Jaringan Perpipaan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengolahan Air Limbah, Teknologi Pengolahan Lumpur, Konstruksi Bangunan, dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya. Masing-masing Modul terdiri atas beberapa sub-modul . Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Sistem Pengolahan Air Limbah secara KimiaJoy Irman
Dokumen ini membahas proses pengolahan limbah cair secara kimiawi dengan menambahkan bahan kimia ke dalam air limbah untuk mengkondisikan air sebelum diolah oleh mikroorganisme. Proses kimia yang dijelaskan meliputi netralisasi, presipitasi, koagulasi dan flokulasi dengan menggunakan zat kimia seperti alum dan ferro sulfat. Dokumen ini juga membandingkan kelebihan dan kekurangan pengolahan kimia d
proses pengelolaan air limbah secara kimiamun farid
Dokumen tersebut membahas proses pengelolaan air limbah secara kimia yang terdiri atas netralisasi, presipitasi/pengendapan, dan koagulasi serta flokulasi untuk menghilangkan zat-zat pencemar. Keuntungan proses ini adalah penghilangan total zat pencemar anorganik dengan peralatan yang lebih sederhana, namun juga menambah beban garam logam pada air keluar.
This document discusses methods for determining reaction rates and orders in physical chemistry. It describes differential and integral methods, including graphs of concentration versus time used to determine rate coefficients and reaction orders. Specific reaction orders are examined, such as zero order, first order, and second order reactions. Examples of each type are provided. Third order reactions involving interactions of two and three molecules are also discussed.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan penjelasan mengenai pengertian, pengelompokan, dan pengolahan limbah. Limbah didefinisikan sebagai kotoran hasil pengolahan yang dapat menimbulkan polusi dan gangguan kesehatan, namun dapat dimanfaatkan kembali melalui pengolahan. Limbah dikelompokkan berdasarkan senyawanya, wujudnya, dan sumbernya. Pengolahan limbah meliputi proses fisik, kimiawi, dan biologi unt
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bahan kimia penjernih air yang disebut koagulan. Koagulan merupakan zat kimia yang menyebabkan destabilisasi muatan partikel di dalam air untuk memudahkan pengendapannya. Koagulan yang umum digunakan antara lain aluminium sulfat, besi sulfat, dan sodium aluminat. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan reaksi kimia dan kondisi pH optimal penggunaan berbagai jenis koagulan.
Turbidimeter digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat kekeruhan air dengan memancarkan cahaya ke dalam sampel dan mengukur intensitas cahaya yang dipantulkan. Alat ini perlu dikalibrasi terlebih dahulu menggunakan sampel standar sebelum digunakan untuk mengukur sampel, dengan rentang kalibrasi 0,01 NTU hingga 7500 NTU.
Evaluasi operasional unit intake, prasedimentasi, koagulasi, flokulasi, dan sedimentasi di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum Dekeng II – PDAM Tirta Pakuan Kota Bogor. Laporan ini mengevaluasi operasi unit-unit pengolahan air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih di Kota Bogor dengan mengamati proses kerja, mengukur parameter, dan membandingkannya dengan kriteria desain. Beberapa unit seperti koagulasi dan sedimentasi memenuhi kriteria, sementara pra
Perencanaan Teknis IPLT - Teknologi Pengolahan Air Limbah dan LumpurJoy Irman
Pelatihan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Sistem (SPAL-S atau on-site) terdiri dari beberpa modaul, yaitu Modul (A) Dasar-dasar Pengelolaan Air Limbah Sistem Setempat (SPAL-S atau on-site), (B) Cubluk Kembar, (C) Tangki Septik dengan Bidang Resapan), (D) Mandi-Cuci-Kakus atau MCK, (E) Biofilter, (F) Upflow Aerobic Filter, (G) Rotating Biological Contactactor atau RBC, (H) Anaerobic Bafle Reactor, (I) Sarana Pengangkut Tinja, dan (J) Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT).
Masing-masing Modul tersebut terdiri lagi dari beberapa sub-modul yang menjelaskan mengenai aspek-aspek (1) Perencanaan Teknis, (2) Pelaksanaan Konstruksi, (3) Operasional, Pemeliharaan dan Rehabilitasi, (4) Kelembagaan, Administrasi dan Keuangan, (5) Pemantauan dan Evaluasi. Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Berikut penyelesaiannya:
1. Konversi suhu ke dalam satuan Kelvin:
40°F = 288,15 K
140°F = 303,15 K
2. Hitung volum molar pada keadaan awal menggunakan hukum gas ideal:
P1V1/T1 = konstan
V1 = 36,49 ft3/lb mol
3. Hitung volum molar pada keadaan akhir:
P2V2/T2 = P1V1/T1
V2 = 36,49 × (288,15/303,15) × (1/10
Perencanaan Teknis dan Teknologi Pengolahan LumpurJoy Irman
Pelatihan Penyusunan Rencana Teknis Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Terpusat (SPAL-T) terdiri dari beberapa modul, yaitu: Dasar-dasar Perencanaan Teknis SPAL-T, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pelayanan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengumpulan / Jaringan Perpipaan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengolahan Air Limbah, Teknologi Pengolahan Lumpur, Konstruksi Bangunan, dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya. Masing-masing Modul terdiri atas beberapa sub-modul . Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Bangunan Pengolah Air Limbah secara AerobikJoy Irman
Pelatihan Penyusunan Rencana Teknis Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Terpusat (SPAL-T) terdiri dari beberapa modul, yaitu: Dasar-dasar Perencanaan Teknis SPAL-T, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pelayanan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengumpulan / Jaringan Perpipaan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengolahan Air Limbah, Teknologi Pengolahan Lumpur, Konstruksi Bangunan, dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya. Masing-masing Modul terdiri atas beberapa sub-modul . Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Batch reactor merupakan reaktor kimia yang digunakan untuk produksi berkapasitas kecil seperti pelarutan padatan, pencampuran produk, dan reaksi kimia. Reaktor ini memiliki harga konstruksi yang rendah dan fleksibel digunakan, namun skala produksinya kecil dan biaya buruhnya tinggi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengukuran parameter kualitas air, yaitu Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dan Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) untuk mengetahui tingkat pencemaran danau. Parameter-parameter tersebut diukur menggunakan metode titrasi iodometri, uji kimia, dan uji biologi untuk mengetahui kondisi ekosistem danau.
Penentuan Status Mutu Air dengan Metode StoretYahya M Aji
Metode Storet merupakan salah satu metode untuk menentukan status mutu air, yang tentunya mengacu pada baku mutu yang sesuai dengan peruntukannya. Materi mata kuliah pengolahan kualitas air.
Ion exchange adalah proses pertukaran ion antara ion dalam fase cair dengan ion dalam media padat tidak larut seperti resin. Proses ini digunakan untuk memisahkan ion-ion berdasarkan muatannya, seperti pelunakan air, pemurnian air, pemisahan logam, dan pemekatan larutan. Resin merupakan media penukar ion yang umum digunakan karena memiliki gugus fungsional yang dapat mengikat ion. Faktor seperti pH, kecepatan alir
Dokumen ini membahas tentang spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan pendekatan kasus untuk menganalisis spektrum yang ditampilkan. Berisi pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis kasus dan hubungan antara dua gambar spektrum yang ditampilkan.
Mata kuliah matematika tentang Limit dan kekontinuan. Cari lebih banyak materi kuliah semester 3 di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2014/12/kuliah-semester-1-thp-ftp-ub.html
This document discusses methods for determining reaction rates and orders in physical chemistry. It describes differential and integral methods, including graphs of concentration versus time used to determine rate coefficients and reaction orders. Specific reaction orders are examined, such as zero order, first order, and second order reactions. Examples of each type are provided. Third order reactions involving interactions of two and three molecules are also discussed.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan penjelasan mengenai pengertian, pengelompokan, dan pengolahan limbah. Limbah didefinisikan sebagai kotoran hasil pengolahan yang dapat menimbulkan polusi dan gangguan kesehatan, namun dapat dimanfaatkan kembali melalui pengolahan. Limbah dikelompokkan berdasarkan senyawanya, wujudnya, dan sumbernya. Pengolahan limbah meliputi proses fisik, kimiawi, dan biologi unt
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bahan kimia penjernih air yang disebut koagulan. Koagulan merupakan zat kimia yang menyebabkan destabilisasi muatan partikel di dalam air untuk memudahkan pengendapannya. Koagulan yang umum digunakan antara lain aluminium sulfat, besi sulfat, dan sodium aluminat. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan reaksi kimia dan kondisi pH optimal penggunaan berbagai jenis koagulan.
Turbidimeter digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat kekeruhan air dengan memancarkan cahaya ke dalam sampel dan mengukur intensitas cahaya yang dipantulkan. Alat ini perlu dikalibrasi terlebih dahulu menggunakan sampel standar sebelum digunakan untuk mengukur sampel, dengan rentang kalibrasi 0,01 NTU hingga 7500 NTU.
Evaluasi operasional unit intake, prasedimentasi, koagulasi, flokulasi, dan sedimentasi di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum Dekeng II – PDAM Tirta Pakuan Kota Bogor. Laporan ini mengevaluasi operasi unit-unit pengolahan air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih di Kota Bogor dengan mengamati proses kerja, mengukur parameter, dan membandingkannya dengan kriteria desain. Beberapa unit seperti koagulasi dan sedimentasi memenuhi kriteria, sementara pra
Perencanaan Teknis IPLT - Teknologi Pengolahan Air Limbah dan LumpurJoy Irman
Pelatihan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Sistem (SPAL-S atau on-site) terdiri dari beberpa modaul, yaitu Modul (A) Dasar-dasar Pengelolaan Air Limbah Sistem Setempat (SPAL-S atau on-site), (B) Cubluk Kembar, (C) Tangki Septik dengan Bidang Resapan), (D) Mandi-Cuci-Kakus atau MCK, (E) Biofilter, (F) Upflow Aerobic Filter, (G) Rotating Biological Contactactor atau RBC, (H) Anaerobic Bafle Reactor, (I) Sarana Pengangkut Tinja, dan (J) Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT).
Masing-masing Modul tersebut terdiri lagi dari beberapa sub-modul yang menjelaskan mengenai aspek-aspek (1) Perencanaan Teknis, (2) Pelaksanaan Konstruksi, (3) Operasional, Pemeliharaan dan Rehabilitasi, (4) Kelembagaan, Administrasi dan Keuangan, (5) Pemantauan dan Evaluasi. Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Berikut penyelesaiannya:
1. Konversi suhu ke dalam satuan Kelvin:
40°F = 288,15 K
140°F = 303,15 K
2. Hitung volum molar pada keadaan awal menggunakan hukum gas ideal:
P1V1/T1 = konstan
V1 = 36,49 ft3/lb mol
3. Hitung volum molar pada keadaan akhir:
P2V2/T2 = P1V1/T1
V2 = 36,49 × (288,15/303,15) × (1/10
Perencanaan Teknis dan Teknologi Pengolahan LumpurJoy Irman
Pelatihan Penyusunan Rencana Teknis Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Terpusat (SPAL-T) terdiri dari beberapa modul, yaitu: Dasar-dasar Perencanaan Teknis SPAL-T, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pelayanan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengumpulan / Jaringan Perpipaan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengolahan Air Limbah, Teknologi Pengolahan Lumpur, Konstruksi Bangunan, dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya. Masing-masing Modul terdiri atas beberapa sub-modul . Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Bangunan Pengolah Air Limbah secara AerobikJoy Irman
Pelatihan Penyusunan Rencana Teknis Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Terpusat (SPAL-T) terdiri dari beberapa modul, yaitu: Dasar-dasar Perencanaan Teknis SPAL-T, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pelayanan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengumpulan / Jaringan Perpipaan, Perencanaan Teknis Unit Pengolahan Air Limbah, Teknologi Pengolahan Lumpur, Konstruksi Bangunan, dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya. Masing-masing Modul terdiri atas beberapa sub-modul . Peserta pelatihan dapat memilih Modul/Sub-Modul sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing.
Batch reactor merupakan reaktor kimia yang digunakan untuk produksi berkapasitas kecil seperti pelarutan padatan, pencampuran produk, dan reaksi kimia. Reaktor ini memiliki harga konstruksi yang rendah dan fleksibel digunakan, namun skala produksinya kecil dan biaya buruhnya tinggi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengukuran parameter kualitas air, yaitu Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dan Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) untuk mengetahui tingkat pencemaran danau. Parameter-parameter tersebut diukur menggunakan metode titrasi iodometri, uji kimia, dan uji biologi untuk mengetahui kondisi ekosistem danau.
Penentuan Status Mutu Air dengan Metode StoretYahya M Aji
Metode Storet merupakan salah satu metode untuk menentukan status mutu air, yang tentunya mengacu pada baku mutu yang sesuai dengan peruntukannya. Materi mata kuliah pengolahan kualitas air.
Ion exchange adalah proses pertukaran ion antara ion dalam fase cair dengan ion dalam media padat tidak larut seperti resin. Proses ini digunakan untuk memisahkan ion-ion berdasarkan muatannya, seperti pelunakan air, pemurnian air, pemisahan logam, dan pemekatan larutan. Resin merupakan media penukar ion yang umum digunakan karena memiliki gugus fungsional yang dapat mengikat ion. Faktor seperti pH, kecepatan alir
Dokumen ini membahas tentang spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan pendekatan kasus untuk menganalisis spektrum yang ditampilkan. Berisi pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis kasus dan hubungan antara dua gambar spektrum yang ditampilkan.
Mata kuliah matematika tentang Limit dan kekontinuan. Cari lebih banyak materi kuliah semester 3 di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2014/12/kuliah-semester-1-thp-ftp-ub.html
Materi kuliah tentang Suku banyak. Cari lebih banyak mata kuliah Semester 1 di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2014/12/kuliah-semester-1-thp-ftp-ub.html
DNA contains the genetic instructions for making proteins and is found in all living organisms. It exists as a double helix structure with two strands bonded together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases. DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of cells to the next through replication and protein production. It is studied for its central role in heredity and importance to life, as well as potential medical benefits like disease cures.
Dokumen memberikan tips untuk mengatasi tugas kuliah yang banyak, seperti jangan menunda, siapkan referensi yang lengkap, diskusikan dengan teman jika ada kesulitan, hindari menyalin pekerjaan teman, dan luangkan waktu minimal 2 jam sehari untuk mengerjakan tugas.
Analisis kimia meliputi analisis kualitatif untuk mengidentifikasi komponen dan analisis kuantitatif untuk menentukan perbandingan komponen. Metode analisis meliputi gravimetri, volumetri, elektrokimia, spektrofotometri, dan kromatografi. Analisis volumetri melibatkan pengukuran volume larutan standar yang bereaksi dengan larutan yang diuji untuk menentukan kadar zat tertentu.
The document discusses various techniques for calculating integrals or antiderivatives. It explains that integration is the reverse process of differentiation and involves calculating the area under a function's curve. Some key techniques covered include: using basic integration rules for polynomials, separating fractions into partial fractions, making substitutions to transform integrals into standard forms, and applying trigonometric identities to integrals with trigonometric functions. It also discusses evaluating definite integrals between limits by calculating the antiderivative at the upper and lower bounds and taking the difference.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian negara, bangsa, dan kewarganegaraan. Negara didefinisikan sebagai organisasi manusia yang mendiami wilayah tertentu dan mengakui satu pemerintahan. Bangsa adalah kelompok manusia yang terikat oleh bahasa, wilayah, dan adat istiadat. Kewarganegaraan adalah keanggotaan seseorang dalam satuan politik dengan hak dan kewajiban tertentu.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang titrasi kimia sebagai metode analisis kuantitatif untuk menentukan konsentrasi larutan dengan menggunakan larutan standar. Dibahas pula peralatan dan prosedur titrasi asam-basa seperti penggunaan buret, erlenmeyer, indikator, serta reaksi antara asam dan basa.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konversi satuan suhu antara Celcius, Fahrenheit, Rankine, dan Kelvin. Juga membahas tentang fase padat, cair, dan gas, serta suhu kritis beberapa gas seperti oksigen, nitrogen, dan hidrogen. Terdapat pula penjelasan mengenai tabel uap, uap jenuh, dan uap super panas.
Materi kuliah tentang Mesin Ekstraksi Superkritis. Cari lebih banyak di; http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2015/02/materi-kuliah-semester-4.html
Transformasi genetik adalah proses dimana DNA asing masuk ke dalam sel penerima, menghasilkan sel rekombinan. Metode transformasi yang umum digunakan pada prokariot adalah heat shock, sedangkan untuk eukariot diperlukan metode lain karena struktur dinding selnya lebih kompleks. Tujuan transformasi adalah memasukkan plasmid ke dalam sel target dengan membuka dinding sel sesaat.
Materi kuliah perencanaan unit pengolahan tentang pemilihan mesin dan spesifikasi. Untuk mencari slide yang lainnya lihat di: http://muhammadhabibie2016.blogspot.com/2016/03/daftar-mata-kuliah-semester-6.html
Mata kuliah tentang penentuan mesin dan spesifikasinya. untuk lihat slide yang lainnya silahkan buka di blog: http://muhammadhabibie2016.blogspot.com/2016/03/daftar-mata-kuliah-semester-6.html
Materi kuliah kimdas tentang Larutan penyangga. Cari lebih bayak lagi materi kuliah semester 1 di:
http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2014/12/kuliah-semester-1-thp-ftp-ub.html. Font untuk presentasi ini bisa didownload di: http://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/orbitron
This presentation is about the Membrane Separation Processes mostly used in Food and Chemical Industries. The presentation discusses about the Mechanisms and Food Industry Applications of Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis.
ULTRA FILTRATION & NANO FILTRATION WITH APPLICATIONSKarnav Rana
Ultra filtration and nano filtration are membrane filtration processes. Ultra filtration uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.1 to 0.001 microns to remove particles and molecules. It is used in water treatment, food processing, and industrial applications. Nano filtration uses even smaller pores from 1-10 nanometers to soften water and remove organic matter. It has various industrial and water treatment uses such as removing contaminants and concentrating products while allowing monovalent ions to pass through.
Ultra filtration and nano filtration are membrane filtration processes. Ultra filtration uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.1 to 0.001 microns to remove particles and molecules. It is used in water treatment, food processing, and industrial applications. Nano filtration uses even smaller pores from 1-10 nanometers to soften water and remove organic matter. It has various industrial and water treatment uses such as removing contaminants and concentrating products while allowing monovalent ions to pass through.
The document discusses new technologies and product development in the dairy industry, focusing on membrane processing techniques. It describes how membrane processes like reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration are being used for applications like concentration and fractionation of fluid milk and whey. These techniques offer advantages over conventional processes like avoidance of heat-related changes and more efficient energy usage. The document also discusses other emerging technologies like UHT processing and how various membrane modules and configurations are being implemented.
Membrane separation technology uses semi-permeable membranes to separate particles and molecules based on size. There are four main types of pressure-driven membrane processes: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Microfiltration uses pores sizes from 0.1 to 10um to remove bacteria and viruses. Ultrafiltration retains macromolecules like proteins using pore sizes down to 1kD. Nanofiltration allows salts to pass while retaining larger molecules. Reverse osmosis separates molecules below 100Da like salts from water. Membrane separation is widely used in food/beverage processing, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and water purification due to its ability to operate without
This document discusses various membrane processes used in wastewater treatment including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. Membranes are thin films that can selectively separate fluids and their components. Microfiltration removes suspended solids and colloids, ultrafiltration removes microorganisms and macromolecules, and reverse osmosis removes dissolved ions and molecules. Membrane processes are used for tertiary wastewater treatment, solid-liquid separation, and producing high quality effluent for reuse.
This document discusses membrane separation technology. It begins by defining membranes and the four types of separations they can perform. It then classifies membrane processes based on permeable species size into microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Each process is described in terms of pore/molecular weight cutoff size and applications such as cell harvesting, virus removal, water purification. Finally, common membrane module configurations including flat plate, hollow fiber and spiral wound are outlined along with their uses in food/pharma processing, water treatment, and other industries.
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
This document discusses several applications of nanofiltration membranes for water treatment and separation processes. It describes using nanofiltration membranes to separate amoxicillin from pharmaceutical wastewater based on differences in molecular weight. It also discusses nanofiltration applications in the dairy industry for processes like partial demineralization of whey, lactose reduction, and detergent recovery from cleaning solutions. Additional applications discussed include removing cyanobacterial metabolites from water, concentrating copper in acid rinse water from mining operations, and treating textile wastewater.
Micro-strainer and Micro-filtration in sludge disposal, food industry, efflue...Rahul Srivastava
This ppt covers the topic of micro-strainer equipment, micro-filtration process in food industry, water treatment, effluent treatment, sludge disposal.
Filtration is a sterilization method that removes microorganisms from liquids and gases without exposing them to heat. It works by passing the substance through a membrane with pores small enough to block microbes. Key points:
- Filtration is preferred for heat-sensitive substances like antibiotics and vaccines.
- It physically removes microbes that are larger than the pore size, but may not remove viruses.
- Various types of filters exist for different applications, including membrane filters, HEPA filters, and candle filters.
- Filtration is commonly used in pharmaceutical and biological research to sterilize protein solutions.
This document discusses water recycling and membrane technology. It provides information on different types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. It explains how these processes work and their applications in water treatment. Key points covered include the selection of membranes based on factors like molecular size and charge, common membrane configurations, and challenges with membrane fouling.
This document discusses ultrafiltration, which uses pressure or concentration gradients to separate particles through a semi-permeable membrane. Ultrafiltration is used to purify and concentrate macromolecular solutions, retaining particles over 103-106 Da in retentate while allowing smaller particles to pass through in permeate. Typical ultrafiltration membranes remove high molecular weight substances, colloids, and polymers from solutions. The document outlines the ultrafiltration process, membrane structure, applications including water treatment and protein concentration, and maintenance procedures.
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and application of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. It discusses that UF membranes are used to separate macromolecules and suspended solids from water and other liquids. The key materials used for UF membrane preparation are polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose acetate, and aromatic polyamides. Membranes are typically prepared using the phase inversion method, which involves transforming a polymer solution into a solid membrane through controlled liquid-liquid demixing and solidification. The document also outlines various characterization techniques and applications of UF membranes in areas like protein separation and wastewater treatment.
Hinada’s Ultrafiltration Systems Water Treatment .pdfHinada . com
Hinada's Ultrafiltration Systems use a membrane-based filtration method called ultrafiltration to purify water. Ultrafiltration removes bacteria, viruses, particles and other contaminants using size exclusion. Hinada offers flexible ultrafiltration systems in different configurations for various water treatment needs, including municipal water treatment, industrial water purification, and food/beverage production. Ultrafiltration is also used in pretreating seawater for desalination. While ultrafiltration systems have advantages, continued research is needed to address challenges like membrane fouling and improve sustainability.
Sn Aqua System Inc. was established in 2002 to provide water and wastewater treatment solutions. It offers a range of products including effluent treatment plants, sewage treatment plants, zero liquid discharge systems, and reverse osmosis systems. The company's vision is to be a globally renowned wastewater treatment manufacturer and preferred supplier. It aims to provide simple, viable wastewater treatment solutions while maximizing returns for investors. Sn Aqua System serves over 200 clients in industries such as textiles, dairy, and pharmaceuticals.
Sn Aqua System Inc. was established in 2002 to provide water and wastewater treatment solutions. It offers a range of products including effluent treatment plants, sewage treatment plants, zero liquid discharge systems, and reverse osmosis systems. The company's vision is to be a globally renowned wastewater treatment manufacturer and preferred supplier. It aims to provide simple, viable wastewater treatment solutions while maximizing returns for investors. Sn Aqua System serves over 200 clients in industries such as textiles, dairy, and pharmaceuticals.
Purification of drinkiing water by polymer.pptxBhargavPenke
This document discusses the purification of drinking water using polymer-based membranes. It describes various membrane filtration processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis that can remove pathogens and other contaminants from water. These processes use semi-permeable membranes and pressure to separate particles according to their size. Microfiltration removes protozoa and bacteria, while ultrafiltration eliminates proteins and viruses. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are needed to filter out smaller ions and molecules like salts. Pre-treatment is important to prevent membrane fouling and maintain efficiency. Membrane filtration provides an energy efficient option for continuous water purification.
This document provides information about industrial effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It defines ETPs and explains why they are needed to treat industrial effluent before release or reuse. The major treatment units in an ETP are described, including preliminary (screening, grit removal), primary (sedimentation, clarification), secondary (activated sludge process, trickling filters), and tertiary (filtration, disinfection) treatments. Specific unit processes like neutralization tanks, equalization tanks, and aerobic/anaerobic digesters are also outlined.
Lipids are an important structural component of cells and serve as an energy source. They include fatty acids, glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. Lipids are digested in the stomach and small intestine where enzymes break them into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols absorbed by intestinal cells. Chylomicrons transport the products into lymph and blood circulation. Fatty acids are used for energy production or stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes and a precursor for bile acids, hormones, and vitamins. Eicosanoids are hormone-like compounds derived from fatty acids that regulate processes like blood pressure, inflammation, and
Spl Pengolahan Limbah Gas FTP UB 150702072311-lva1-app6892Muhammad Luthfan
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The document discusses food process engineering which includes converting raw materials into ready or processed foods through various unit operations like heat transfer, drying, evaporation, and mechanical separations. It explains that food processes can be broken down into a small number of basic unit operations and outlines the aims of the food industry as extending shelf life, increasing variety, providing nutrients, and generating income. Food processes are usually represented through flow charts that show the flow of materials and energy.
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Electrophoresis is a method used to separate molecules like DNA or proteins based on their size and charge. An electric current passed through a gel matrix like agarose or polyacrylamide causes the molecules to separate as they migrate through the gel at different rates. Smaller, less charged molecules move faster through the pores in the gel. Factors like gel concentration, buffer conditions, and voltage applied affect the resolution of separation. After electrophoresis, gels are typically stained to visualize the separated DNA or protein bands.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
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Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
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IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
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This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. is a VERY THIN film that allows some types of
matter to pass through while leaving others behind
Membran
= materials which have voids in them letting some molecules
pass more conveniently than some other molecules
semi-
permeable
membrane
Retentate
Permeate
Membrane
Feed
Konsep
dasar
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
3. Driving force :
3. Voltage difference,
1. Pressure difference
2. Concentration difference
4. Temperature difference,
RO
UF
MF
Pervaporation
Dialysis
Membrane extraction
Electrodialysis
Membrane distillation
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
7. REVERSE OSMOSIS
• only remove some suspended materials larger
than 1 micron
• the process eliminates the dissolved solids,
bacteria, viruses and other germs contained in
the water
• only water molecules allowed to pass via very big
pressure
• assymmetric type membranes (decrease the
driving pressure of the flux)
• almost all membranes are made polymers,
cellulosic acetate and matic polyamide types
rated at 96%-99+% NaCl rejection
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
8. REVERSE OSMOSIS
• Applications in food industries:
– the concentration of whey from cheese
manufacture (the most use)
– concentrate and purify fruit juices (Robe, 1983),
enzymes, fermentation liquors and vegetable oils
– concentrate wheat starch, citric acid, egg white,
milk, coffee, syrups, natural extracts and flavours
– to clarify wine and beer
– to demineralise and purify water from boreholes
or rivers or by desalination of sea water.
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
9. REVERSE OSMOSIS
• ‘dealcoholisation’to produce low-alcohol beers,
cider and wines,
• recovery of proteins or other solids from
distillation residues, dilute juices,
• waste water from corn milling or other process
washwaters.
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
10. REVERSE OSMOSIS
• future directions:
– municipal and industrial waste treatment
– process water for boilers
– de-watering of feed streams
– processing high temperature feed- streams
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
11. MICROFILTRATION
• largest pores
• a sterile filtration with pores 0.1-10.0 microns
• micro-organisms cannot pass through them
• operated at low pressure differences
• used to filter particles.
• may or may not be assymmetric
• lower pressures than RO
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
12. • wide array of applications:
– parenterals and sterile water for
pharmaceutical industry
– food & beverages
– chemical industry
– microelectronics industry
– fermentation
– laboratory/analytical uses
MICROFILTRATION
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
14. MICROFILTRATION
• applications in the near future:
– biotechnology (concentration of biomass)
– diatomaceous earth displacement
– non-sewage waste treatment (removing
intractable particles in oily fluids)
– paints (separating solvents from pigments)
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
15. ULTRAFILTRATION
• to separate a solution; mixture of desirable
and undesirable components
• has smaller pores than microfiltration
membranes
• driving force → pressure differential (2-10 bars
to 25-30 bars)
• used to separate species with pore sizes 10-
1000 Å (103-0.1 microns)
• Can be obtained down to a a molecular weight
cutoff (MWCO) level of 1000 Daltons (Da) and
up to as high as 1 000 000 Da.
• assymmetric; the pores are small
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
16. • wide range of applications :
– oil emulsion waste treatment
– treatment of whey in dairy industries
– concentration of biological macromolecules
– electrocoat paint recovery
– concentration of textile sizing
– concentration of heat sensitive proteins for
food additives
– many more …
ULTRAFILTRATION
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
17. • wide range of applications in the near future:
– ultraflitration of milk
– bioprocessing (separation and concentration
of biologically active components)
– protein harvesting
– refining of oils
ULTRAFILTRATION
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
18. • Application in food processing:
– concentrate milk prior to the manufacture of dairy
products (the most use),
– To concentrate whey to 20% solids or selectively
to remove lactose and salts.
– In cheese manufacture, ultrafiltration has
advantages in producing a higher product yield
and nutritional value, simpler standardisation of
the solids content, lower rennet consumption and
easier processing.
ULTRAFILTRATION
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
19. • Application in food processing:
– concentration of sucrose and tomato paste
– treatment of still effluents in the brewing and distilling
industries
– separation and concentration of enzymes, other
proteins or pectin
– removal of protein hazes from honey and syrups
– treatment of process water to remove bacteria and
contaminants (greater than 0.003 m in diameter)
(Mackintosh, 1983)
– pre-treatment for reverse osmosis membranes to
prevent fouling by suspended organic materials and
colloidal materials.
ULTRAFILTRATION
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
21. NANOFILTRATION
• less pore sizes than ultrafiltration membranes
• the mass transfer mechanism is diffusion &
separate small molecules from the solution
(assymmetric)
• NF is
• capable of removing ions that contribute
significantly to the osmotic pressure
• Can be operated at lower pressures than RO
• cellulosic acetate and aromatic polyamide type
membranes (salt rejections; 95% for divalent salts
to 40% for monovalent salts)
• can typically operate at higher recoveries;
conserving total water usage due to a lower
concentrate stream flow rate (advantage over
reverse osmosis)
• not effective on small molecular weight organics
(e.g.methanol)
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
22. NANOFILTRATION
• typical applications:
– desalination of food, dairy and beverage
products or byproducts
– partial desalination of whey, UF permeate or
retentate as required
– desalination of dyes and optical brighteners
– purification of spent clean-in-place (CIP)
chemicals
– color reduction or manipulation of food products
– concentration of food, dairy and beverage
products or byproducts
– fermentation byproduct concentration
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
23. Ion-exchange and electrodialysis: separation methods that
remove electrically charged ions and molecules from liquids.
solutes such as metal ions, proteins, amino acids and
sugars are transferred from a feed material and retained on a
solid ion-exchange material by a process of electrostatic
adsorption (i.e. attraction between the charge on the solute
and an opposite charge on the ion-exchanger). They can then
be separated by washing off the ion-exchanger.
They are constructed using a porous matrix made from
polyacrylamides, polystyrene, dextrans or silica.
The applications in food processing include decolourisation
of sugar syrups, protein recovery from whey or blood, water
softening and dimineralisation and separation of valuable
materials such as purified enzymes (Grandison, 1996)
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
ION EXCHANGE
24. a liquid feed mixture is separated by partial vaporisation through
a non-porous, selectively permeable membrane. Partial
vaporisation is achieved by reducing the pressure on the permeate
side of the membrane (vacuum pervaporation) or less commonly,
sweeping an inert gas over the permeate side (sweep gas
pervaporation).
Application:
Vacuum pervaporation at ambient temperatures using hydrophilic
membranes is used to dealcoholise wines and beers,
hydrophobic membranes are used to concentrate aroma
compounds, such as alcohols, aldehydes and esters,
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
PERVAPORATION
Retentate (liquid)
Permeate (vapor)
Membrane
Feed
25. Material of membrane
preferentially permit water permeation
(e.g. poly (vinyl alcohol) or cellulose acetate)
preferentially permit permeation of organic materials.
e.g. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) or poly (trimethylsilylpropyne)
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
28. Flat membranes
Spiral wound membranes
Hollow-fiber membranes
Very-small-diameter hollow fibers, the high-pressure feed enters
the shell side at one end and leaves at the other end (closed)
Membrane Configurations
Three basic structures are commonly uses for membranes:
homogeneous, asymmetric, and composite
Constructed from flat sheet membranes separated by spacer
screens, and susceptible to fouling by particulates
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
31. Tabel 1. Aplikasi Teknik Separasi Membran pada
Pengolahan Produk Pangan
No Teknik Proses Tujuan Proses Pustaka
1 Mikrofiltrasi Penghilangan pektin pada sari buah
apel
Zakoer and Mc.
Lelan (1993)
2 Ultrafiltrasi Pemurnian isolat protein kedelai Debra and Cheryan
(1981)
3 Ultrafiltrasi Penyederhanaan proses produksi sari
buah apel
Thomas, et.al.
(1986)
4 Ultrafiltrasi Pemisahan komponen kasein Woychik et.,al
(1992)
5 Ultrafiltrasi Penurunan kandungan bakteri pada
kecap
Tien and Chiang
(1992)
6 Ultrafiltrasi &
reverse osmosis
Pengembangan berbagai produk tepung
protein dari kacang tanah
Lawhon, et., al
(1981)
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
32. Advantages :
Continuous separation
Low energy requirement
Meet various separation demands
reduce the loss of volatiles or changes to
nutritional or eating quality of food
simple installation with lower labour and
operating costs
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
33. Disdvantages :
higher capital costs than evaporation
maximum concentration to 30% total solids
fouling of the membranes (deposition of
polymers), which reduces the operating time
between membrane cleaning.
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
34. Movement of molecules through reverse osmosis
membranes is by diffusion and not by liquid flow. The
molecules dissolve at one face of the membrane, are
transported through it and then removed from the
other face. The flow rate of liquid (the ‘transport rate’
or ‘flux’) is determined by the solubility and diffusivity
of the molecules in the membrane material, and by
the difference between the osmotic pressure of the
liquid and the applied pressure.
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
36. P(Pa) : trans-membrane pressure,
Pf(Pa) : pressure of the feed (inlet),
Pr(Pa) : pressure of the retentate (outlet) (high molecular
weight fraction) and
Pp (Pa) : pressure of the permeate (low molecular weight
fraction)
The pressure difference across the membrane (the trans-
membrane pressure) is found using:
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
Equations in membrane
................... (1)
37. Water flux increases with an increase in applied
pressure, increased permeability of the membrane and
lower solute concentration in the feed stream.
Jw(kg/h) = solvent (water) flux,
K(kg / m2.h.Pa) = mass transfer coefficient/permeability const.
A(m2) = area of the membrane,
Δ P(Pa) = applied pressure and
Δπ(Pa) = change in osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure is found for dilute solutions using:
π = MRT
Jw = kA (ΔP – Δπ)
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
................... (2)
................... (3)
M=molarity, T(K), R= 8.314 kPa.m3mol-1K-1
39. Larger solutes become concentrated at the membrane
surface. The flux is therefore controlled by the applied
pressure, and the solute concentrations in the bulk of the
liquid and at the membrane surface:
Js= solute flux
c1= concentration of solutes at the membrane
c2= concentration of solutes in the liquid
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
................... (4)
Js = kA ln (c1 / c2)
40. Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
Contoh soal
Hitunglah tekanan osmotic larutan yang mengandung
0.10 mmol NaCl/kg H2O pada suhu 25°C dengan
densitas air 997.0 kg/m3.
Penyelesaian:
RT
V
n
MRT
m
m
Vm
kPa
x
28.494
997/1
)15.298)(314.8(102 4
41. Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
Contoh soal
Jus buah yang mengandung 9% w/w partikel padat
(solid) telah diberi perlakuan pre-concentration
pada 35°C dengan reverse osmosis untuk
kemudian dilakukan ‘concentration’ pada
evaporator. Jika tekanan operasi RO adalah 4000
kPa dan koefisien transfer massa sebesar 6.3x10-3
kg.m-2h-1kPa-1, hitung luasan area membran yang
diperlukan untuk menghilangkan 5 ton permeate
selama 8 jam. (asumsikan mayoritas partikel padat
berbentuk sucrose dan konstanta gas universal (R=
8.314 kPa.m3mol-1K-1)
42. Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
Penyelesaian:
Molar concentration (M) = concentration (kg/m3) : molecular weight
M = 90/342 = 264 mol m-3 = 0.264 mol/L
Tekanan osmotic (persamaan 3)
π = 0.264 x 8.314 (35+273) = 676 kPa
Flux (kg/jam feed): J = 5000 kg / 8 jam = 625 kg/jam
Persamaan 2:
625 = 6.3x10-3. A (4000 – 676)
A = 29.9 m2 = 30 m2
43. Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
Latihan soal
Hitunglah tekanan osmotic larutan berikut pada suhu
25°C dengan densitas air 997.0 kg/m3.
(a) Larutan 0.5 mmol NaCl/kg H2O
(b) Larutan 1.0 g sucrose/kg H2O
(c) Larutan 1.0 g MgCl2/kg H2O
44. Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
Latihan soal
Sebuah membran cellulose-acetate dengan area
4x10-3 m2 digunakan pada suhu 25°C untuk
menentukan konstanta permeabilitas RO larutan
garam yang mengandung 12 kg NaCl/m3 (ρ=1005.5
kg/m3) dan dihasilkan produk larutan dengan
konsentrasi 0.486 kg NaCl/m3 (ρ=997.3 kg/m3). Flow
rate produk adalah 3.84x10-8 m3/s dan tekanan
operasi sebesar 56.0 atm. Hitunglah konstanta
permeabilitas RO tersebut!
Densitas air pada 25°C adalah 997 kg/m3
#Bagaimana pengaruh kenaikan suhu sebesar 30 K
pada flow rate produk jika dioperasikan pada tekanan
sama!
45. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
The best person is one give something useful always
Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
47. Nur Istianah-T.Membrani-2016
Hitunglah tekanan osmotic larutan berikut pada suhu
25°C dengan densitas air 997.0 kg/m3.
(a) Larutan 0.5 g mol NaCl/kg H2O
(b) Larutan 1.0 g sucrose/kg H2O
(c) Larutan 1.0 g MgCl2/kg H2O
Jawaban:
(a) = (0.5/58.5)*997*298.15 =